Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry: Practice and development

Journal of Histotechnology

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 145-154

  Shi, Shan Rong ^a   Cote, Richard J ^a   Young, Lillian L ^a   Taylor, Clive R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antigen retrieval; Fixation; Formalin; Immunohistochemistry; Microwave; pH

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ANTIGENICITY; ARTICLE; HEATING; HISTOPATHOLOGY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; RESEARCH; STAINING;

EID: 0031005734     PISSN: 01478885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/his.1997.20.2.145     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Shi S-R, Key ME, Kalra KL: Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: An enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem 39:741-748, 1991
2. Fraenkel-Conrat H, Olcott HS: Reaction of formaldehyde with proteins. VI. Cross-linking of amino groups with phenol, imidazole, or indole groups. J Biol Chem 174:827-843, 1948
3. Fraenkel-Conrat H, Olcott HS: The reaction of formaldehyde with proteins. V. Cross-linking between amino and primary amide or guanidyl groups. J Am Chem Soc 70:2673-2684, 1948
4. Fraenkel-Conrat H, Brandon BA, Olcott HS: The reaction of formaldehyde with proteins. IV. Participation of indole groups. Gramicidin. J Biol Chem 168:99-118, 1947
5. Leong AS-Y, Milios J: An assessment of the efficacy of the microwave antigen-retrieval procedure on a range of tissue antigens. Appl Immunohistochem 1:267-274, 1993
6. Boon ME, Kok LP: Breakthrough in pathology due to antigen retrieval. Mal J Med Lab Sci 12:1-9, 1995
7. Gown AM, de Wever N, Battifora H: Microwave-based antigenic unmasking. A revolutionary new technique for routine immunohistochemistry. Appl Immunohistochem 1:256-266, 1993
8. Cuevas EC, Bateman AC, Wilking BS et al: Microwave antigen retrieval in immunocytochemistry: a study of 80 antibodies. J Clin Pathol 47:448-452, 1994
9. Von Wasielewski R, Werner M, Nolte M et al: Effects of antigen retrieval by microwave heating in formalin-fixed tissue sections on a broad panel of antibodies. Histochemistry 102:165-172, 1994
10. Cattoretti G, Pileri S, Parravicini C et al: Antigen unmasking on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. J Pathol 171:83-98, 1993
11. Igarashi H, Sugimura H, Maruyama K et al: Alteration of immunoreactivity by hydrated autoclaving microwave treatment, and simple heating of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. APMIS 102:295-307, 1994
12. Taylor CR, Shi S-R, Chaiwun B et al: Strategies for improving the immunohistochemical staining of various intranuclear prognostic markers in formalin-paraffin sections: androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53 protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Ki-67 antigen revealed by antigen retrieval technique. Hum Pathol 25:263-270, 1994
13. Brown RW, Chirala R: Utility of microwave-citrate antigen retrieval in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Mod Pathol 8: 515-520, 1995
14. Greenwell A, Foley JF, Maronpot RR: An enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in archival rodent tissues. Cancer Lett 59:251-256, 1991
15. Cattoretti G, Becker MHG, Key G et al: Monoclonal antibodies against recombinant parts of the Ki-67 antigen (MIB 1 and MIB 3) detect proliferating cells in microwave-processed formalin-fixed paraffin sections. J Pathol 168:357-363, 1992
16. Gerdes J, Becker MHG, Key G, Cattoretti G: Immunohistological detection of tumour growth fraction (Ki-67) in formalin-fixed and routinely processed tissues. J Pathol 168:85-87, 1992
17. Munakata S, Hendricks JB: Effect of fixation time and microwave oven heating time on retrieval of the Ki-67 antigen from paraffin-embedded tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 41:1241-1246, 1993
18. Esteban JM, Ahn C, Battifora H, Felder B: Quantitative immunohistochemical assay for hormonal receptors: technical aspects and biological significance. J Cell Biochem 19(Suppl): 138-145, 1994
