메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 436-470

Antibiotic resistance

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZTREONAM; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BETA LACTAMASE; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CARBOMYCIN; CEFUROXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORTETRACYCLINE; CIPROFLOXACIN; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); ERYTHROMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; KANAMYCIN; LINCOMYCIN; MEROPENEM; NEOMYCIN; NOVOBIOCIN; PAROMOMYCIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TEICOPLANIN; TETRACYCLINE; TRIMETHOPRIM; TYLOSIN; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 0030991231     PISSN: 00222615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/00222615-46-6-436     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (39)

References (264)
  • 1
    • 8244246415 scopus 로고
    • Septicaemia
    • Kolmer JA. Septicaemia. Ann Int Med 1934; 8: 612-631.
    • (1934) Ann Int Med , vol.8 , pp. 612-631
    • Kolmer, J.A.1
  • 2
    • 0016724927 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia at Boston City Hospital: Occurrence and mortality during 12 selected years (1935-1972), with special reference to hospital-acquired cases
    • McGowan JE, Barnes MW, Finland M. Bacteremia at Boston City Hospital: occurrence and mortality during 12 selected years (1935-1972), with special reference to hospital-acquired cases. J Infect Dis 1975; 132: 316-335.
    • (1975) J Infect Dis , vol.132 , pp. 316-335
    • McGowan, J.E.1    Barnes, M.W.2    Finland, M.3
  • 3
    • 0022091304 scopus 로고
    • Changing etiology of nosocomial bacteremia and fungemia and other hospital-acquired infections
    • McGowan JE. Changing etiology of nosocomial bacteremia and fungemia and other hospital-acquired infections. Rev Infect Div 1985; 7 Suppl 3: S357-S370.
    • (1985) Rev Infect Div , vol.7 , Issue.3 SUPPL.
    • McGowan, J.E.1
  • 5
    • 0025988577 scopus 로고
    • New aspects of antimicrobial resistance and the resulting therapeutic dilemmas
    • Murray BE. New aspects of antimicrobial resistance and the resulting therapeutic dilemmas. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 1184-1194.
    • (1991) J Infect Dis , vol.163 , pp. 1184-1194
    • Murray, B.E.1
  • 6
    • 0025833265 scopus 로고
    • Hospital infection with Acinetobacter spp.: An increasing problem
    • Bergogne-Berezin E, Joly-Guillou ML. Hospital infection with Acinetobacter spp.: an increasing problem. J Hosp Infect 1991; 18 Suppl B: 250-255.
    • (1991) J Hosp Infect , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. B , pp. 250-255
    • Bergogne-Berezin, E.1    Joly-Guillou, M.L.2
  • 7
    • 0029073602 scopus 로고
    • Extended-spectrum plasmid-mediated β-lactamases
    • Sirot D. Extended-spectrum plasmid-mediated β-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36 Suppl A: 19-34.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 19-34
    • Sirot, D.1
  • 8
    • 0029112895 scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of ceftazidime resistant Enterobacteriaceae from patients on a paediatric oncology ward
    • Hibbert-Rogers LCF, Heritage J, Gascoyne-Binzi DM et al. Molecular epidemiology of ceftazidime resistant Enterobacteriaceae from patients on a paediatric oncology ward. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 65-82.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 65-82
    • Hibbert-Rogers, L.C.F.1    Heritage, J.2    Gascoyne-Binzi, D.M.3
  • 9
    • 0344530002 scopus 로고
    • A computer program for the storage and analysis of minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents
    • Shannon KP, Phillips I. A computer program for the storage and analysis of minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Binary 1990; 2: 89-95.
    • (1990) Binary , vol.2 , pp. 89-95
    • Shannon, K.P.1    Phillips, I.2
  • 11
    • 0004778392 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit: A question of surveillance
    • Spencer RC. Nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit: a question of surveillance. Intensive Care World 1993; 10: 173-176.
    • (1993) Intensive Care World , vol.10 , pp. 173-176
    • Spencer, R.C.1
  • 12
    • 27844581432 scopus 로고
    • Microbial resistance surveillance techniques. Blood cultures versus multiple body site monitoring
    • Koontz FP. Microbial resistance surveillance techniques. Blood cultures versus multiple body site monitoring. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15 Suppl 2: 31S-35S.
    • (1992) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.15 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Koontz, F.P.1
  • 13
    • 0028211225 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of 880 blood culture isolates to 24 antibiotics
    • Walder M, Karlsson E, Nilsson B. Sensitivity of 880 blood culture isolates to 24 antibiotics. Scand J Infect Dis 1994; 26: 67-75.
    • (1994) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 67-75
    • Walder, M.1    Karlsson, E.2    Nilsson, B.3
  • 14
    • 0024829606 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial usage and microbial resistance in a university hospital during a seven-year period
    • Moller JK. Antimicrobial usage and microbial resistance in a university hospital during a seven-year period. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989; 24: 983-992.
    • (1989) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.24 , pp. 983-992
    • Moller, J.K.1
  • 15
    • 0029998647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Second National Prevalence Survey of infection in hospitals overview of the results
    • Emmerson AM, Enstone JE, Griffin M, Kelsey MC, Smyth ETM. The Second National Prevalence Survey of infection in hospitals overview of the results. J Hosp Infect 1996; 32: 175-190.
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.32 , pp. 175-190
    • Emmerson, A.M.1    Enstone, J.E.2    Griffin, M.3    Kelsey, M.C.4    Smyth, E.T.M.5
  • 16
    • 0026564984 scopus 로고
    • Septicemia in 980 patients at a university hospital in Berlin: Prospective studies during 4 selected years between 1979 and 1989
    • Geerdes HF, Ziegler D, Lode H et al. Septicemia in 980 patients at a university hospital in Berlin: prospective studies during 4 selected years between 1979 and 1989. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 991-1002.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 991-1002
    • Geerdes, H.F.1    Ziegler, D.2    Lode, H.3
  • 17
    • 0025271026 scopus 로고
    • The causative organisms of septicaemia and their epidemiology
    • Eykyn SJ, Gransden WR, Phillips I. The causative organisms of septicaemia and their epidemiology. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 25 Suppl C:41-58.
    • (1990) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.25 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 41-58
    • Eykyn, S.J.1    Gransden, W.R.2    Phillips, I.3
  • 18
    • 0029891948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antibiotic resistance and serotypes in pneumococci in England and Wales: Results of observational surveys in 1990 and 1995
    • Johnson AP, Speller DCE, George RC, Warner M, Domingue G, Efstratiou A. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance and serotypes in pneumococci in England and Wales: results of observational surveys in 1990 and 1995. BMJ 1996; 312: 1454-1456.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 1454-1456
    • Johnson, A.P.1    Speller, D.C.E.2    George, R.C.3    Warner, M.4    Domingue, G.5    Efstratiou, A.6
  • 19
    • 0029016099 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity to Danish versus other European bacterial isolates from intensive care and hematology/ oncology units
    • Fomsgaard A, Hoiby N, Friis HM et al. Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity to Danish versus other European bacterial isolates from intensive care and hematology/ oncology units. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14: 275-281.
    • (1995) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 275-281
    • Fomsgaard, A.1    Hoiby, N.2    Friis, H.M.3
  • 20
    • 0029051858 scopus 로고
    • Emergence of bacterial resistance to imipenem and ciprofloxacin in a university hospital
    • Fass RJ, Barnishan J, Avers LW. Emergence of bacterial resistance to imipenem and ciprofloxacin in a university hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 343-353.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 343-353
    • Fass, R.J.1    Barnishan, J.2    Avers, L.W.3
  • 21
    • 0028344856 scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli resistant to fluoroquinolones in patients with cancer neutropenia
    • Cometta A, Calandra T, Bille J, Glauser MP. Escherichia coli resistant to fluoroquinolones in patients with cancer neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994; 300: 1240-1241.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.300 , pp. 1240-1241
    • Cometta, A.1    Calandra, T.2    Bille, J.3    Glauser, M.P.4
  • 22
    • 0028986117 scopus 로고
    • Emergence of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli bacteremia in neutropenic patients with cancer who have received prophylactic norfloxacin
    • Carratalá J, Fernández-Sevilla A, Tubau F, Callis M, Gudiol F. Emergence of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli bacteremia in neutropenic patients with cancer who have received prophylactic norfloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 557-560.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 557-560
    • Carratalá, J.1    Fernández-Sevilla, A.2    Tubau, F.3    Callis, M.4    Gudiol, F.5
  • 23
    • 0029996316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low incidence of quinolone resistance in gram-negative bacteria after five-years use of ofloxacin in prophylaxis during afebrile neutropenia
    • Kunova A, Trupl J, Krcmery V Low incidence of quinolone resistance in gram-negative bacteria after five-years use of ofloxacin in prophylaxis during afebrile neutropenia. J Hosp Infect 1996; 32: 155-156.
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.32 , pp. 155-156
    • Kunova, A.1    Trupl, J.2    Krcmery, V.3
  • 24
    • 0026445738 scopus 로고
    • Survey of the prevalence of β-lactamases amongst 1000 Gram-negative bacilli isolated consecutively at the Royal London Hospital
    • Liu PYF, Gur D, Hall LMC, Livermore DM. Survey of the prevalence of β-lactamases amongst 1000 Gram-negative bacilli isolated consecutively at the Royal London Hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30: 429-447.
    • (1992) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.30 , pp. 429-447
    • Liu, P.Y.F.1    Gur, D.2    Hall, L.M.C.3    Livermore, D.M.4
  • 25
    • 0023024387 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in hospitals
    • Mayer KH. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 Suppl C: 223-233.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 223-233
    • Mayer, K.H.1
  • 26
    • 0027312870 scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic nosocomial multiply resistant bacterial infections - Their treatment and prevention
    • Bergogne-Bérézin E, Decré D, Joly-Guillou M-L. Opportunistic nosocomial multiply resistant bacterial infections - their treatment and prevention. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 32 Suppl A: 39-47.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 39-47
    • Bergogne-Bérézin, E.1    Decré, D.2    Joly-Guillou, M.-L.3
  • 27
    • 0026760182 scopus 로고
    • The crisis of antibiotic resistance
    • Neu HC. The crisis of antibiotic resistance. Science 1992; 257: 1064-1073.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1064-1073
    • Neu, H.C.1
  • 28
    • 0030030708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance
    • Tenover FC, McGowan JE. Reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Am J Med Sci 1996; 311: 9-16.
    • (1996) Am J Med Sci , vol.311 , pp. 9-16
    • Tenover, F.C.1    McGowan, J.E.2
  • 29
    • 0028877026 scopus 로고
    • Transferable imipenem-resistance in Acinetobacter species from a clinical source
    • Scaife W, Young H-K, Paton RH, Amyes SGB. Transferable imipenem-resistance in Acinetobacter species from a clinical source. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 585-586.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 585-586
    • Scaife, W.1    Young, H.-K.2    Paton, R.H.3    Amyes, S.G.B.4
  • 30
    • 0022998482 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to antibiotics at medical centres in different parts of the world
    • O'Brien TF and the International Survey of Antibiotic Resistance Group. Resistance to antibiotics at medical centres in different parts of the world. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 Suppl C: 243-253.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 243-253
    • O'Brien, T.F.1
  • 31
    • 0029020286 scopus 로고
    • Progress with establishing and implementing standards for infection control in the UK
    • Cookson BD. Progress with establishing and implementing standards for infection control in the UK. J Hosp Infect 1995; 30 Suppl: 69-75.
