Apoptosis: Mechanisms and relation to AIDS

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 48, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 423-429

  Famularo, G ^a,b   De Simone, C ^a   Marcellini, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF L'AQUILA   (Italy)

^b Infectious Diseases   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CD4 ANTIGEN; CERAMIDE; SPHINGOMYELIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0030994247     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-9877(97)90041-4     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Gougeon M L, Montagnier L. Apoptosis in AIDS. Science 1993; 260: 1269-1270.
2. Ameisen J C, Estaquier T, Idziorek F, De Bels F. The relevance of apoptosis to AIDS pathogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 1995; 5: 27-40.
3. Kerr J F R, Willie A H, Currie A N. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239-244.
4. Ameisen J C, Estaquier J, Idziorek T. From AIDS to parasite infection: pathogen-mediated subversion of programmed cell death as a mechanism for immune dysregulation. Immunol Rev 1994; 142: 9-51.
5. Howie S E, Harrison D J, Willie A H. Lymphocyte apoptosis: mechanisms and implications in disease. Immunol Rev 1994; 142: 141-156.
6. Kabelitz D, Oberg H-H, Pohl T, Pechold K. Antigen-induced death of mature T lymphocytes: analysis by flow cytometry. Immunol Rev 1994; 142: 157-174.
7. Osmond D G, Rico-Vargas S, Valenzona H et al. Apoptosis and macrophage-mediated cell deletion in the regulation of B lymphopoiesis in mouse bone marrow. Immunol Rev 1994; 142: 209-230.
8. Ucker D S, Hebshi L D, Blomquist J E, Torbett B E. Physiological T-cell death: susceptibility is modulated by activation, aging, and transformation, but the mechanism is constant. Immunol Rev 1994; 142: 273-299.
9. Baixeras E, Bosca L, Stauber C et al. From apoptosis to autoimmunity: insights from the signaling pathways leading to proliferation or to programmed cell death. Immunol Rev 1994; 142: 53-91.
10. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci A S. The immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 327-333.
11. Ho D D, Neumann A U, Perelson A S, Chen W, Leonard J M, Markowitza M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995; 373: 123-126.
12. Wei X, Ghosh S K, Taylor M E et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type I infection. Nature 1995: 373: 117-122.
13. Piatak M Jr, Saag M S, Yang L C et al. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 1993; 259: 1749-1754.
14. O'Brien W A, Hartigan P M, Martin D et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 426-431.
15. Volberding P A. HIV quantification: clinical applications. Lancet 1996; 347: 71-73.
16. Verhofstede C, Reniers S, Van Wanzeele F, Plum J. Evaluation of proviral copy number and plasma RNA level as early indicators of progression in HIV-1 infection: correlation with virological and immunological markers of disease. AIDS 1994; 8: 1421-1427.
17. Loverday C, Hill A. Prediction of progression to AIDS with serum HIV-1 RNA and CD4 count. Lancet 1995; 345: 790-791.
18. Mellors J W, Kingsley L A, Rinaldo C R Jr et al. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after sero-conversion. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 537-539.
19. Ho D D, Mougdil M S, Alam M. Quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type I in the blood of infected persons. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1621-1625.
20. Bagasra O, Hauptman S P, Lischner H W, Sachs M, Pomerantz R J. Detection of HIV-1 provirus in mononuclear cells by in situ polymerase chain reaction. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1385-1390.
21. Stanley S K, Fauci A S. Immunology of AIDS and HIV infection. In: Mandell G L, Bennett J E, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995: 1203-1217.
22. Carbonari M, Cibati M, Cherchi M et al. Detection and characterization of apoptotic peripheral blood lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer chemotherapy by a novel immunocytometric method. Blood 1994; 83: 1268-1275.
23. De Simone C, Cifone G, Alesse E et al. Cell-associated ceramide in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS 1996 (in press).
24. Bonyadhi M L, Rahin L, Salimi S et al. HIV induces thymus depletion in vivo. Nature 1993; 363: 728-731.
25. Margolick J B et al. Changes in T and non-T lymphocyte subsets following seroconversion to HIV-1: stable CD3+ and declining CD3- populations suggest regulatory responses linked to loss of CD4 lymphocytes. J AIDS 1993; 6: 153-161.