19. Pavelic ZP, Portugal LG, Li Y-Q et al: Retrieval of p53 protein in paraffin-embedded head and neck tumor tissues. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119:1206-1209, 1993
20. Kawai K, Serizawa A, Hamana T, Tsutsumi Y: Heat-induced antigen retrieval of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p53 protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Pathol Int 44:759-764, 1994
21. Goldberg DE, Stuart J, Koerner FC: Progesterone receptor detection in paraffin sections of human breast cancers by an immunoperoxidase technique incorporating microwave heating. Mod Pathol 7:401-406, 1994
22. Shi S-R, Chaiwun B, Young L et al: Antigen retrieval technique utilizing citrate buffer or urea solution for immunohistochemical demonstration of androgen receptor in formalin-fixed paraffin sections. J Histochem Cvtochem 41:1599-1604, 1993
23. Iwamura M, Abrahamsson P-A, Benning CM et al: Androgen receptor immunostaining and its tissue distribution in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections after microwave treatment. J Histochem Cytochem 42:783-788, 1994
24. Janssen PJ, Brinkmann AO, Boersma WJ, van der Kwast TH: Immunohistochemical detection of the androgen receptor with monoclonal antibody F39.4 in routinely processed, paraffin-embedded human tissues after microwave pre-treatment. J Histochem Cytochem 42:1169-1175, 1994
25. Loda M, Fogt F, French FS et al: Androgen receptor immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue. Mod Pathol 7:388-391, 1994
26. Shi S-R, Gu J, Kalra KL et al: Antigen retrieval technique: a novel approach to immunohistochemistry on routinely processed tissue sections (review). Cell Vision 2:6-22, 1995
27. Tenaud C, Negoescu A, Labat-Moleur F et al: p53 immunolabeling in archival paraffin-embedded tissues: optimal protocol based on microwave heating for eight antibodies on lung carcinomas. Mod Pathol 7:853-859, 1994
28. Taylor CR, Shi S-R, Cote RJ: Antigen retrieval for immunohistochemistry. Status and need for greater standardization. Appl Immunohistochem 4:144-166, 1966
29. DeLellis RA: To the Editor: Standardization and reproducibility in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Hum Pathol 25: 1109-1110, 1994
30. Evers P, Uylings HBM: Microwave-stimulated antigen retrieval is pH and temperature dependent. J Histochem Cytochem 42:1555-1563, 1994
31. Shi S-R, Imam A, Young L, Cote RJ, Taylor CR: Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry under the influence of pH using monoclonal antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 43:193-201, 1995
32. Taylor CR, Shi S-R, Chaiwun B et al: Correspondence. Standardization and reproducibility in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Hum Pathol 25:1107-1109, 1994
33. Taylor CR, Chen C, Shi S-R et al: A comparative study of antigen retrieval heating methods. CAP Today 9:16-22, 1995
34. Suurmeijier AJH, Boon ME: Optimizing keratin and vimentin retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue with the use of heat and metal salts. Appl Immunohistochem 1:143-148, 1993
35. Katoh A, Breier S: Nonspecific antigen retrieval solutions. J Histotechnol 17:378-378, 1994
36. Shi S-R, Cote RJ, Young L et al: Development of optimal protocols for antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry based on the effects of variation in temperature and pH: use of a 'test battery'. In JMSA Proceedings of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Bailey GW, Ellisman MH, Hennigar RA, Zaluzec NJ (eds). Jones & Begell Publishing, New York, 1995, pp 828-829
37. Shi S-R, Cote RJ, Yang C et al: Development of an optimal protocol for antigen retrieval: A 'test battery' approach exemplified with reference to the staining of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in formalin-fixed paraffin sections. J Pathol 179:347-352, 1996
38. Shi S-R, Tian Q: Development of an antigen retrieval technique for immunohistochemistry on archival celloidin-embedded sections. J Histochem Cytochem 41:1121A, 1993