    • (1995) J Hosp Infect , vol.30 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 69-75
    • Cookson, B.D.1
  • 34
    • 50549173262 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of surgical wound infection in England and Wales
    • Report of the Public Health Laboratory Service. Incidence of surgical wound infection in England and Wales. Lancet 1960: 2: 659-663.
    • (1960) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 659-663
  • 35
    • 0029561066 scopus 로고
    • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Evolution of hospital participation in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System 1986 to 1993
    • Sartor C, Edwards JR, Gaynes RP, Culver DH. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Evolution of hospital participation in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System 1986 to 1993. Am J Infect Control 1995; 23: 364-368.
    • (1995) Am J Infect Control , vol.23 , pp. 364-368
    • Sartor, C.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Gaynes, R.P.3    Culver, D.H.4
  • 36
    • 0026571635 scopus 로고
    • The necessity and efficiency of wound surveillance after discharge
    • Wegelt JA, Dryer D, Haley RW. The necessity and efficiency of wound surveillance after discharge. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 77-82.
    • (1992) Arch Surg , vol.127 , pp. 77-82
    • Wegelt, J.A.1    Dryer, D.2    Haley, R.W.3
  • 38
    • 0026231361 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infection rates for interhospital comparison: Limitations and possible solution
    • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Nosocomial infection rates for interhospital comparison: limitations and possible solution. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991; 12: 609-621.
    • (1991) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.12 , pp. 609-621
  • 39
    • 0026062881 scopus 로고
    • Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection
    • Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1991; 91: 72S-75S.
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91
    • Schaberg, D.R.1    Culver, D.H.2    Gaynes, R.P.3
  • 40
    • 0026935770 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US hospitals, 1975-1991
    • Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US hospitals, 1975-1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992; 13: 582-586.
    • (1992) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.13 , pp. 582-586
    • Panlilio, A.L.1    Culver, D.H.2    Gaynes, R.P.3
  • 41
    • 0019768960 scopus 로고
    • Report on the National Survey of Infection in Hospitals 1980
    • Meers PD, Ayliffe GAJ, Emmerson AM et al. Report on the National Survey of Infection in Hospitals 1980. J Hosp Infect 1981; 2: Suppl: 1-51.
    • (1981) J Hosp Infect , vol.2 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 1-51
    • Meers, P.D.1    Ayliffe, G.A.J.2    Emmerson, A.M.3
  • 42
    • 0025295524 scopus 로고
    • Continuous 10-year wound infection surveillance. Results, advantages, and unanswered questions
    • Olson MM, Lee JT. Continuous 10-year wound infection surveillance. Results, advantages, and unanswered questions. Arch Surg 1990; 125: 794-803.
    • (1990) Arch Surg , vol.125 , pp. 794-803
    • Olson, M.M.1    Lee, J.T.2
  • 43
    • 0027128156 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in England and Wales
    • Marples RR, Reith S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in England and Wales. CDR Review 1992; 2: R25-29.
    • (1992) CDR Review , vol.2
    • Marples, R.R.1    Reith, S.2
  • 44
    • 0025646349 scopus 로고
    • Revised guidelines for the control of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Report of a Combined Working Party of the Hospital Infection Society and the British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Revised guidelines for the control of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 1990; 16: 351-377.
    • (1990) J Hosp Infect , vol.16 , pp. 351-377
  • 45
    • 0028941864 scopus 로고
    • Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Controlling the spread outside hospital
    • Cox RA, Mallaghan C, Conquest C, King J. Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: controlling the spread outside hospital. J Hosp Infect 1995; 29: 107-119.
    • (1995) J Hosp Infect , vol.29 , pp. 107-119
    • Cox, R.A.1    Mallaghan, C.2    Conquest, C.3    King, J.4
  • 46
    • 0028935251 scopus 로고
    • A major outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus caused by a new phage-type (EMRSA-16)
    • Cox RA, Conquest C, Mallaghan C, Marples RR. A major outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus caused by a new phage-type (EMRSA-16). J Hosp Infect 1995; 29: 87-106.
    • (1995) J Hosp Infect , vol.29 , pp. 87-106
    • Cox, R.A.1    Conquest, C.2    Mallaghan, C.3    Marples, R.R.4
  • 48
    • 0028946229 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Marples RR, Speller DCE, Cookson BD. Prevalence of mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 1995; 29: 153-155.
    • (1995) J Hosp Infect , vol.29 , pp. 153-155
    • Marples, R.R.1    Speller, D.C.E.2    Cookson, B.D.3
  • 49
    • 0026795554 scopus 로고
    • Multiply-resistant Enterococcus faecium. The nosocomial pathogen of the 1990s
    • Spera RV, Farber BF. Multiply-resistant Enterococcus faecium. The nosocomial pathogen of the 1990s. JAMA 1992; 268: 2563-2564.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 2563-2564
    • Spera, R.V.1    Farber, B.F.2
  • 50
    • 0027910517 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin United States 1989-1993
    • Anon. Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin United States 1989-1993. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42: 597-599.
    • (1993) MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.42 , pp. 597-599
  • 51
    • 0024437826 scopus 로고
    • High-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci causing hospital infections
    • Uttley AH, George RC, Naidoo J et al. High-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci causing hospital infections. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 103: 173-181.
    • (1989) Epidemiol Infect , vol.103 , pp. 173-181
    • Uttley, A.H.1    George, R.C.2    Naidoo, J.3
  • 52
    • 0029044780 scopus 로고
    • The emergence of Enterococcus faecium resistant to glycopeptides and other standard agents a preliminary report
    • Wade JJ. The emergence of Enterococcus faecium resistant to glycopeptides and other standard agents a preliminary report. J Hosp Infect 1995; 30 Suppl: 483-493.
    • (1995) J Hosp Infect , vol.30 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 483-493
    • Wade, J.J.1
  • 53
    • 0025800051 scopus 로고
    • Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae
    • Wade JJ, Desai N, Casewell MW. Hygienic hand disinfection for the removal of epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and gentamicin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae. J Hosp Infect 1991; 18: 211-218.
    • (1991) J Hosp Infect , vol.18 , pp. 211-218
    • Wade, J.J.1    Desai, N.2    Casewell, M.W.3
  • 54
    • 0029646054 scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin resistant enterococci in hospitals in the United Kingdom
    • Anon. Vancomycin resistant enterococci in hospitals in the United Kingdom. Commun Dis Rep CDR Weekly 1995; 5: 281-284.
    • (1995) Commun Dis Rep CDR Weekly , vol.5 , pp. 281-284
  • 55
    • 0025100795 scopus 로고
    • The life and times of the Enterococcus
    • Murray BE. The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3: 46-65.
    • (1990) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.3 , pp. 46-65
    • Murray, B.E.1
  • 56
    • 8244228666 scopus 로고
    • Pulsed field gel electrophoretic analysis of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VREs) recovered from Seattle hospitals
    • Gautom RK, Stewart B, Coyle MB, Plorde JJ, Schoenknecht FD, Pritsche TR. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic analysis of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VREs) recovered from Seattle hospitals (Abstract). Am J Clin Pathol 1995; 104: 223.
    • (1995) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.104 , pp. 223
    • Gautom, R.K.1    Stewart, B.2    Coyle, M.B.3    Plorde, J.J.4    Schoenknecht, F.D.5    Pritsche, T.R.6
  • 57
    • 0029246680 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance
    • Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16: 105-113.
    • (1995) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.16 , pp. 105-113
  • 58
    • 38749091113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The theoretical origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Rice LB. The theoretical origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Microbiol Newslett 1996; 17: 24; 189-192.
    • (1996) Clin Microbiol Newslett , vol.17 , Issue.24 , pp. 189-192
    • Rice, L.B.1
  • 59
    • 0028955732 scopus 로고
    • vanA-mediated level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry
    • Klare I, Heier H, Claus H, Reissbrodt R, Witte W. vanA-mediated level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 125: 165-171.
    • (1995) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.125 , pp. 165-171
    • Klare, I.1    Heier, H.2    Claus, H.3    Reissbrodt, R.4    Witte, W.5
  • 60
    • 0344105498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae isolated in England and Wales
    • Carnforth. Lanes. Parthenon Publishing Abstract T135
    • Brown S, Amyes SGB, Thomson CJ. Antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae isolated in England and Wales. 1st European Congress of Chemotherapy. Carnforth. Lanes. Parthenon Publishing. 1996. Abstract T135.
    • (1996) 1st European Congress of Chemotherapy
    • Brown, S.1    Amyes, S.G.B.2    Thomson, C.J.3
  • 61
    • 0028301107 scopus 로고
    • Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Canadian isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and characterization of their β-lactamases
    • Scriver SR, Walmsley SL, Kau CL et al. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Canadian isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and characterization of their β-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1678-1680.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 1678-1680
    • Scriver, S.R.1    Walmsley, S.L.2    Kau, C.L.3
  • 62
    • 0344536977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae in central Scotland
    • Shanahan PMA, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. Antibiotic susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae in central Scotland. Clin Microbiol Infect 1: 168-174.
    • Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.1 , pp. 168-174
    • Shanahan, P.M.A.1    Thomson, C.J.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 63
    • 0023552703 scopus 로고
    • Ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae: Identification of resistance mechanisms
    • Reid AJ, Simpson IN, Harper PB, Amyes SGB. Ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae: identification of resistance mechanisms. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 20: 645-656.
    • (1987) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.20 , pp. 645-656
    • Reid, A.J.1    Simpson, I.N.2    Harper, P.B.3    Amyes, S.G.B.4
  • 64
    • 8244228665 scopus 로고
    • β-lactamases in Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Glasgow
    • Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. Abstract A-72
    • Vali L, Lindsay G, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. β-lactamases in Haemophilus influenzae isolated in Glasgow. 94th Annual Meeting of the ASM. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1994. Abstract A-72.
    • (1994) 94th Annual Meeting of the ASM
    • Vali, L.1    Lindsay, G.2    Thomson, C.J.3    Amyes, S.G.B.4
  • 65
    • 0023905909 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of ROB β-lactamase among ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolates in the United States
    • Damn RS, Murphey-Corb M, Shapira S, Dipp S. Epidemiology of ROB β-lactamase among ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae isolates in the United States. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 450-455.
    • (1988) J Infect Dis , vol.157 , pp. 450-455
    • Damn, R.S.1    Murphey-Corb, M.2    Shapira, S.3    Dipp, S.4
  • 66
    • 0029071785 scopus 로고
    • A functional classification scheme for β-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure
    • Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA. A functional classification scheme for β-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1211-1233.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 1211-1233
    • Bush, K.1    Jacoby, G.A.2    Medeiros, A.A.3
  • 67
    • 8244239671 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of β-lactam resistance in Haemophilus influenzae
    • Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. Abstract A-81
    • Vali L, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. Incidence of β-lactam resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. 95th Annual Meeting of the ASM. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1995. Abstract A-81.