26. Adleman L M, Wofsy D. T-cell homeostasis: implications in HIV infection. J AIDS 1993; 6: 144-152.
27. Margolick J B, Munoza A, Donnenberg A D et al. Failure of T-cell homeostasis preceding AIDS in HIV-1 infection. Nature Med 1995, 1: 674-680.
28. Odaka C, Hizaki H, Takaduma T. T-cell receptor-mediated DNA fragmentation and cell death in T-cell hybridoma. J Immunol 1990; 144: 2096-2102.
29. Bell D A, Morrison B, Vandenbygaart P. Immunogenic DNA-related factors: nucleosomes spontaneously released from normal murine lymphoid cells stimulate proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis of normal mouse lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 1437-1443.
30. Finkel T H, Tudor-Williams G. Banda N K et al. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nature Med 1995; 1: 129-136.
31. Dewhurat S, Gelbard H A, Fine S M. Neuropathogenesis of AIDS. Mol Med Today 1996; 1: 16-23.
32. Mosier D, Sieburg H. Macrophage-tropic HIV: critical for AIDS pathogenesis? Immunol Today 1994; 15: 332-339.
33. Clerici M, Shearer G M. The Th1-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: new insights Immunol Today 1994; 15: 575-581.
34. Graziosi C, Pantaleo G. Gantt K R et al. Lack of evidence for the dichotomy of Th1 and Th2 predominance in HIV-infected individuals. Science 1994; 265: 248-252.
35. Maggi E, Mazzettin M, Ravina A et al. Ability of HIV to promote a Th1 to Th0 shift and to replicate preferentially in Th2 and Th0 cells. Science 1994; 265: 244-248.
36. Marrack P, Kappler J. The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science 1990; 248: 705-711.
37. Choi Y, Kappler J W, Marrack P. A superantigen encoded in the open reading frame of the 3′ long terminal repeat of mouse mammary tumour virus. Nature 1991; 350: 203-208.
38. Soudeyns H, Rebal N, Pantaleo G et al. The T cell receptor Vβ repertoire in HIV-1 infection and disease. Semin Immunol 1993; 5: 175-182.
39. Montagnier L. Nef vaccination against HIV disease. Lancet 1995; 346: 1170.
40. De Simone C, Famularo G, Cifone G, Mitsuya H. HIV-1 infection and cellular metabolism. Immunol Today 1996 (in press).
41. Buttke T M, Sandstrom P A. Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 7-12.
42. Greenspan H C, Aruoma O I. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in HIV infection: a role for plant-derived metabolites with synergistic anti-oxidant activity. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 209-213.
43. Hockenbery D M, Oltvai Z N, Yin X-M, Milliman C L, Korsmeyer S J. Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 1993; 75: 241-248.
44. Monti D, Troiano L, Tropea F et al. Apoptosis - programmed cell death: a role in the aging process? Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 1208S-1212S.
45. Famularo G, De Simone C, Tzantzoglou S, Trinchieri V. Apoptosis, anti-apoptotic compounds and TNF-alpha release. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 495-496.
46. Westendorp M O, Shatrov V A, Schulze-Osthoff K et al. HIV-1 Tat potentiates TNF-induced NF-kB activation and cytotoxicity by altering the cellular redox state. EMBO J 1995; 14: 546-553.
47. De Simone C, Tzantzoglou S, Jirillo E, Marzo A, Vullo V, Arrigoni-Marteili E. L-carnitine deficiency in AIDS patients. AIDS 1992; 6: 203-205.
48. De Simone C, Famularo G, Tzantzoglou S, Trinchieri V. Moretti S, Sorice F, Carnitine depletion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS: effect of oral L-carnitine. AIDS 1994, 8: 655-660.
49. Famularo G, De Simone C. A new era for carnitine? Immunol Today 1995; 16: 211-213.
50. Fust G, Dierich M P, Hidvegi T. Role of humoral factors in the progression of HIV disease. Immunol Today 1995; 16: 167-169.
