Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): Causes and consequences of a common source epidemic

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 145, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 959-969

  Nathanson, Neal ^a   Wilesmith, John ^b   Griot, Christian ^c  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

^c INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

bovine spongiform; Creutzfeldt Jakob syndrome; disease outbreaks; encephalopathy; prion diseases

Indexed keywords

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; CATTLE; CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE; EPIDEMIC; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MEAT; NONHUMAN; PRION DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCRAPIE AGENT; SHEEP; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0030999292     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009064     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Wells GA, Scott AC, Johnson CT, et al. A novel progressive spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Vet Rec 1987;121: 419-20.
2. Wilesmith JW, Wells GA, Cranwell MP, et al. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies. Vet Rec 1988;123:638-44.
3. Wilesmith JW. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: methods of analyzing the epidemic in the United Kingdom. In: Baker HF, Ridley RM, eds. Prion diseases. Totawa: Humana Press, 1996:155-73.
4. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain. A progress report, May 1996. Weybridge: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, 1996:1-51.
5. Wilesmith JW. BSE reports through May, 1996. Weybridge: Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, 1996:1-3.
6. Anderson RM, Donnelly CA, Ferguson NM, et al. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle. Nature 1996;382:779-88.
7. Wilesmith JW. The epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Semin Virol 1991;2:239-45.
8. Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Atkinson MJ. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies on the origin. Vet Rec 1991;128:199-203.
9. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain. A progress report, November, 1995. Weybridge: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, 1995:1-36.
10. Taylor DM, Fraser H, McConnell I, et al. Decontamination studies with the agents of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie. Arch Virol 1994;139:313-26.
11. Taylor DM. Inactivation of SE agents. Br Med Bull 1993;49: 810-21.
12. Ernst DR, Race RE. Comparative analysis of scrapie agent inactivation methods. J Virol Methods 1993;41:193-201.
13. Taylor DM. Exposure to, and inactivation of, the unconventional agents that cause transmissible degenerative encephalopathies. In: Baker HF, Ridley RM, eds. Prion diseases. Totawa: Humana Press, 1996:105-18.
14. Morgan KL, Nicholas K, Glover MJ, et al. A questionnaire survey of the prevalence of scrapie in sheep in Britain. Vet Rec 1990;127:373-6.
15. Taylor DM. Scrapie agent decontamination: implications for bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Rec 1989;124:291-2.
16. Wight AL. Prevention of iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (Letter). Lancet 1993;341:1543.
17. Hornlimann B, Heim D, Griot C. Evaluation of BSE risk factors among European countries. In: Gibbs CJ Jr, ed. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996:384-94.
18. Kimberlin RH. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. FAO animal production and health paper 109. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1993.
19. Butler D. Did UK "dump" contaminated feed after ban? Nature 1996;381:544-5.
20. Hornlimann B, Guidon D, Griot C. Risk assessment for the importation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). DTW Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1994;101:295-8.
21. Hoinville LJ, Wilesmith JW, Richards MS. An investigation of risk factors for cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy born after the introduction of the "feed ban." Vet Rec 1993; 136:312-18.
22. Ridley RM, Baker HF. The myth of maternal transmission of spongiform encephalopathy. BMJ 1995;311:1071-5.
23. Hunter N, Goldmann W, Smith G, et al. Frequencies of PrP gene variants in healthy cattle and cattle with BSE in Scotland. Vet Rec 1994;135:400-3.
24. Grobet L, Vandevenne W. Polymorphism of the prion protein gene in Belgian cattle. Ann Med Vet 1994;138:581-6.
25. Nathanson N, McGann KA, Wilesmith JW, et al. The evolution of virus diseases: their emergence, epidemicity, and control. Virus Res 1993;29:3-20.
26. Wilesmith JW. Recent observations on the epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Gibbs CJ Jr, ed. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996:45-58.
27. Taylor DM. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and human health. Vet Rec 1989;125:413-15.
28. Will RG. Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Br Med Bull 1993;49:960-70.
29. Brown P, Cathala F, Raubertas RF, et al. The epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: conclusion of a 15-year investigation in France and review of the world literature. Neurology 1987;37:895-904.