    • (1995) 95th Annual Meeting of the ASM
    • Vali, L.1    Thomson, C.J.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 68
    • 0000993722 scopus 로고
    • Haemophilus influenzae: Identification of a novel β-lactamase
    • Vali L, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. Haemophilus influenzae: identification of a novel β-lactamase. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994; 46: Suppl 2: 1041.
    • (1994) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.46 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 1041
    • Vali, L.1    Thomson, C.J.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 69
    • 0023503132 scopus 로고
    • Spectrum and mode of action of azithromycin (CP-62, 993), a new 15-membered-ring macrolide with improved potency against gram-negative organisms
    • Retsema J, Girard A, Schelkly W et al. Spectrum and mode of action of azithromycin (CP-62, 993), a new 15-membered-ring macrolide with improved potency against gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemorher 1987; 31: 1939-1947.
    • (1987) Antimicrob Agents Chemorher , vol.31 , pp. 1939-1947
    • Retsema, J.1    Girard, A.2    Schelkly, W.3
  • 70
    • 0020453237 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of three chloramphenicol acetyltransferases isolated from Haemophilus influenzea
    • Roberts M, Corney A, Shaw WV. Molecular characterization of three chloramphenicol acetyltransferases isolated from Haemophilus influenzea. J Bacteriol 1982; 151: 737-741.
    • (1982) J Bacteriol , vol.151 , pp. 737-741
    • Roberts, M.1    Corney, A.2    Shaw, W.V.3
  • 72
    • 0026768854 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial resistance to tetracycline: Mechanisms, transfer, and clinical significance
    • Speer, BS, Shoemaker NB, Salvers AA. Bacterial resistance to tetracycline: mechanisms, transfer, and clinical significance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5: 387-399.
    • (1992) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.5 , pp. 387-399
    • Speer, B.S.1    Shoemaker, N.B.2    Salvers, A.A.3
  • 73
    • 0018365666 scopus 로고
    • Molecular nature of two Haemophilus influenzea R factors containing resistances and the multiple integration of drug resistance transposons
    • Jahn G, Laufs R, Kaulfers P-M, Kolenda H. Molecular nature of two Haemophilus influenzea R factors containing resistances and the multiple integration of drug resistance transposons. J Bacteriol 1979; 138: 584-597.
    • (1979) J Bacteriol , vol.138 , pp. 584-597
    • Jahn, G.1    Laufs, R.2    Kaulfers, P.-M.3    Kolenda, H.4
  • 74
    • 0026065658 scopus 로고
    • Trimethoprim resistance in Haemophilus influenzea is due to altered dihydrofolate reductases(s)
    • de Groot R, Chaffin DO, Kuehn M, Smith AL. Trimethoprim resistance in Haemophilus influenzea is due to altered dihydrofolate reductases(s). Biochem J 1991; 274: 657-662.
    • (1991) Biochem J , vol.274 , pp. 657-662
    • De Groot, R.1    Chaffin, D.O.2    Kuehn, M.3    Smith, A.L.4
  • 76
    • 0027414611 scopus 로고
    • A membrane-bound precursor β-lactamase in strains of Moraxella catarrhalis and Moraxella nonliquefaciens that produce periplasmic BRO-1 and BRO-2 β-lactamases
    • Steingrube VA, Wallace RJ, Beaulieu D. A membrane-bound precursor β-lactamase in strains of Moraxella catarrhalis and Moraxella nonliquefaciens that produce periplasmic BRO-1 and BRO-2 β-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 237-244.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.31 , pp. 237-244
    • Steingrube, V.A.1    Wallace, R.J.2    Beaulieu, D.3
  • 77
    • 0020965793 scopus 로고
    • The origin and properties of β-lactamase satellite bands seen in isoelectric focusing
    • Simpson IN, Plested SJ. The origin and properties of β-lactamase satellite bands seen in isoelectric focusing. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12: 127-131.
    • (1983) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.12 , pp. 127-131
    • Simpson, I.N.1    Plested, S.J.2
  • 79
    • 0024421166 scopus 로고
    • BRO β-lactamase of Branhamella catarrhalis and Moraxella subgenus Moraxella, including evidence for chromosomal β-lactamase transfer by conjugation in B, catarrhalis, M. nonliquefaciens and M. lacunata
    • Wallace RJ, Steingrube VA, Nash DR et al. BRO β-lactamase of Branhamella catarrhalis and Moraxella subgenus Moraxella, including evidence for chromosomal β-lactamase transfer by conjugation in B, catarrhalis, M. nonliquefaciens and M. lacunata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 1845-1854.
    • (1989) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 1845-1854
    • Wallace, R.J.1    Steingrube, V.A.2    Nash, D.R.3
  • 80
    • 0026645743 scopus 로고
    • Trends in antimicrobiol resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Bellvitge hospital, Barcelona, Spain (1979 1990)
    • Liñares J, Pallares R, Alonso T et al. Trends in antimicrobiol resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Bellvitge hospital, Barcelona, Spain (1979 1990). Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 99-105.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 99-105
    • Liñares, J.1    Pallares, R.2    Alonso, T.3
  • 81
    • 0026770018 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance: The problem in Hungary
    • Marion A. Pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance: the problem in Hungary. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 106-111.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 106-111
    • Marion, A.1
  • 82
    • 0026754292 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: A South African perspective
    • Koornhof HJ, Wasas A, Klugman K. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: a South African perspective. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 84-94.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 84-94
    • Koornhof, H.J.1    Wasas, A.2    Klugman, K.3
  • 83
    • 0028861036 scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany: Genetic relationship to clones from other European countries
    • Reichmann P, Varon H, Günther E et al. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany: genetic relationship to clones from other European countries. J Med Microbiol 1995; 43: 377-385.
    • (1995) J Med Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 377-385
    • Reichmann, P.1    Varon, H.2    Günther, E.3
  • 84
    • 0026702093 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: An overview
    • Appelbaum PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 77-83.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 77-83
    • Appelbaum, P.C.1
  • 85
    • 0028420272 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations
    • Spratt BG. Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations. Science 1994; 264: 388-393.
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , pp. 388-393
    • Spratt, B.G.1
  • 86
    • 0027956459 scopus 로고
    • Resistant pneumococcus: A worldwide problem
    • Schutze GE, Kaplan SL, Jacobs RK. Resistant pneumococcus: a worldwide problem. Infection 1994; 22: 233-237.
    • (1994) Infection , vol.22 , pp. 233-237
    • Schutze, G.E.1    Kaplan, S.L.2    Jacobs, R.K.3
  • 87
    • 0020648839 scopus 로고
    • Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase: Enzymology and molecular biology
    • Shaw WV. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase: enzymology and molecular biology. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 1983; 14: 1-46.
    • (1983) CRC Crit Rev Biochem , vol.14 , pp. 1-46
    • Shaw, W.V.1
  • 88
    • 0025774974 scopus 로고
    • Purification and characterization of Tet(M), a problem that renders ribosomes resistant to tetracycline
    • Burdett V. Purification and characterization of Tet(M), a problem that renders ribosomes resistant to tetracycline. J Biol Chem 1941; 266: 2872-2877.
    • (1941) J Biol Chem , vol.266 , pp. 2872-2877
    • Burdett, V.1
  • 89
    • 0022357292 scopus 로고
    • Inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin type B antibiotics: The resistance pheno-type. its biological diversity, and structural elements that regulate expression - A review
    • Weisblum B. Inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin type B antibiotics: the resistance pheno-type. its biological diversity, and structural elements that regulate expression - a review. J Antimicrob Chemother 1985; 16 Suppl A: 63-90.
    • (1985) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.16 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 63-90
    • Weisblum, B.1
  • 90
    • 0027127736 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistant pneumococci in the United Kingdom
    • George RC, Ball LC, Cooper PG. Antibiotic resistant pneumococci in the United Kingdom. CDR Rev 1992; 2: R37-R43.
    • (1992) CDR Rev , vol.2
    • George, R.C.1    Ball, L.C.2    Cooper, P.G.3
  • 91
    • 8244238371 scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in England and Wales
    • George RC, Norbury PB, James D. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in England and Wales. J Med Microbiol 1992; 36: 17-20.
    • (1992) J Med Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 17-20
    • George, R.C.1    Norbury, P.B.2    James, D.3
  • 92
    • 8244223883 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales 1982 to 1992
    • Aszkenasy OM, George RC, Begg NT. Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales 1982 to 1992. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995; 5: R45-R50.
    • (1995) Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev , vol.5
    • Aszkenasy, O.M.1    George, R.C.2    Begg, N.T.3
  • 93
    • 8244246413 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid, 1993 and 1994
    • Anon. Antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid, 1993 and 1994. Commun Dis Rep CDR Weekly 1995; 5: 187-188.
    • (1995) Commun Dis Rep CDR Weekly , vol.5 , pp. 187-188
  • 94
    • 0025951775 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Implications for the 1990s and effective control measures
    • Wenzel RP, Nettleman MD, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: implications for the 1990s and effective control measures. Am J Med 1991; 91 Suppl B: 221S-227S.
    • (1991) Am J Med , vol.91 , Issue.SUPPL. B
    • Wenzel, R.P.1    Nettleman, M.D.2    Jones, R.N.3    Pfaller, M.A.4
  • 95
    • 0027128156 scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in England and Wales
    • Marples RR, Reith S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in England and Wales. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1992; 2: R25-29.
    • (1992) Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev , vol.2
    • Marples, R.R.1    Reith, S.2
  • 96
    • 0030573424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
    • Anon. Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1996; 6: 197.
    • (1996) Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev , vol.6 , pp. 197
  • 97
    • 0029051183 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of pneumococcal infections in the era of increasing penicillin resistance
    • Friedland IR. Treatment of pneumococcal infections in the era of increasing penicillin resistance. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1995; 8: 213-217.
    • (1995) Curr Opin Infect Dis , vol.8 , pp. 213-217
    • Friedland, I.R.1
  • 98
    • 0025320303 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong strains of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus have similar virulence
    • French GL, Cheng AFB, Ling JML, Mo P, Donnan S. Hong Kong strains of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus have similar virulence. J Hosp Infect 1990; 15: 117-125.
    • (1990) J Hosp Infect , vol.15 , pp. 117-125
    • French, G.L.1    Cheng, A.F.B.2    Ling, J.M.L.3    Mo, P.4    Donnan, S.5
  • 99
    • 0029148091 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe results of the European prevalence of infection in intensive-care (HPIC) study
    • EPIC International Advisory Committee
    • Vincent JL, Bihari PJ, Suter PM et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe results of the European prevalence of infection in intensive-care (HPIC) study. EPIC International Advisory Committee JAMA 1995; 274: 639-644.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.274 , pp. 639-644
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Bihari, P.J.2    Suter, P.M.3
  • 100
    • 0027379284 scopus 로고
    • An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory
    • Emori TG, Gaynes RP. An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 428-442.
    • (1993) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.6 , pp. 428-442
    • Emori, T.G.1    Gaynes, R.P.2
  • 101
    • 0023774629 scopus 로고
    • Enterococcal bacteremia: Clinical features, the risk of endocarditis and management
    • Maki DG, Agger WA. Enterococcal bacteremia: clinical features, the risk of endocarditis and management. Medicine 1988; 67: 248-269.