51. De Rossi A. Ometto L, Roncella S et al. HIV 1 induces down regulation of bcl 2 expression and death by apoptosis of EBV immortalized B cells: a model for persistent "self limiting" HIV 1 infection. Virology 1994; 198: 234-238.
52. Schulze-Osthoff K, Beyaert R, Vandevoorde V, Haegeman G, Fiers W. Depletion of the mitochondrial electron transport abrogates the cytotoxic and gene-inductive effects of TNF. EMBO J 1993; 12: 3095-3102.
53. Schreck R, Rieber P, Bauerle P A. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J 1991; 10: 2247-2252.
54. Dezube B J, Pardee A B, Beckett L A et al. Cytokine dysregulation in AIDS: the in vivo overexpression of mRNA of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its correlation with that of the inflammatory cytokine GRO. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5: 1099-1103.
55. Hennet T, Richter C, Peterhans E. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha induces superoxide anion generation in mitochondria of L929 cells. Biochem J 1993; 289: 587-593.
56. Hohmann H P, Remy R, Poschl B, Vanloon A P G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta bind to the same 2 types of tumor necrosis factor receptors and maximally activate the transcription factor NF-kB at low receptor occupancy and within minutes after receptor binding. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 15183-15190.
57. Folks T M, Clouse K A, Justment J S et al. Tumor necrosis factor induces expression of human immunodeficiency virus in a chronically infected T-cell clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1989: 86: 2365-2370.
58. Mellors J W, Griffith B P, Ortiz M A, Landry M L, Ryan J L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha/cachectin enhances human immunodeficiency virus type I replication in primary macrophages. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 78-82.
59. Kolesnick R, Golde D W. The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell 1994; 77: 325-331.
60. Schutze S, Machleidt T, Kronke M. The role of diacylglycerol and ceramide in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 56: 533-538.
61. Pushkareva M, Obeid L M, Hannun Y A. Ceramide: an endogenous regulator of apoptosis and growth suppression. Immunol Today 1995; 16: 294-297.
62. Zauli G, Davis B R, Re M C, Visani C, Furlini G, La Placa M. Tat protein stimulates production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by marrow macrophages: a potential mechanism for human immunodeficiency virus-1-induced hematopoietic suppression. Blood 1992; 80: 3036-3042.
63. Frankel A D, Pabo C O. Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human imunodeficiency virus. Cell 1988; 55: 1189-1193.
64. Westendorp M O, Li-Weber M, Frank R, Krammer P H. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat upregulates interleukin-2 secretion in activated T cells. J Virol 1994; 68: 4177-4182.
65. Dröge W, Eck H P, Mihm S. HIV-induced cysteine deficiency and T-cell dysfunction. A rationale for treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 211-214.
66. Papp B, Zhang D, Groopman J E, Byrn R A. Stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus type I expression by ceramide. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10: 775-780.
67. Rivas C I, Golde D W, Vera J C, Kolesnick R N. Involvement of the sphingomyelin pathway in autocrine tumor necrosis factor signaling for human immunodeficiency virus production in chronically infected HL-60 cells. Blood 1994; 83: 2191-2197.
68. Van Veldhoven P P, Matthews T J, Bolognesi D P, Bell R M. Changes in bioactive lipids, alkylacylglycerol and ceramide, occur in HIV-infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187: 209-216.
69. De Simone C, Cifone M G, Roncaioli P et al. Ceramide, AIDS and long-term survivors. Immunol Today 1996; 17: 48.
70. Cifone M G, De Maria R, Roncaioli P et al. Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase. J Exp Med 1994; 177: 1547-1552.
71. Debatin K-M, Fahrig-Faissner A, Enenkel-Stoodt S, Kreuz W, Benner A, Krammer P H. High expression of APO-1 (CD95) on T lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children. Blood 1994; 83: 3101-3109.
72. Andrieu J M, Lu W. Viro-immunopathogenesis of HIV disease: implications for therapy. Immunol Today 1995; 16: 5-7.
73. Kobayashi N, Oka S, Nakanishi Y. Fas antigen and apoptosis of HIV-infected cells, [abstract B8-136] In: Abstract Book of Keystone Symposium on Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death), Tamarron, 5-11 March 1995.