Hummingbird hovering energetics during moult of primary flight feathers

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 200, Issue 10, 1997, Pages 1527-1536

  Chai, Peng ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Air density; Archilochus colubris; Body mass; Flight feathers; Heliox; Hovering flight; Hummingbird; Lift coefficient; moult; Muscle power and efficiency; Oxygen consumption; Wing area loss

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIRD; FEMALE; FLYING; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BIRDS; FEMALE; FLIGHT, ANIMAL; MALE;

ANIMALIA; ARCHILOCHUS; ARCHILOCHUS COLUBRIS; AVES; TROCHILIDAE;

EID: 0031149382     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. BALTOSSER, W. H. (1995). Annual molt in ruby-throated and black-chinned hummingbirds. Condor 97, 484-491.
2. CALDER, W. A., CALDER, L. L. AND FRAIZER, T. D. (1990). The hummingbird's restraint: a natural model for weight control. Experientia 46, 999-1002.
3. CARPENTER, F. L., HIXON, M. A., BEUCHAT, C. A., RUSSELL, R. W. AND PATON, D. C. (1993). Biphasic mass gain in migrant hummingbirds: body composition changes, torpor and ecological significance. Ecology 74, 1173-1182.
4. CHAI, P. AND DUDLEY, R. (1995). Limits to vertebrate locomotor energetics suggested by hummingbirds hovering in heliox. Nature 377, 722-725.
5. CHAI, P. AND DUDLEY, R. (1996). Limits to flight energetics of hummingbirds hovering in hypodense and hypoxic gas mixtures. J. exp. biol. 199, 2285-2295.
6. 2). J. exp. Biol. 198, 1065-1070.
7. DUDLEY, R. AND CHAI, P. (1996). Animal flight mechanics in physically variable gas mixtures. J. exp. Biol. 199, 1881-1885.
8. ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984a). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. I. The quasi-steady analysis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 1-15.
9. ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984b). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. II. Morphological parameters. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 17-40.
10. ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984c). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. III. Kinematics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 41-78.
11. ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984d). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. IV. Aerodynamic mechanisms. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 79-113.
12. ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984e). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. V. A vortex theory. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 115-144.
13. ELLINGTON, C. P. (1984f). The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. VI. Lift and power requirements. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 305, 145-181.
14. EPTING, R. J. (1980). Functional dependence of the power for hovering on wing disc loading in hummingbirds. Physiol. Zool. 53, 347-352.
15. HIEBERT, S. (1993). Seasonal changes in body mass and use of torpor in a migratory hummingbird. Auk 110, 787-797.
16. HOLM, S. (1979). A simple sequential rejective multiple test procedure. Scand. J. Stat. 6, 65-70.
17. JENNI, L. AND WINKLER, R. (1994). Moult and Aging of European Passerines. London: Academic Press.
18. KING, J. R. (1968). Cycles of fat deposition and molt in White-crowned Sparrows in constant environmental conditions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 24, 827-837.
19. KLAASSEN, M. (1995). Moult and basal metabolic costs in males of two subspecies of stonechats: the European Saxicola torquata rubicula and the east African S. t. axillaris. Oecologia 104, 424-432.
20. LASIEWSKI, R. C. (1963). Oxygen consumption of torpid, resting, active and flying hummingbirds. Physiol. Zool. 36, 122-140.
21. LINDSTRÖM, Å., VISSER, G. H. AND DAAN, S. (1993). The energetic cost of feather synthesis is proportional to basal metabolic rate. Physiol. Zool. 66, 490-510.
22. NORBERG, U. M. (1990). Vertebrate Flight: Mechanics, Physiology, Morphology, Ecology and Evolution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
23. PENNYCUICK, C. J. (1990). Predicting wingbeat frequency and wavelength of birds. J. exp. Biol. 150, 171-185.
24. RAYNER, J. M. V. (1988). Form and function in avian flight. In Current Ornithology, vol. 5 (ed. R. F. Johnston), pp. 1-66. New York: Plenum Press.
25. RAYNER, J. M. V. (1995). Flight mechanics and constraints on flight performance. Israel J. Zool. 41, 321-342.
26. SAS INSTITUTE (1989). SAS/STAT User's Guide, version 6, 4th edn. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
27. WALSBERG, G. E. (1983). Avian ecological energetics. In Avian Biology, vol. 7 (ed. D. S. Farner, J. R. King and K. C. Parkes), pp. 161-220. New York: Academic Press.
28. WELLS, D. J. (1990). Hummingbird flight physiology: muscle performance and ecological constraints. PhD thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
29. WELLS, D. J. (1993). Muscle performance in hovering hummingbirds. J. exp. Biol. 178, 39-57.