    • (1988) Medicine , vol.67 , pp. 248-269
    • Maki, D.G.1    Agger, W.A.2
  • 102
    • 0027196402 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial outbreak due to Enterococcus faecium highly resistant to vancomycin. penicillin and gentamicin
    • Handwerger S, Raucher B, Altarac D et al. Nosocomial outbreak due to Enterococcus faecium highly resistant to vancomycin. penicillin and gentamicin. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 750-755.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 750-755
    • Handwerger, S.1    Raucher, B.2    Altarac, D.3
  • 103
    • 0030001682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An unusual source for an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on an intensive therapy unit
    • Cotterill S, Evans R, Fraise AP. An unusual source for an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on an intensive therapy unit. J Hosp Infect 1996; 32: 207-216.
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.32 , pp. 207-216
    • Cotterill, S.1    Evans, R.2    Fraise, A.P.3
  • 104
    • 0028786928 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between antecedent antibiotic use and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Group 1 β-lactamase-producing organisms
    • Jacobson KL, Cohen SH, Inciardi JF et al. The relationship between antecedent antibiotic use and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in Group 1 β-lactamase-producing organisms. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1107-1113.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 1107-1113
    • Jacobson, K.L.1    Cohen, S.H.2    Inciardi, J.F.3
  • 105
    • 25544461564 scopus 로고
    • Trends in antibiotic utilization and bacterial resistance. Report of the National Nosocomial Resistance Surveillance Group
    • Ballow CH, Schentag JJ. Trends in antibiotic utilization and bacterial resistance. Report of the National Nosocomial Resistance Surveillance Group. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15 Suppl 2: 37S-42S.
    • (1992) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.15 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Ballow, C.H.1    Schentag, J.J.2
  • 106
    • 0026529958 scopus 로고
    • Impact of voluntary vs enforced compliance of third-generation cephalosporin use in a teaching hospital
    • Bamberger DM, Dahl SL. Impact of voluntary vs enforced compliance of third-generation cephalosporin use in a teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 554-557.
    • (1992) Arch Intern Med , vol.152 , pp. 554-557
    • Bamberger, D.M.1    Dahl, S.L.2
  • 107
    • 0023808730 scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium
    • Leelercq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 157-161.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 157-161
    • Leelercq, R.1    Derlot, E.2    Duval, J.3    Courvalin, P.4
  • 108
    • 0027910517 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin - United States 1989-1993
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin - United States 1989-1993. Morb Mort Weekly Rep 1993; 42: 597-599.
    • (1993) Morb Mort Weekly Rep , vol.42 , pp. 597-599
  • 109
    • 0029361859 scopus 로고
    • Plasmid mediated VanB glycopeptide resistance in enterococci
    • Woodford N, Morrison D, Johnson AP et al. Plasmid mediated VanB glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Microb Drug Res 1995; 1: 235-240.
    • (1995) Microb Drug Res , vol.1 , pp. 235-240
    • Woodford, N.1    Morrison, D.2    Johnson, A.P.3
  • 110
    • 0028989194 scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: Risk factors for infection
    • Edmond MB, Ober JF, Weinbaum DL et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: risk factors for infection. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1126-1133.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1126-1133
    • Edmond, M.B.1    Ober, J.F.2    Weinbaum, D.L.3
  • 111
    • 8244259901 scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin resistant and dependent enterococci in a tertiary referral centre
    • San Francisco, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology Abstract
    • Hastings JGM, Jolley AJ. Vancomycin resistant and dependent enterococci in a tertiary referral centre. 35th ICAAC. San Francisco, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1995. Abstract.
    • (1995) 35th ICAAC
    • Hastings, J.G.M.1    Jolley, A.J.2
  • 112
    • 0027406064 scopus 로고
    • Application of DNA probes for rRNA and VanA genes to investigation of a nosocomial cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Woodford N, Morrison D, Johnson AP, Briant V, George RC, Cookson B. Application of DNA probes for rRNA and VanA genes to investigation of a nosocomial cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 653-658.
    • (1993) J Clin Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 653-658
    • Woodford, N.1    Morrison, D.2    Johnson, A.P.3    Briant, V.4    George, R.C.5    Cookson, B.6
  • 113
    • 0028046628 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation and characterization of multiresistant Enterococcus faecium from 12 US Medical Centers
    • Sader HS, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Hollis RJ, Jones RN. Evaluation and characterization of multiresistant Enterococcus faecium from 12 US Medical Centers. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32; 2840-2842.
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 2840-2842
    • Sader, H.S.1    Pfaller, M.A.2    Tenover, F.C.3    Hollis, R.J.4    Jones, R.N.5
  • 114
    • 0028149741 scopus 로고
    • Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection in man
    • Bates J, Jordens JZ, Griffiths DT. Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection in man. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34: 507-516.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 507-516
    • Bates, J.1    Jordens, J.Z.2    Griffiths, D.T.3
  • 115
    • 8244237706 scopus 로고
    • United States: Federal Register
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States: Federal Register. Preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. 1994; 59: 257-263.
    • (1994) Preventing the Spread of Vancomycin Resistance , vol.59 , pp. 257-263
  • 116
    • 0027391961 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Tn 1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147
    • Arthur M, Molinas C, Depardieu F, Courvalin P. Characterization of Tn 1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 117-127.
    • (1993) J Bacteriol , vol.175 , pp. 117-127
    • Arthur, M.1    Molinas, C.2    Depardieu, F.3    Courvalin, P.4
  • 117
    • 0027266017 scopus 로고
    • Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci
    • Arthur M, Courvalin P. Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1563-1571.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 1563-1571
    • Arthur, M.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 118
    • 0026892270 scopus 로고
    • Modified peptidoglycan precursors produced by glycopeptide-resistant enterococci
    • Messer J, Reynolds PE. Modified peptidoglycan precursors produced by glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 73: 95-200.
    • (1992) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.73 , pp. 95-200
    • Messer, J.1    Reynolds, P.E.2
  • 119
    • 0027405032 scopus 로고
    • The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci
    • Quintiliani R, Evers S, Courvalin P. The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1220-1223.
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.167 , pp. 1220-1223
    • Quintiliani, R.1    Evers, S.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 120
    • 0028209926 scopus 로고
    • Sequence of the vanB and ddl genes encoding D-alanine: D-lactate and D-alanine ligases in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583
    • Evers S, Reynolds PE, Courvalin P. Sequence of the vanB and ddl genes encoding D-alanine: D-lactate and D-alanine ligases in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583. Gene 1994; 140: 97-102.
    • (1994) Gene , vol.140 , pp. 97-102
    • Evers, S.1    Reynolds, P.E.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 121
    • 0028178947 scopus 로고
    • Conjugal transfer of the vancomycin resistance determinant vanB between enterococci involves the movement of large genetic elements from chromosome to chromosome
    • Quintiliani R, Courvalin P. Conjugal transfer of the vancomycin resistance determinant vanB between enterococci involves the movement of large genetic elements from chromosome to chromosome. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 119: 359-363.
    • (1994) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.119 , pp. 359-363
    • Quintiliani, R.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 122
    • 0028286852 scopus 로고
    • Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant vanB type Enterococcus D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum
    • Billot-Klein D, Gutmann L, Sable S, Guittet E, van Heijenoort J. Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant vanB type Enterococcus D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum. J Bacteriol 1994; 176: 2398-2405.
    • (1994) J Bacteriol , vol.176 , pp. 2398-2405
    • Billot-Klein, D.1    Gutmann, L.2    Sable, S.3    Guittet, E.4    Van Heijenoort, J.5
  • 124
    • 0028587626 scopus 로고
    • Urinary tract infection with an Enterococcus faecalis isolate that requires vancomycin for growth
    • Fraimow HS, Jungkind DL, Lander DW, Delso DR, Dean JL. Urinary tract infection with an Enterococcus faecalis isolate that requires vancomycin for growth. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 22-26.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.121 , pp. 22-26
    • Fraimow, H.S.1    Jungkind, D.L.2    Lander, D.W.3    Delso, D.R.4    Dean, J.L.5
  • 125
    • 0026057838 scopus 로고
    • Development of in-vitro resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics: Assessment of staphylococci of different species
    • Biavasco F, Giovanetti E, Montanari MP, Lupidi R, Varaldo PE. Development of in-vitro resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics: assessment of staphylococci of different species. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27: 71-79.
    • (1991) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.27 , pp. 71-79
    • Biavasco, F.1    Giovanetti, E.2    Montanari, M.P.3    Lupidi, R.4    Varaldo, P.E.5
  • 126
    • 0026756474 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin: Isolation and purification of a constitutively produced protein associated with decreased susceptibility
    • Daum RS, Gupta S, Sabbagh R, Milewski WM. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin: isolation and purification of a constitutively produced protein associated with decreased susceptibility. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 1066-1072.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 1066-1072
    • Daum, R.S.1    Gupta, S.2    Sabbagh, R.3    Milewski, W.M.4
  • 127
    • 0027185192 scopus 로고
    • An electronmicroscope study of glycopeptide antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis
    • Sanyal D, Greenwood D. An electronmicroscope study of glycopeptide antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Med Microbiol 1993; 39: 204-210.
    • (1993) J Med Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 204-210
    • Sanyal, D.1    Greenwood, D.2
  • 128
    • 0027070370 scopus 로고
    • Novel membrane proteins present in teicoplanin-resistant, vancomycin-sensitive, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp
    • O'Hare MD, Reynolds PE. Novel membrane proteins present in teicoplanin-resistant, vancomycin-sensitive, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30: 753-768.
    • (1992) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.30 , pp. 753-768
    • O'Hare, M.D.1    Reynolds, P.E.2
  • 129
    • 0025372366 scopus 로고
    • Emergence of teicoplanin resistance during therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis
    • Kaatz GW, Seo SM, Dorman NJ, Lerner SA. Emergence of teicoplanin resistance during therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 103-108.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 103-108
    • Kaatz, G.W.1    Seo, S.M.2    Dorman, N.J.3    Lerner, S.A.4
  • 130
    • 0026871815 scopus 로고
    • Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus
    • Noble WC, Virani Z, Cree RGA. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 72: 195-198.
    • (1992) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.72 , pp. 195-198
    • Noble, W.C.1    Virani, Z.2    Cree, R.G.A.3
  • 131
    • 0000123301 scopus 로고
    • An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin
    • Abraham EP, Chain E. An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. Nature 1940; 146: 837.
    • (1940) Nature , vol.146 , pp. 837
    • Abraham, E.P.1    Chain, E.2
  • 132
    • 0023030101 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms by which imipenem may overcome resistance in Gram-negative bacilli
    • Williams RJ, Yang Y-J, Livermore DM. Mechanisms by which imipenem may overcome resistance in Gram-negative bacilli. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 Suppl E: 9-13.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. E , pp. 9-13
    • Williams, R.J.1    Yang, Y.-J.2    Livermore, D.M.3
  • 133
    • 0025992960 scopus 로고
    • Imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumanii is due to altered penicillin-binding proteins
    • Gehrlein M, Leying H, Cullman W, Wendt S, Opferkuch W. Imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumanii is due to altered penicillin-binding proteins. Chemotherapy 1991; 37: 405-412.