30. Kimberlin RH. Early events in the pathogenesis of scrapie in mice: biological and biochemical studies. In: Prusiner SB, Hadlow WJ, eds. Slow transmissible diseases of the nervous system. New York: Academic Press, 1979:33-54.
31. Kimberlin RH, Wilesmith JW. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Epidemiology, low dose exposure and risks. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;724:210-20.
32. Kimberlin RH, Walker CA. Pathogenesis of scrapie in mice after intragastric infection. Virus Res 1989;12:213-20.
33. Brown P, Gajdusek DC. The human spongiform encephalopathies: kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and the Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1991;172:1-20.
34. Gajdusek DC, Gibbs CJ Jr. Subacute and chronic diseases caused by atypical infections with unconventional viruses in aberrant hosts. Perspect Virol 1973;8:279-311.
35. Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, et al. Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis 1980;142:205-8.
36. Dealler SF, Lacey RW. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: the threat of BSE to man. Food Microbiol 1990;7:253-79.
37. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, et al. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in the UK. Lancet 1996;347:921-5.
38. Chazot G, Broussolle E, Lapras CI, et al. New variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a 26-year old French man. Lancet 1996;347:1181.
39. Holman RC, Khan AS, Belay ED, et al. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in the United States, 1979-1994: using national mortality data to assess the possible occurrence of variant cases. Emerging Infect Dis 1996;2:333-7.
40. Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996;45:665-8.
41. Collinge J, Sidle KCL, Heads J, et al. Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of "new variant" CJD. Nature 1996;383:685-90.
42. Brown P, Cernekova L, Goldfarb L, et al. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: an example of the interplay between ancient genes and modern medicine. Neurology 1994; 44:291-3.
43. Collinge J, Palmer MS, Dryden AJ. Genetic predisposition to iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet 1996;337: 1441-2.
44. Deslys J-P, Marce D, Dormont D. Similar genetic susceptibility and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Gen Virol 1994;75:23-7.
45. Owen F, Poulter M, Collinge J, et al. Codon 129 changes in the prion protein gene in Caucasians. Am J Hum Genet 1990;46:1215-16.
46. Palmer MS, Dryden AJ, Hughes JT, et al. Genetic predisposition to iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Nature 1991; 352:340-2.
47. Collinge J, Palmer MS, Dryden AJ. Genetic predisposition to iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet 1991;337: 1441-2.
48. Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Spongiform encephalopathies: a suspicious signature. (Comment). Nature 1996;383:666-7.
49. Parchi P, Castellani R, Capellari S, et al. Molecular basis of phenotypic variability in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 1996;39:669-80.
50. Wells GA, Dawson M, Hawkins SAC, et al. Preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Gibbs CJ Jr, ed. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996: 28-44.
51. Lasmezas CI, Deslys J-P, Demalmay R, et al. BSE transmission to macaques. (Letter). Nature 1996;381:743-4.
52. Aguzzi A. Between cows and monkeys. (News). Nature 1996; 381:734-5.
53. de Silva R. Human spongiform encephalopathy: clinical presentation and diagnostic tests. In: Baker HF, Ridley RM, eds. Prion diseases. Totawa: Humana Press, 1996:15-33.
54. Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC, Amyx HL. Strain variation in the viruses of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and kuru. In: Prusiner SB, Hadlow WJ, eds. Slow transmissible diseases of the nervous system. New York: Academic Press, 1979:87-110.
55. Brown P, Gibbs CJ Jr, Rodgers-Johnson P, et al. Human spongiform encephalopathy: the National Institutes of Health series of 300 cases of experimentally transmitted disease. Ann Neurol 1994;35:513-29.
56. Masters C, Alpers MP, Gajdusek DC, et al. Experimental kuru in the gibbon and sooty mangabey and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the pigtailed macaque. With a summary of the host range of the subacute spongiform encephalopathies. J Med Primatol 1976;5:205-9.
57. Telling GC, Parchi P, DeArmond SJ, et al. Evidence for the conformation of the pathologic isoform of the prion protein enciphering and propagating prion diversity. Science 1997; 274:2079-82.
58. Collinge J, Palmer MS, Sidle KCL, et al. Unaltered susceptiblity to BSE in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. Nature 1995;378:779-82.
59. Hope J. Mice and beef and brain diseases. (Comment). Nature 1995;378:761-2.
60. Smith PG, Cousens SN. Is the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from mad cows? Science 1996;273:748.
61. Almond JW, Brown P, Gore SM, et al. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy: any connection? BMJ 1996;311:1415-21.
62. Cousens SN, Vynnycky E, Zeidler M, et al. Predicting the CJD epidemic in humans. Nature 1997;385:197-8.
63. Skegg DCG. Epidemic or false alarm? Nature 1997;385:200.