Axially chiral catenanes and π-electron-deficient receptors

Chemistry - A European Journal

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 463-481

  Asakawa, Masumi ^a   Ashton, Peter R ^a   Boyd, Sue E ^a   Brown, Christopher L ^a   Menzer, Stephan ^b   Pasini, Dario ^a   Stoddart, J Fraser ^a   Tolley, Malcolm S ^a   White, Andrew J P ^b   Williams, David J ^b   Wyatt, Paul G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

catenanes; chirality; enantio selection; receptors; self assembly

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031005173     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030319     Document Type: Article

References (93)

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36. The intermolecular noncovalent bonds responsible for the self-assembly of the catenanes of the type described in this paper remain evident in the solution and solid-state structures of the interlocked molecular compounds. See: a) P. R. Ashton, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, C. Vicent, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28, 1396-1399; b) P. L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. Delgado, M. T. Gandolfi, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, D. Philp, M. Pietraszkiewicz, L. Prodi, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, C. Vicent, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 193-218; c) D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, C. L. Brown, E. Córdova, L. A. Godinez, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, S. P. Newton, M. Pietraskiewicz, D. Philp, F. M. Raymo, A. S. Reder, M. T. Rutland, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1995, 117, 1271-1293; d) P. R. Ashton, L. Pérez-García, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 571-574.
37. The intermolecular noncovalent bonds responsible for the self-assembly of the catenanes of the type described in this paper remain evident in the solution and solid-state structures of the interlocked molecular compounds. See: a) P. R. Ashton, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, C. Vicent, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28, 1396-1399; b) P. L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. Delgado, M. T. Gandolfi, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, D. Philp, M. Pietraszkiewicz, L. Prodi, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, C. Vicent, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 193-218; c) D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, C. L. Brown, E. Córdova, L. A. Godinez, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, S. P. Newton, M. Pietraskiewicz, D. Philp, F. M. Raymo, A. S. Reder, M. T. Rutland, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1995, 117, 1271-1293; d) P. R. Ashton, L. Pérez-García, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 571-574.
38. The intermolecular noncovalent bonds responsible for the self-assembly of the catenanes of the type described in this paper remain evident in the solution and solid-state structures of the interlocked molecular compounds. See: a) P. R. Ashton, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, C. Vicent, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28, 1396-1399; b) P. L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. Delgado, M. T. Gandolfi, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, D. Philp, M. Pietraszkiewicz, L. Prodi, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, C. Vicent, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 193-218; c) D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, C. L. Brown, E. Córdova, L. A. Godinez, T. T. Goodnow, A. E. Kaifer, S. P. Newton, M. Pietraskiewicz, D. Philp, F. M. Raymo, A. S. Reder, M. T. Rutland, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, ibid. 1995, 117, 1271-1293; d) P. R. Ashton, L. Pérez-García, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 571-574.
39. a) T. T. Goodnow, M. V. Reddington, J. F. Stoddart, A. E. Kaifer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4335-4337;
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41. c) S. A. Staley, B. D. Smith, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 283-286;
42. d) M. A. Lipton, ibid. 1996, 37, 287-290.
43. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
44. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
45. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
46. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
47. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
48. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
49. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
50. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
51. For an example of a chiral amino-acid resolving machine, see: D. J. Cram, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1009-1020 (Nobel lecture) and references cited therein; for a review on enantioselective and diastereoselective recognition of neutral molecules, see: T. H. Webb, C. S. Wilcox, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1993, 22, 383-395; for recent reports on enantioselective recognition, see: a) M. J. Crossley, L. G. Mackay, A. C. Try, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1925-1927; b) F. Gasparrini, D. Misiti, C. Villani, A. Borchardt, M. T. Burger, W. C. Still, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4314-4315; c) J. Reeder, P. P. Castro, C. B. Knobler, E. Martinborough, L. Owens, F. Diederich, ibid. 1994, 59, 3151-3160; d) A. Galan, D. Andreu, A. M. Echavarren, P. Prados, J. De Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 1511-1512; e) K. S. Jeong, T. Tjivikua, A. Muehldorf, G. Deslongchamps, M. Famulok, J. Rebek, Jr., ibid. 1991, 113, 201-209; f) T. H. Webb, H. Suh, C. S. Wilcox, ibid. 1991, 113, 8554-8555; g) J. I. Hong, J. K. Namgoong, A. Bernardi, W. C. Still, ibid. 1991, 113, 5111-5112.