    • (1991) Chemotherapy , vol.37 , pp. 405-412
    • Gehrlein, M.1    Leying, H.2    Cullman, W.3    Wendt, S.4    Opferkuch, W.5
  • 135
    • 0029050279 scopus 로고
    • Imipenem resistance in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis associated with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins
    • Neuwirth C, Siebor E, Ducz J-M, Péchinot A. Kazmierczak A. Imipenem resistance in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis associated with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 335-342.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 335-342
    • Neuwirth, C.1    Siebor, E.2    Ducz, J.-M.3    Péchinot, A.4    Kazmierczak, A.5
  • 136
    • 0027180832 scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-binding proteins of Rhodococcus equi: Potential role in resistance to imipenem
    • Nordmann P, Nicolas MH, Gutmann L. Penicillin-binding proteins of Rhodococcus equi: potential role in resistance to imipenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1406-1409.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 1406-1409
    • Nordmann, P.1    Nicolas, M.H.2    Gutmann, L.3
  • 137
    • 0022413852 scopus 로고
    • Imipenem/cilastin treatment of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections in cystic fibrosis
    • Pederson SS, Pressler T, Høiby N, Bentzon MW, Cock C. Imipenem/cilastin treatment of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections in cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1985; 16: 629-635.
    • (1985) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.16 , pp. 629-635
    • Pederson, S.S.1    Pressler, T.2    Høiby, N.3    Bentzon, M.W.4    Cock, C.5
  • 138
    • 0023275862 scopus 로고
    • Imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulting from diminished expression of an outer membrane protein
    • Buscher KH, Cullman W, Dick W, Opferkuch W. Imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulting from diminished expression of an outer membrane protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 703-708.
    • (1987) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.31 , pp. 703-708
    • Buscher, K.H.1    Cullman, W.2    Dick, W.3    Opferkuch, W.4
  • 139
    • 0025146217 scopus 로고
    • Protein D2 channel of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane has a binding site for basic amino acids and peptides
    • Trias J, Nikaido H, Protein D2 channel of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane has a binding site for basic amino acids and peptides. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 15680-15684.
    • (1990) J Biol Chem , vol.265 , pp. 15680-15684
    • Trias, J.1    Nikaido, H.2
  • 140
    • 0026730399 scopus 로고
    • Interplay of impermeability and chromosomal β-lactamase activity in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Livermore DM. Interplay of impermeability and chromosomal β-lactamase activity in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 2046-2048.
    • (1992) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 2046-2048
    • Livermore, D.M.1
  • 141
    • 0027196080 scopus 로고
    • Role of cephalosporinase in carbapenem resistance of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Zhou XY, Kitzis M, Gutman L. Role of cephalosporinase in carbapenem resistance of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 387-389.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 387-389
    • Zhou, X.Y.1    Kitzis, M.2    Gutman, L.3
  • 142
    • 0028789107 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected in the UK in 1993
    • Chen HY, Yuan M, Livermore DM. Mechanisms of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics amongst Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected in the UK in 1993. J Med Microbiol 1995; 43: 300-309.
    • (1995) J Med Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 300-309
    • Chen, H.Y.1    Yuan, M.2    Livermore, D.M.3
  • 143
    • 0027958918 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of enzymatic properties, cell permeability, and enzyme expression to microbiological activities of β-lactams in three Bacteroides fragilis isolates that harbor a metallo-β-lactamase gene
    • Rasmussen BA, Yang Y, Jacobus N, Bush K. Contribution of enzymatic properties, cell permeability, and enzyme expression to microbiological activities of β-lactams in three Bacteroides fragilis isolates that harbor a metallo-β-lactamase gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2116-2120.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 2116-2120
    • Rasmussen, B.A.1    Yang, Y.2    Jacobus, N.3    Bush, K.4
  • 144
    • 0026547334 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of β-lactamases from clinical isolates of Bacteroides species
    • Edwards R, Greenwood D. An investigation of β-lactamases from clinical isolates of Bacteroides species. J Med Microbiol 1992; 36: 89-95.
    • (1992) J Med Microbiol , vol.36 , pp. 89-95
    • Edwards, R.1    Greenwood, D.2
  • 145
    • 0028883511 scopus 로고
    • β-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance
    • Livermore DM. β-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 557-584.
    • (1995) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.8 , pp. 557-584
    • Livermore, D.M.1
  • 146
    • 0029071785 scopus 로고
    • A functional classification scheme for β-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure
    • Bush K, Jacoby GA, Medeiros AA. A functional classification scheme for β-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1211-1233.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 1211-1233
    • Bush, K.1    Jacoby, G.A.2    Medeiros, A.A.3
  • 147
    • 0025366291 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical characterization of a β-lactamase that hydrolyzes penems and carbapenems from two Serratia marcescens isolates
    • Yang Y, Wu P, Livermore DM. Biochemical characterization of a β-lactamase that hydrolyzes penems and carbapenems from two Serratia marcescens isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 755-758.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 755-758
    • Yang, Y.1    Wu, P.2    Livermore, D.M.3
  • 148
    • 0028224631 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene for a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A β-lactamase, Sme-1, from Serratia marcescens S6
    • Naas T, Vandel L, Soughakoff W, Livermore DM, Nordmann P. Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene for a carbapenem-hydrolyzing Class A β-lactamase, Sme-1, from Serratia marcescens S6. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1262-1270.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 1262-1270
    • Naas, T.1    Vandel, L.2    Soughakoff, W.3    Livermore, D.M.4    Nordmann, P.5
  • 149
    • 0028031303 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A β-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae and of its LysR-type regulatory protein
    • Naas T, Nordmann P. Analysis of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A β-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae and of its LysR-type regulatory protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 7693-7697.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 7693-7697
    • Naas, T.1    Nordmann, P.2
  • 150
    • 0027284501 scopus 로고
    • Metallo-β-lactamascs - A new therapeutic challenge
    • Payne DJ, Metallo-β-lactamascs - a new therapeutic challenge. J Med Microbiol 1993; 39: 93-99.
    • (1993) J Med Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 93-99
    • Payne, D.J.1
  • 152
    • 0027407236 scopus 로고
    • Effect of divalent cations in bacteriological media on the susceptibility of Xanthomonas maltophilia to imipenem, with special reference to zinc ions
    • Hawkey PM, Birkenhead D, Kerr KG, Newton KE, Hyde WA. Effect of divalent cations in bacteriological media on the susceptibility of Xanthomonas maltophilia to imipenem, with special reference to zinc ions. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 47-55.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.31 , pp. 47-55
    • Hawkey, P.M.1    Birkenhead, D.2    Kerr, K.G.3    Newton, K.E.4    Hyde, W.A.5
  • 154
    • 0022632090 scopus 로고
    • β-Lactamases with high activity against imipenem and Sch 34343 from Aeromonas hydrophila
    • Shannon K, King A, Phillips I. β-Lactamases with high activity against imipenem and Sch 34343 from Aeromonas hydrophila. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 17: 45-50.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.17 , pp. 45-50
    • Shannon, K.1    King, A.2    Phillips, I.3
  • 155
    • 0023719565 scopus 로고
    • β-Lactam resistance in Aeromonus spp. caused by inducible β-lactamases active against penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems
    • Bakken JS, Sanders CC, Clark RB, Hori M. β-Lactam resistance in Aeromonus spp. caused by inducible β-lactamases active against penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 1314-1319.
    • (1988) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.32 , pp. 1314-1319
    • Bakken, J.S.1    Sanders, C.C.2    Clark, R.B.3    Hori, M.4
  • 156
    • 0025017102 scopus 로고
    • Purification and characterization of inducible β-lactamases in Aeromonas spp
    • Iaconis JP, Sanders CC. Purification and characterization of inducible β-lactamases in Aeromonas spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 44-51.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 44-51
    • Iaconis, J.P.1    Sanders, C.C.2
  • 157
    • 0028798028 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of cphA or related carbapenemase-encoding genes and production of carbapenemase activity in members of the genus Acromonas
    • Rossolini GM, Zanchi A, Chiesurin A, Amicosante G, Satta G, Guglielmetti P. Distribution of cphA or related carbapenemase-encoding genes and production of carbapenemase activity in members of the genus Acromonas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 346-349.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 346-349
    • Rossolini, G.M.1    Zanchi, A.2    Chiesurin, A.3    Amicosante, G.4    Satta, G.5    Guglielmetti, P.6
  • 158
    • 0028964736 scopus 로고
    • A clinical isolate of Aeromonus sobria with three chromosomally mediated inducible β-lactamases: A cephalosporinase. a penicillinase and a third enzyme, displaying carbapenemase activity
    • Walsh TR, Payne DJ, MacGowan AP, Bennett PM. A clinical isolate of Aeromonus sobria with three chromosomally mediated inducible β-lactamases: a cephalosporinase. a penicillinase and a third enzyme, displaying carbapenemase activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 271-279.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 271-279
    • Walsh, T.R.1    Payne, D.J.2    MacGowan, A.P.3    Bennett, P.M.4
  • 159
    • 0028143583 scopus 로고
    • Three β-lactamases isolated from Aeromonas salmonicida, including a carbapenemase not detectable by conventional methods
    • Hayes MV, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. Three β-lactamases isolated from Aeromonas salmonicida, including a carbapenemase not detectable by conventional methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 805-811.
    • (1994) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 805-811
    • Hayes, M.V.1    Thomson, C.J.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 161
    • 0028893850 scopus 로고
    • Clinical isolate of a Xanthomonas maltophilia strain producing L-1-deficient and L-2-inducible β-lactamases
    • Bonfiglio G, Stefani S, Nicoletti G. Clinical isolate of a Xanthomonas maltophilia strain producing L-1-deficient and L-2-inducible β-lactamases. Chemotherapy 1995; 41: 121-124.
    • (1995) Chemotherapy , vol.41 , pp. 121-124
    • Bonfiglio, G.1    Stefani, S.2    Nicoletti, G.3
  • 162
    • 0027966925 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical properties of inducible β-lactamases produced from Xanthomonas maltophilia
    • Paton R, Miles RS, Amyes SGB. Biochemical properties of inducible β-lactamases produced from Xanthomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2143-2149.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 2143-2149
    • Paton, R.1    Miles, R.S.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 164
    • 0028068225 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and partial purification of a carbapenem-hydrolysing metallo-β-lactamase from Pseudomonas cepacia
    • Baxter IA, Lambert PA. Isolation and partial purification of a carbapenem-hydrolysing metallo-β-lactamase from Pseudomonas cepacia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 122: 251-256.
    • (1994) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.122 , pp. 251-256
    • Baxter, I.A.1    Lambert, P.A.2
  • 166
    • 0025305139 scopus 로고
    • Sequencing the gene for an imipenem-cefoxitin-hydrolyzing enzyme (CfiA) from Bacteroides fragilis TAL2480 reveals strong similarity between CfiA and Bacillus cereus β-lactamase II
    • Thompson JS, Malamy MH. Sequencing the gene for an imipenem-cefoxitin-hydrolyzing enzyme (CfiA) from Bacteroides fragilis TAL2480 reveals strong similarity between CfiA and Bacillus cereus β-lactamase II. J Bacteriol 1990; 172: 2584-2593.