39. Tesch GH, Wei M, Ng Y-Y et al: Enhancement of immunodetection of cytokines and cytokine receptors in tissue sections using microwave treatment. Cell Vision 2:435-439, 1995
40. Elias JM: Immunohisropathology: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis, ASCP Press. Chicago, 1990, pp 1-9
41. Barlow DJ, Edwards MS, Thornton JM: Continuous and discontinuous protein antigenic determinants. Nature 322:747-748, 1986
42. Perutz MF: Protein Structure New Approaches to Disease and Therapy. WH Freeman and Company, New York, 1992, pp 41-60, 277-295
43. Scheraga HA: Theoretical and experimental studies of conformations of polypeptides. Chem Rev 71:195-217, 1971
44. Vasquez M, Nemethy G, Scheraga HA: Conformational energy calculations on polypeptides and proteins. Chem Rev 94:2183-2239, 1994
45. Wilson JE: The use of monoclonal antibodies and limited proteolysis in elucidation of structure-function relationships in proteins. In Methods of Biochemical Analysis, Suelter CH (ed). John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991, pp 207-250
46. Wong SS: Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Cross-Linking. CRS Press, Boca Raton, 1991, pp 1-48
47. Hazelbag HM, Broek LJCMvd, van Dorst EBL et al: Immunostaining of chain-specific keratins on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: a comparison of various antigen retneval systems using microwave heating and proteolytic pretreatments. J Histochem Cytochem 43:429-437, 1995
48. Huang S-N: Immunohistochemical demonstration of hepatitis B core and surface antigens in paraffin sections. Lab Invest 33:88-95, 1975
49. Battifora H, Kopinski M: The influence of protease digestion and duration of fixation on the immunostaining of keratins. A comparison of formalin and ethanol fixation. J Histochem Cytochem 34:1095-1100, 1986
50. Elias JM, Johnsen TA: The utilization of radioimmunoassay antibodies for the immunohistologic staining of polypeptide hormones on paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 71: 489-491, 1979
51. Puchtler H, Meloan SN: On the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and its effects on immunohistochemical reactions. Histochemistry 82:201-204, 1985
52. Larsson L-I: Fixation and tissue pretreatment. In Immunocytochemistry: Theory and Practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1988, pp 41-170
53. Hausen P, Dreyer C: Urea reactivates antigens in paraffin sections for immunofluorescent staining. Stain Technol 57: 321-324, 1982
54. Costa PP, Jacobsson B, Collins VP, Biberfeld P: Unmasking antigen determinants in amyloid. J Histochem Cytochem 34: 1683-1685, 1986
55. Kitamoto T, Ogomori K, Tateishi J, Prusiner SB: Formic acid pretreatment enhances immunostaining of cerebral and systemic amyloids. Lab Invest 57:230-236, 1987
56. Wolf HK, Dittrich KL: Detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in diagnostic histopathology. J Histochem Cytochem 40:1269-1273, 1992
57. Shi S-R, Cote C, Kalra KL et al: A technique for retrieving antigens in formalin-fixed, routinely acid decalcified, celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections for immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 40:787-792, 1992
58. Shi S-R, Tandon AK, Cote C, Kalra KL: S-100 protein in human inner ear: use of a novel immunohistochemical technique on routinely processed, celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections. Laryngoscope 102:734-738, 1992
59. Shi S-R, Tandon AK, Haussmann RRM et al: Immunohistochemical study of intermediate filament proteins on routinely processed, celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections by using a new technique for antigen retrieval. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 113:48-54, 1993
60. Harkins LE, Grizzle WE: Advanced techniques in immunohistochemistry. National Society for Histotechnology Annual Symposium, Workshop #35, Buffalo, New York, 1995
61. Sibony M, Commo F, Callard P, Gasc J-M: Enhancement of mRNA in situ hybridization signal by microwave heating. Lab Invest 73:586-591, 1995