52. For a more detailed discussion about topological stereochemistry, see: a) D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. An achiral molecule with nonplanar topology has been synthesized and characterized recently; see c) C.-T. Chen, P. Gantzel, J. S. Siegel, K. Baldridge, R. B. English, D. M. Ho, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2657-2660.
53. For a more detailed discussion about topological stereochemistry, see: a) D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. An achiral molecule with nonplanar topology has been synthesized and characterized recently; see c) C.-T. Chen, P. Gantzel, J. S. Siegel, K. Baldridge, R. B. English, D. M. Ho, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2657-2660.
54. For a more detailed discussion about topological stereochemistry, see: a) D. M. Walba, Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212; b) J.-C. Chambron, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. An achiral molecule with nonplanar topology has been synthesized and characterized recently; see c) C.-T. Chen, P. Gantzel, J. S. Siegel, K. Baldridge, R. B. English, D. M. Ho, Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2657-2660.
55. A topologically chiral [2]catenane has been synthesized successfully by Sauvage and coworkers and resolved into its two enantiomers by chiral HPLC. See: a) J.-C. Chambron, D. K. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 4625-4631; b) Y. Kaida, Y. Okamoto, J.-C. Chambron, D. K. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1019-1023.
56. A topologically chiral [2]catenane has been synthesized successfully by Sauvage and coworkers and resolved into its two enantiomers by chiral HPLC. See: a) J.-C. Chambron, D. K. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 4625-4631; b) Y. Kaida, Y. Okamoto, J.-C. Chambron, D. K. Mitchell, J.-P. Sauvage, Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1019-1023.
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63. The synthesis of this cyclophane has been already published by Hünig et al.; see a) M. Buhner, W. Geuder, W.-K. Gries, S. Hünig, M. Koch, T. Poll, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1553-1556, and for similar work: b) W. Geuder, S. Hünig, A. Suchy, Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 1665-1677.
64. The synthesis of this cyclophane has been already published by Hünig et al.; see a) M. Buhner, W. Geuder, W.-K. Gries, S. Hünig, M. Koch, T. Poll, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 1553-1556, and for similar work: b) W. Geuder, S. Hünig, A. Suchy, Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 1665-1677.
65. The use of a ferrocene-based template has recently proved to be useful for the template-directed synthesis of cyclobis(paraquat-4.4′-biphenylene). See a) P. R. Ashton, S. Menzer, F. M. Raymo, G. K. H. Shimizu, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1996, 487-490; b) M. Asakawa, P. R. Ashton, S. Menzer, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 877-893.
66. The use of a ferrocene-based template has recently proved to be useful for the template-directed synthesis of cyclobis(paraquat-4.4′-biphenylene). See a) P. R. Ashton, S. Menzer, F. M. Raymo, G. K. H. Shimizu, J. F. Stoddart, D. J. Williams, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1996, 487-490; b) M. Asakawa, P. R. Ashton, S. Menzer, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 877-893.
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72. See, for example, the self-assembly of olympiadane: D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, A. S. Reder, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1286-1290.
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74. The different sizes of crown ethers BPP 34C10 and 1,5DN 38C10 have been used in the controlled self-assembly of a [3]rotaxane incorporating three constitutionally different components. See: D. B. Amabilino, P. R. Ashton, M. Bělohradský. D. Philp, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, J. Chem Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 751-752.
75. ex, respectively.
76. ex, respectively.
77. For a more detailed discussion about the "rocking" process - that is, the equilibrations of the protons attached to the included hydroquinone rings between positions where they are directed toward the center of the p-phenylene ring in the p-xylyl spacer of the cyclophane and positions where they protrude outside the π-electron-deficient cavity - see: a) ref. [12c]; b) P. R. Ashton, J. A. Preece, J. F. Stoddart, M. S. Tolley, D. J. Williams, Synlett 1994, 1063-1066.
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79. 2CO until no further precipitation occurred.
80. The crystal structure of the 1:1 complex between cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) and 2-methylindole is discussed in: P.-L. Anelli, M. Asakawa, P. R. Ashton, R. A. Bissell, G. Clavier, R. Górsky, A. E. Kaifer, S. J. Langford, G. Mattersteig, S. Menzer, D. Philp, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Tolley, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, in press.
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93. Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) for the structures reported in this paper have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication no. CCDC-100084. Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge on application to The Director, CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK (Fax: Int. code+(1223)336-033; e-mail: deposit@chemcrys.cam.ac.uk).