    • (1990) J Bacteriol , vol.172 , pp. 2584-2593
    • Thompson, J.S.1    Malamy, M.H.2
  • 167
    • 0028304807 scopus 로고
    • Insertion of a novel DNA sequence, IS1186, upstream of the silent carbapenemase gene cfiA, promotes expression of carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis
    • Podglajen I, Breuil J, Collatz E. Insertion of a novel DNA sequence, IS1186, upstream of the silent carbapenemase gene cfiA, promotes expression of carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis. Mol Microbiol 1994; 12: 105-114.
    • (1994) Mol Microbiol , vol.12 , pp. 105-114
    • Podglajen, I.1    Breuil, J.2    Collatz, E.3
  • 168
    • 0027156971 scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility patterns and resistance to imipenem in the Bacteroides fragilis group species in Japan: A 4-year study
    • Bandoh K, Ueno K, Watanabe K, Kato N. Susceptibility patterns and resistance to imipenem in the Bacteroides fragilis group species in Japan: a 4-year study. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 Suppl 4: S382-S386.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , Issue.4 SUPPL.
    • Bandoh, K.1    Ueno, K.2    Watanabe, K.3    Kato, N.4
  • 170
    • 0027957461 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo-β-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance
    • Osano F, Arakawa Y, Wacharotayankun R et al. Molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo-β-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 71-78.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 71-78
    • Osano, F.1    Arakawa, Y.2    Wacharotayankun, R.3
  • 171
    • 0029967626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imipenem and cephem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying plasmids coding for class B β-lactamase
    • Minami S, Akama M, Araki H et al. Imipenem and cephem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying plasmids coding for class B β-lactamase. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 433-444.
    • (1996) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 433-444
    • Minami, S.1    Akama, M.2    Araki, H.3
  • 173
    • 8244249445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR detection of metallo-β-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenem
    • New Orleans, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. Abstract A45
    • Senda K, Arakawa Y, Ito H et at. PCR detection of metallo-β-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to carbapenem. 96th Annual Meeting of ASM, New Orleans, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1996: Abstract A45, p. 141.
    • (1996) 96th Annual Meeting of ASM , pp. 141
    • Senda, K.1    Arakawa, Y.2    Ito, H.3
  • 174
    • 0030071472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multifocal outbreaks of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to broad-spectrum β-lactams. including carbapenems
    • Senda K, Arakawa Y, Nakashima K et al. Multifocal outbreaks of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to broad-spectrum β-lactams. including carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 349-353.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 349-353
    • Senda, K.1    Arakawa, Y.2    Nakashima, K.3
  • 175
    • 0025870126 scopus 로고
    • A standard numbering system for the class a β-lactamases
    • Ambler RP, Coulson AKN, Frere JM et al. A standard numbering system for the class A β-lactamases. Biochem J 1991; 276: 269-270.
    • (1991) Biochem J , vol.276 , pp. 269-270
    • Ambler, R.P.1    Coulson, A.K.N.2    Frere, J.M.3
  • 176
    • 0028826097 scopus 로고
    • β-Lactam resistance in normal faecal flora from South Africa
    • Shanahan PMA, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. β-Lactam resistance in normal faecal flora from South Africa. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 115: 243-253.
    • (1995) Epidemiol Infect , vol.115 , pp. 243-253
    • Shanahan, P.M.A.1    Thomson, C.J.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 177
    • 0025143903 scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated β-lactam resistance in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria isolated in South India
    • Nandivada LS, Amyes SGB. Plasmid-mediated β-lactam resistance in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria isolated in South India. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26: 279-290.
    • (1990) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.26 , pp. 279-290
    • Nandivada, L.S.1    Amyes, S.G.B.2
  • 178
    • 0028090512 scopus 로고
    • β-Lactam resistance in aerobic faecal flora from general practice patients in the U.K
    • Shanahan PMA, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. β-Lactam resistance in aerobic faecal flora from general practice patients in the U.K. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 760-763.
    • (1994) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 760-763
    • Shanahan, P.M.A.1    Thomson, C.J.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 179
    • 0028798040 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of nine different types of mutants among 107 inhibitor-resistant TEM β-lactamases from clinical isolates of Escherichia coli
    • Henquell C, Chanal C, Sirot D, Labia R, Sirot J. Molecular characterization of nine different types of mutants among 107 inhibitor-resistant TEM β-lactamases from clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 427-430.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 427-430
    • Henquell, C.1    Chanal, C.2    Sirot, D.3    Labia, R.4    Sirot, J.5
  • 180
    • 0026512525 scopus 로고
    • Crystallization and preliminary cristallographic data on Escherichia coli TEM-1 β-lactamase
    • Jelsch C, Lenfant F, Masson JM, Samama JP. Crystallization and preliminary cristallographic data on Escherichia coli TEM-1 β-lactamase. J Mol Biol 1992; 223: 377-380.
    • (1992) J Mol Biol , vol.223 , pp. 377-380
    • Jelsch, C.1    Lenfant, F.2    Masson, J.M.3    Samama, J.P.4
  • 181
    • 0027275788 scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of Escherichia coli TEM-1 β-lactamase at 1.8-A resolution
    • Jelsch C, Mourey L, Masson JM, Samama JP. Crystal structure of Escherichia coli TEM-1 β-lactamase at 1.8-A resolution. Proteins 1993; 16: 364-383.
    • (1993) Proteins , vol.16 , pp. 364-383
    • Jelsch, C.1    Mourey, L.2    Masson, J.M.3    Samama, J.P.4
  • 182
    • 0025353892 scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of a unique ceftazidime-hydrolysing β-lactamase. TEM-E2
    • Payne DJ, Marriott MS, Amyes SGB. Characterisation of a unique ceftazidime-hydrolysing β-lactamase. TEM-E2. J Med Microbiol 1990; 32: 131-134.
    • (1990) J Med Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 131-134
    • Payne, D.J.1    Marriott, M.S.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 183
    • 0028986292 scopus 로고
    • THM- and SHV-derived extended-spectrum β-lactamases: Relationship between selection, structure and function
    • Du Bois SK, Marriott MS, Amyes SGB. THM- and SHV-derived extended-spectrum β-lactamases: relationship between selection, structure and function. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 7-22.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 7-22
    • Du Bois, S.K.1    Marriott, M.S.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 184
    • 0025731851 scopus 로고
    • Transferable resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams: A major threat or a minor inconvenience?
    • Payne DJ, Amyes SGB. Transferable resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams: a major threat or a minor inconvenience? J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27: 255-261.
    • (1991) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.27 , pp. 255-261
    • Payne, D.J.1    Amyes, S.G.B.2
  • 185
    • 0025806002 scopus 로고
    • Substitution of lysine at position 104 or 240 of TEM-1 pTZ18R β-lactamase enhances the effect of serine-164 substitution on hydrolysis or affinity for cephalosporins and the monobactam aztreonam
    • Sowek JA, Singer SB, Ohringer S et al. Substitution of lysine at position 104 or 240 of TEM-1 pTZ18R β-lactamase enhances the effect of serine-164 substitution on hydrolysis or affinity for cephalosporins and the monobactam aztreonam. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 3179-3188.
    • (1991) Biochemistry , vol.30 , pp. 3179-3188
    • Sowek, J.A.1    Singer, S.B.2    Ohringer, S.3
  • 186
    • 0024041353 scopus 로고
    • Extended broad-spectrum β-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer β-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: Hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns
    • Jarlier V, Nicolas MH, Fournier G, Philippon A. Extended broad-spectrum β-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer β-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10: 867-878.
    • (1988) Rev Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 867-878
    • Jarlier, V.1    Nicolas, M.H.2    Fournier, G.3    Philippon, A.4
  • 187
    • 0021024916 scopus 로고
    • Transferable resistance to cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefamandole and cefuroxime in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae
    • Knothe H, Shah P, Kremery V, Antal M, Mitsuhashi S. Transferable resistance to cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefamandole and cefuroxime in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infection 1983; 11: 315-317.
    • (1983) Infection , vol.11 , pp. 315-317
    • Knothe, H.1    Shah, P.2    Kremery, V.3    Antal, M.4    Mitsuhashi, S.5
  • 189
    • 0027408874 scopus 로고
    • Role of Ser-238 and Lys-240 in the hydrolysis of 3rd-generation cephalosporins by SHV-type β-lactamases probed by site-directed mutagenesis and 3-dimensional modeling
    • Huletsky A, Knox JR, Levesque RC. Role of Ser-238 and Lys-240 in the hydrolysis of 3rd-generation cephalosporins by SHV-type β-lactamases probed by site-directed mutagenesis and 3-dimensional modeling. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 3690-3697.
    • (1993) J Biol Chem , vol.268 , pp. 3690-3697
    • Huletsky, A.1    Knox, J.R.2    Levesque, R.C.3
  • 190
    • 0025226003 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of a transferable SHV-5 type β-lactamase in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichita coli in Greece
    • Vatopoulos AC, Philippon A, Tzouvelekis LS, Komninou Z, Legakis NJ. Prevalence of a transferable SHV-5 type β-lactamase in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichita coli in Greece. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26: 635-648.
    • (1990) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.26 , pp. 635-648
    • Vatopoulos, A.C.1    Philippon, A.2    Tzouvelekis, L.S.3    Komninou, Z.4    Legakis, N.J.5
  • 191
    • 0027452856 scopus 로고
    • Spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing SHV-5 β-lactamase among hospitalized patients
    • Bauernfeind A, Rosenthal E, Eberlein E, Holley M, Schweighart S. Spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing SHV-5 β-lactamase among hospitalized patients. Infection 1993; 21: 18-22.
    • (1993) Infection , vol.21 , pp. 18-22
    • Bauernfeind, A.1    Rosenthal, E.2    Eberlein, E.3    Holley, M.4    Schweighart, S.5
  • 192
    • 0028902640 scopus 로고
    • SHV-7, a novel cefotaxime-hydrolyzing β-lactamase, identified in Escherichia coli isolates from hospitalized nursing home patients
    • Bradford PA, Urban C, Jaiswal A et al. SHV-7, a novel cefotaxime-hydrolyzing β-lactamase, identified in Escherichia coli isolates from hospitalized nursing home patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 899-905.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 899-905
    • Bradford, P.A.1    Urban, C.2    Jaiswal, A.3
  • 193
    • 8244228664 scopus 로고
    • Can clavulanic acid reverse extended-spectrum β-lactamase mutations?
    • New Orleans, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. (Abstract)
    • Du Bois SK, Marriott MS, Amyes SGB. Can clavulanic acid reverse extended-spectrum β-lactamase mutations? ICAAC, New Orleans, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1993: 582 (Abstract).
    • (1993) ICAAC , pp. 582
    • Du Bois, S.K.1    Marriott, M.S.2    Amyes, S.G.B.3
  • 194
    • 0026021429 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of a new plasmid-encoded SHV-type β-lactamase (SHV-2 variant) conferring high-level cefotaxime resistance upon Klebsiella pneumoniae
    • Podbielski A, Schonling J, Melzer B, Warnatz K, Leusch HG. Molecular characterization of a new plasmid-encoded SHV-type β-lactamase (SHV-2 variant) conferring high-level cefotaxime resistance upon Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Gen Microbiol 1991; 137: 569-578.