62. Lan HY, Mu W, Ng YY et al: A simple, reliable, and sensitive method for nonradioactive in situ hybridization: use of microwave heating to improve hybridization efficiency and preserve tissue morphology. J Histochem Cytochem 44:281-287, 1996
63. Strater J, Gunthert AR, Bruderlein S, Moller P: Microwave irradiation of paraffin-embedded tissue sensitizes the TUNEL method for in situ detection of apoptotic cells. Histochemistry 103:157-160, 1995
64. Lucassen PJ, Chung WCJ, Vermeulen JP et al: Microwave-enhanced in situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA: parametric studies in relation to postmortem delay and fixation of rat and human brain. J Histochem Cytochem 43:1163-1171, 1995
65. Boon ME, Kleinschmidt-Guy ED, Quwerkerk NE: PAPNET for analysis of proliferating (MIB-1 positive) cell populations in cervical smears. Eur J Morphol 32:78-85, 1994
66. Janckila AJ, Lear SC, Martin AW, Yam LT: Epitope enhancement for immunohistochemical demonstration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. J Histochem Cytochem 44:235-244, 1996
67. Evers P, Uylings HBM: Effects of microwave pretreatment on immunocytochemical staining of vibratome sections and tissue blocks of human cerebral cortex stored in formaldehyde fixative for long periods. J Neurosi Meth 55:163-172, 1994
68. Lan HY, Mu W, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Atkins RC: A novel, simple, reliable, and sensitive method for multiple immunoenzyme staining: use of microwave oven heating to block antibody crossreactivity and retrieve antigens. J Histochem Cytochem 43:97-102, 1995
69. Tacha DE, Chen T: A modified antigen retrieval method. A calibration technique for microwave ovens. J Histotechnol 17:365-366, 1994
70. Bankfalvi A, Navabi H, Bier B et al: Wet autoclave pretreatment for antigen retrieval in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. J Pathol 174:223-228, 1994
71. Norton AJ, Jordan S, Yeomans P: Brief, high-temperature heat denaturation (pressure cooking): A simple and effective method of antigen retrieval for routinely processed tissues. J Pathol 173:371-379, 1994
72. Pertschuk LP, Kim Y-D, Axiotis CA et al: Estrogen receptor immunocytochemistry: the promise and perils. J Cell Biochem 19(Suppl):134-137, 1994
73. Stirling JW, Graff PS: Antigen unmasking for immunoelectron microscopy: labeling is improved by treating with sodium ethoxide or sodium metaperiodate, then heating on retrieval medium. J Histochem Cytochem 43:115-123, 1995
74. Wilson DF, Jiang D-J, Pierce AM, Wiebkin OW: Antigen retrieval for electron microscopy using a microwave technique for epithelial and basal lamina antigens. Appl Immunohistochem 4:66-71, 1996
75. Momose H, Mehta P, Battifora H: Antigen retrieval by microwave irradiation in lead thiocyanate. Appl Immunohistochem 1:77-82, 1993
76. Siitonen SM, Kallioniemi O-P, Isola JJ: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody 19A2 and a new antigen retrieval technique has prognostic impact in archival paraffin-embedded node-negative breast cancer. Am J Pathol 142:1081-1089, 1993
77. Mishalani SH, Said JW: Antigen retrieval: microwavable and conventional recipes. CAP Today 10:54-55, 1996
78. Sebenik M, Wieczorek R: Nonspecific nuclear staining (NNS) after antigen retrieval (AR). Lab Invest 72:168A-168A, 1995
79. Macrea ER, Towne PL: Increased incidence of endogenous biotin backgrounds in IHC due to antigen unmasking. National Society for Histotechnology Annual Symposium, October 7-13, Buffalo, New York, 1995
80. Mighell AJ, Robinson PA, Hume WJ: Patterns of immunoreactivity to an anti-fibronectin polyclonal antibody in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded oral tissues are dependent on methods of antigen retrieval. J Histochem Cytochem 43:1107-1114, 1995
81. Swanson PE: Editorial. HIERanarchy: the state of the art in immunohistochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 107:139-140, 1997
82. Battifora H: Editorial. p53 immunohistochemistry: a word of caution. Hum Pathol 25:435-437, 1994