    • (1991) J Gen Microbiol , vol.137 , pp. 569-578
    • Podbielski, A.1    Schonling, J.2    Melzer, B.3    Warnatz, K.4    Leusch, H.G.5
  • 195
    • 0026828204 scopus 로고
    • TRC-1: Emergence of a clavulanic acid-resistant TEM β-lactamase in a clinical strain
    • Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. TRC-1: emergence of a clavulanic acid-resistant TEM β-lactamase in a clinical strain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 91: 113-117.
    • (1992) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.91 , pp. 113-117
    • Thomson, C.J.1    Amyes, S.G.B.2
  • 196
    • 0026437823 scopus 로고
    • Clinical isolates of Escherichiu coli producing TRI β-lactamases - Novel TEM-enzymes conferring resistance to β-lactamase inhibitors
    • Vedel G, Belaaouaj A, Gilly L et al. Clinical isolates of Escherichiu coli producing TRI β-lactamases - novel TEM-enzymes conferring resistance to β-lactamase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30: 449-462.
    • (1992) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.30 , pp. 449-462
    • Vedel, G.1    Belaaouaj, A.2    Gilly, L.3
  • 197
    • 0028558996 scopus 로고
    • Frequency of inhibitor-resistant TBM β-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in France
    • Henquell C, Sirot D, Chanal C et al. Frequency of inhibitor-resistant TBM β-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in France. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34: 707-714.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 707-714
    • Henquell, C.1    Sirot, D.2    Chanal, C.3
  • 200
  • 201
    • 0001534829 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid: Purification of Escherichia coli nalA gene product and its relationship to DNA gyrase and a novel nicking-closing enzyme
    • Sugino A, Peebles CL, Kruezer KN, Cozzarelli NR. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid: purification of Escherichia coli nalA gene product and its relationship to DNA gyrase and a novel nicking-closing enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74: 4767-4771.
    • (1977) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.74 , pp. 4767-4771
    • Sugino, A.1    Peebles, C.L.2    Kruezer, K.N.3    Cozzarelli, N.R.4
  • 202
    • 0029160023 scopus 로고
    • Quinolone mode of action
    • Hooper DC. Quinolone mode of action. Drugs 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 10-15.
    • (1995) Drugs , vol.49 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 10-15
    • Hooper, D.C.1
  • 203
    • 0025914499 scopus 로고
    • Lytic effect of two fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin and pefloxacin, on Escherichia coli W7 and its consequences on peptidoglycan composition
    • Vincent S, Glauner B, Gutmann L. Lytic effect of two fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin and pefloxacin, on Escherichia coli W7 and its consequences on peptidoglycan composition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1381-1385.
    • (1991) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 1381-1385
    • Vincent, S.1    Glauner, B.2    Gutmann, L.3
  • 204
    • 0024434418 scopus 로고
    • Role of autolysins in the activities of imipenem and CGP 31608, a novel penem, against slowly growing bacteria
    • Cozens RM, Markiewicz Z, Tuomanen E. Role of autolysins in the activities of imipenem and CGP 31608, a novel penem, against slowly growing bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 1819-1821.
    • (1989) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 1819-1821
    • Cozens, R.M.1    Markiewicz, Z.2    Tuomanen, E.3
  • 205
    • 0025078793 scopus 로고
    • Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 exhibiting reduced killing by both quinolone and β-lactam antimicrobial agents
    • Wolfson JS, Hooper DC, McHugh GL, Bozza MA, Swartz MN. Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 exhibiting reduced killing by both quinolone and β-lactam antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 1938-1943.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 1938-1943
    • Wolfson, J.S.1    Hooper, D.C.2    McHugh, G.L.3    Bozza, M.A.4    Swartz, M.N.5
  • 207
    • 8244245736 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of high level quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Chicago, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. Abstract 808
    • Tanaka M, Ishii H, Sato K, Osada Y, Nishino T. Characterization of high level quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. 31st ICAAC, Chicago, Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1991: Abstract 808, p. 233.
    • (1991) 31st ICAAC , pp. 233
    • Tanaka, M.1    Ishii, H.2    Sato, K.3    Osada, Y.4    Nishino, T.5
  • 208
    • 0025363868 scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated 4-quinolone resistance: A real or apparent absence?
    • Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated 4-quinolone resistance: a real or apparent absence? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 681-684.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 681-684
    • Courvalin, P.1
  • 209
    • 0025688065 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence and characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus norA gene, which confers resistance to quinolones
    • Yoshida H, Bogaki M, Nakamura S, Ubukata K, Konno M. Nucleotide sequence and characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus norA gene, which confers resistance to quinolones. J Bacteriol 1990; 172: 6942-6949.
    • (1990) J Bacteriol , vol.172 , pp. 6942-6949
    • Yoshida, H.1    Bogaki, M.2    Nakamura, S.3    Ubukata, K.4    Konno, M.5
  • 210
    • 0027264746 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones
    • Cambau E, Gutmann L. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. Drugs 1993; 45 Suppl 3: 5-23.
    • (1993) Drugs , vol.45 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 5-23
    • Cambau, E.1    Gutmann, L.2
  • 211
    • 0025282176 scopus 로고
    • Quinolone resistance-determining region in the DNA gyrase gyrA gene of Escherichia coli
    • Yoshida H, Bogaki H, Nakamura M, Nakamura S. Quinolone resistance-determining region in the DNA gyrase gyrA gene of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 1271-1272.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 1271-1272
    • Yoshida, H.1    Bogaki, H.2    Nakamura, M.3    Nakamura, S.4
  • 212
    • 0023005632 scopus 로고
    • Nalidixic acid-resistant mutations of the gyrB gene of Escherichia coli
    • Yamagishi J, Yoshida H, Yamagoshi M, Nakamura S. Nalidixic acid-resistant mutations of the gyrB gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 1986; 204: 367-373.
    • (1986) Mol Gen Genet , vol.204 , pp. 367-373
    • Yamagishi, J.1    Yoshida, H.2    Yamagoshi, M.3    Nakamura, S.4
  • 214
    • 0024400856 scopus 로고
    • Cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones in multiple-antibiotic-resistance (Mar) Escherichia coli selected by tetracycline or chloramphenicol: Decreased drug accumulation associated with changes in addition to OmpF reduction
    • Cohen SP, McMurry LM, Hooper DC, Wolfson JS, Levy SB. Cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones in multiple-antibiotic-resistance (Mar) Escherichia coli selected by tetracycline or chloramphenicol: decreased drug accumulation associated with changes in addition to OmpF reduction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 1318-1325.
    • (1989) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 1318-1325
    • Cohen, S.P.1    McMurry, L.M.2    Hooper, D.C.3    Wolfson, J.S.4    Levy, S.B.5
  • 215
    • 0025203013 scopus 로고
    • A point mutation in norA gene is responsible for quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Ohshita Y, Hiramatsu K, Yokota T. A point mutation in norA gene is responsible for quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 172: 1028-1034.
    • (1990) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.172 , pp. 1028-1034
    • Ohshita, Y.1    Hiramatsu, K.2    Yokota, T.3
  • 216
    • 8244245248 scopus 로고
    • Up regulation of norA1199 results in fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (SA)
    • Anaheim, CA. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. Abstract 1481
    • Kaatz GW, Seo SM. Up regulation of norA1199 results in fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (SA). 32nd ICAAC, Anaheim, CA. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1992: Abstract 1481, p. 357.
    • (1992) 32nd ICAAC , pp. 357
    • Kaatz, G.W.1    Seo, S.M.2
  • 217
    • 0025998454 scopus 로고
    • A novel locus conferring fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
    • Trucksis M, Wolfson JS, Hooper DC. A novel locus conferring fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 1991; 173: 5854-5860.
    • (1991) J Bacteriol , vol.173 , pp. 5854-5860
    • Trucksis, M.1    Wolfson, J.S.2    Hooper, D.C.3
  • 218
    • 0028291607 scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates to ciprofloxacin in the United States
    • Thornsberry C. Susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates to ciprofloxacin in the United States. Infection 1994; 22 Suppl 2: S80-S89.
    • (1994) Infection , vol.22 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Thornsberry, C.1
  • 219
    • 8944262186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian Ciprofloxacin Susceptibility Study: Comparative study from 15 medical centers
    • Blondeau J, Yaschuk Y and the Canadian Ciprofloxacin Study Group. Canadian Ciprofloxacin Susceptibility Study: comparative study from 15 medical centers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1729-1732.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1729-1732
    • Blondeau, J.1    Yaschuk, Y.2
  • 221
    • 0028306882 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Europe
    • Kresken M, Hafner D, Mittermayer H et al. Prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Europe. Infection 1994; 22 Suppl 2: S90-S98.
    • (1994) Infection , vol.22 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Kresken, M.1    Hafner, D.2    Mittermayer, H.3
  • 222
    • 0030003732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: Results of a 30-center national surveillance study
    • Doern GV, Brueggemann A, Holley HP, Rauch AM. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1208-1213.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1208-1213
    • Doern, G.V.1    Brueggemann, A.2    Holley, H.P.3    Rauch, A.M.4
  • 223
    • 0029145907 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of quinolone resistance: Europe and North and South America
    • Goldstein FW, Acar JF. Epidemiology of quinolone resistance: Europe and North and South America. Drugs 1995; 49 Suppl 2: 36-42.
    • (1995) Drugs , vol.49 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 36-42
    • Goldstein, F.W.1    Acar, J.F.2
  • 224
    • 0025331913 scopus 로고
    • Ciprofloxacin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in New York health care facilities, 1988. The New York MRSA Study Group
    • Budnick LD, Schaefler S. Ciprofloxacin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in New York health care facilities, 1988. The New York MRSA Study Group. Am J Public Health 1990; 80: 810-813.
    • (1990) Am J Public Health , vol.80 , pp. 810-813
    • Budnick, L.D.1    Schaefler, S.2
  • 228
    • 0027289108 scopus 로고
    • An eight-year survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 85,971 bacteria isolated from patients in a district general hospital and the local community
    • MacGowan AP, Brown NM, Holt HA, Lovering AM, McCulloch SY, Reeves DS. An eight-year survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 85,971 bacteria isolated from patients in a district general hospital and the local community. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 543-557.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.31 , pp. 543-557
    • MacGowan, A.P.1    Brown, N.M.2    Holt, H.A.3    Lovering, A.M.4    McCulloch, S.Y.5    Reeves, D.S.6
  • 229
    • 0028600087 scopus 로고
    • A multicentre study of the in-vitro activity of cefotaxime, cefuroxime. ceftazidime. ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against blood and urinary pathogens
    • Amyes SGB, Baird DR, Crook DW et al. A multicentre study of the in-vitro activity of cefotaxime, cefuroxime. ceftazidime. ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against blood and urinary pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34: 639-648.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 639-648
    • Amyes, S.G.B.1    Baird, D.R.2    Crook, D.W.3
  • 230
    • 0029879285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonellas in England and Wales 1991 - 1994
    • Frost JA, Kelleher A, Rowe B. Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonellas in England and Wales 1991 - 1994. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 85-91.
    • (1996) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 85-91
    • Frost, J.A.1    Kelleher, A.2    Rowe, B.3
  • 231
    • 0029890803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations responsible for reduced susceptibility to 4-quinolones in clinical isolates of multi-resistant Salmonella typhi in India
    • Brown JC, Shanahan PMA, Jesudason MV, Thomson CJ, Amyes SGB. Mutations responsible for reduced susceptibility to 4-quinolones in clinical isolates of multi-resistant Salmonella typhi in India. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 891-900.
    • (1996) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 891-900
    • Brown, J.C.1    Shanahan, P.M.A.2    Jesudason, M.V.3    Thomson, C.J.4    Amyes, S.G.B.5
  • 232
    • 0026511791 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients in Northern Tanzania
    • Gillespie SH, Fox R, Patel S, Ngowi F, Tillotson GS. Antibiotic susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients in Northern Tanzania. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 29: 227-229.
    • (1992) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.29 , pp. 227-229
    • Gillespie, S.H.1    Fox, R.2    Patel, S.3    Ngowi, F.4    Tillotson, G.S.5
  • 233
    • 0029245475 scopus 로고
    • Ciprofloxacin resistance among nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in the United States
    • Coronado VR, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Ciprofloxacin resistance among nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16: 71-75.
    • (1995) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.16 , pp. 71-75
    • Coronado, V.R.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Culver, D.H.3    Gaynes, R.P.4
  • 234
    • 0027076140 scopus 로고
    • Emergence of resistance to erythromycin and fluoroquinolones in thermotolerant Campylobacter strains isolated from feces 1987 1991
    • Reina J, Borrell N, Serra A. Emergence of resistance to erythromycin and fluoroquinolones in thermotolerant Campylobacter strains isolated from feces 1987 1991. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11: 1163-1166.
    • (1992) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 1163-1166
    • Reina, J.1    Borrell, N.2    Serra, A.3
  • 235
    • 0029144805 scopus 로고
    • The in-vitro activity of CP99.219, a new naphthylpyridone antimicrobial agent: A comparison with fluoroquinolone agents
    • Child J, Andrews J, Boswell F, Brenwald N, Wise R. The in-vitro activity of CP99.219, a new naphthylpyridone antimicrobial agent: a comparison with fluoroquinolone agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 869-876.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 869-876
    • Child, J.1    Andrews, J.2    Boswell, F.3    Brenwald, N.4    Wise, R.5
  • 236
    • 0028263079 scopus 로고
    • In-vitro activity of OPC-17116 against more than 6000 consecutive clinical isolates: A multicentre international study
    • Marco F, Jones RN, Hoban DJ, Pignatari AC, Yamane N, Frei R. In-vitro activity of OPC-17116 against more than 6000 consecutive clinical isolates: a multicentre international study. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33: 647-654.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 647-654
    • Marco, F.1    Jones, R.N.2    Hoban, D.J.3    Pignatari, A.C.4    Yamane, N.5    Frei, R.6
  • 237
    • 0028947448 scopus 로고
    • In vitro evaluation of ABT-719, a novel DNA gyrase inhibitor
    • Flamm RK, Vojtko C, Chu DTW et al. In vitro evaluation of ABT-719, a novel DNA gyrase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 964-970.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 964-970
    • Flamm, R.K.1    Vojtko, C.2    Chu, D.T.W.3
  • 238
    • 0027939140 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of inhibition of Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV by quinolones with DNA gyrase inhibition
    • Hoshino K, Kutamura A, Morrissey I, Sato K, Kato J-I, Ikeda H. Comparison of inhibition of Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV by quinolones with DNA gyrase inhibition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2623-2627.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 2623-2627
    • Hoshino, K.1    Kutamura, A.2    Morrissey, I.3    Sato, K.4    Kato, J.-I.5    Ikeda, H.6
  • 240
    • 0024459873 scopus 로고
    • How antibiotic-producing organisms avoid suicide
    • Cundliffe E. How antibiotic-producing organisms avoid suicide. Annu Rev Microbiol 1989; 43: 207-233.
    • (1989) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 207-233
    • Cundliffe, E.1
  • 241
    • 8244261259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiologie industrielle. Les microorganismes d'intérêt industriel
    • Technique & Documentation, Paris. Lavoisier
    • Leveau JY, Bouix M. Microbiologie industrielle. Les microorganismes d'intérêt industriel. Collection Sciences et Techniques Agro-Alimentaires. Technique & Documentation, Paris. Lavoisier.
    • Collection Sciences et Techniques Agro-Alimentaires
    • Leveau, J.Y.1    Bouix, M.2
  • 242
    • 8244249443 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence and function of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
    • Sehek OK, Laskin AJ (eds) Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology
    • Davies J, Houk C, Yagisawa M, White TJ. Occurrence and function of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. In: Sehek OK, Laskin AJ (eds) Genetics of industrial microorganisms. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. 1979; 166-169.
    • (1979) Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms , pp. 166-169
    • Davies, J.1    Houk, C.2    Yagisawa, M.3    White, T.J.4
  • 243
    • 0021071033 scopus 로고
    • Plasmids of the same Inc groups in Enterobacteria before and after the medical use of antibiotics
    • Datta N, Hughes VM. Plasmids of the same Inc groups in Enterobacteria before and after the medical use of antibiotics. Nature 1983; 306: 616-617.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.306 , pp. 616-617
    • Datta, N.1    Hughes, V.M.2
  • 244
    • 0028033244 scopus 로고
    • Extrachromosomal resistance in gram-negative organisms: The evolution of β-lactamase
    • Jacoby GA. Extrachromosomal resistance in gram-negative organisms: the evolution of β-lactamase. Trends Microbiol 1994; 2: 357-360.
    • (1994) Trends Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 357-360
    • Jacoby, G.A.1
  • 245
    • 0028236290 scopus 로고
    • Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
    • Courvalin P. Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1447-1451.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 1447-1451
    • Courvalin, P.1
  • 247
    • 0028885063 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to antimicrobial agents as a public health problem: Importance of the use of antibiotics in animals
    • Pérez-Trallero E, Zigorraga C. Resistance to antimicrobial agents as a public health problem: importance of the use of antibiotics in animals. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1995; 6: 59-63.
    • (1995) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.6 , pp. 59-63
    • Pérez-Trallero, E.1    Zigorraga, C.2
  • 248
    • 0029930409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the use in animals of antimicrobial agents, including glycopeptide antibiotics, influence the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in humans?
    • Donnelly JP, Voss A, Witte W, Murray BE. Does the use in animals of antimicrobial agents, including glycopeptide antibiotics, influence the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in humans? J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 389-390.
    • (1996) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 389-390
    • Donnelly, J.P.1    Voss, A.2    Witte, W.3    Murray, B.E.4
  • 249
    • 0022975509 scopus 로고
    • Evolution and transfer of aminoglycoside resistance genes under natural conditions
    • Trieu-Cuot P, Courvalin P. Evolution and transfer of aminoglycoside resistance genes under natural conditions. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 Suppl C: 93-102.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 93-102
    • Trieu-Cuot, P.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 250
    • 0026011978 scopus 로고
    • Quinolone resistance in campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine
    • Endtz HP, Ruijs GJ, Van Klingeren B, Jansen WH, van der Reyden T, Mouton RP. Quinolone resistance in campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27: 199-208.
    • (1991) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.27 , pp. 199-208
    • Endtz, H.P.1    Ruijs, G.J.2    Van Klingeren, B.3    Jansen, W.H.4    Van Der Reyden, T.5    Mouton, R.P.6
  • 251
    • 0023024385 scopus 로고
    • Flow of resistance genes in the environment and from animals to man
    • Linton AH. Flow of resistance genes in the environment and from animals to man. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 Suppl C: 189-197.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 189-197
    • Linton, A.H.1
  • 252
    • 0014245276 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of transferable drug resistance in the enterobacteria
    • Anderson FS. The ecology of transferable drug resistance in the enterobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 1968; 22: 131-180.
    • (1968) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.22 , pp. 131-180
    • Anderson, F.S.1
  • 253
    • 0027262246 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance spread in aquatic environments
    • Young H-K. Antimicrobial resistance spread in aquatic environments. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 627-635.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.31 , pp. 627-635
    • Young, H.-K.1
  • 254
    • 0022973887 scopus 로고
    • Resistant bacteria in the normal human flora
    • Hawkey PM. Resistant bacteria in the normal human flora. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 Suppl C: 133-139.
    • (1986) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 133-139
    • Hawkey, P.M.1
  • 255
    • 0001042015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance of Acinetobacter spp. to antimicrobials. Overview of clinical resistance patterns and therapeutic problems
    • Bergogne-Bérézin E, Joly-Guillou ML, Towner KJ (eds) Boca Raton, CRC Press
    • Bergogne-Bérézin E. Resistance of Acinetobacter spp. to antimicrobials. Overview of clinical resistance patterns and therapeutic problems. In: Bergogne-Bérézin E, Joly-Guillou ML, Towner KJ (eds) Acinetobacter, microbiology, epidemiology, infections, management. Boca Raton, CRC Press. 1996: 133-138.
    • (1996) Acinetobacter, Microbiology, Epidemiology, Infections, Management , pp. 133-138
    • Bergogne-Bérézin, E.1
  • 256
    • 0028786928 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between antecedent antibiotic use and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in group I β-lactamase-producing organisms
    • Jacobson KF, Cohen SH, Inciardi JF et al. The relationship between antecedent antibiotic use and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in group I β-lactamase-producing organisms. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1107-1113.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 1107-1113
    • Jacobson, K.F.1    Cohen, S.H.2    Inciardi, J.F.3
  • 257
    • 0028063691 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance: Prognosis for public health
    • Cohen ML. Antimicrobial resistance: prognosis for public health. Trends Microbiol 1994; 2: 422-425.
    • (1994) Trends Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 422-425
    • Cohen, M.L.1
  • 258
    • 0024603048 scopus 로고
    • A seven year survey of antibiotic susceptibility and its relationship with usage
    • Courcol RJ, Pinkas M, Martin GR. A seven year survey of antibiotic susceptibility and its relationship with usage. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989; 23: 441-451.
    • (1989) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.23 , pp. 441-451
    • Courcol, R.J.1    Pinkas, M.2    Martin, G.R.3
  • 259
    • 0025359893 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial outbreaks due to amikacin-resistant tobramycin-sensitive Acinetobacter species: Correlation with amikacin usage
    • Buisson Y, Tran Van Nhieu G, Ginot L et al. Nosocomial outbreaks due to amikacin-resistant tobramycin-sensitive Acinetobacter species: correlation with amikacin usage. J Hosp Infect 1990; 15: 83-93.
    • (1990) J Hosp Infect , vol.15 , pp. 83-93
    • Buisson, Y.1    Van Tran Nhieu, G.2    Ginot, L.3
  • 260
    • 0028857942 scopus 로고
    • Development of β-lactamase-mediated resistance to penicillin in middle-ear isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis in Finnish children. 1978 1993
    • Nissinen A, Grönroos P, Huovinen P et al. Development of β-lactamase-mediated resistance to penicillin in middle-ear isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis in Finnish children. 1978 1993. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1193-1196.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 1193-1196
    • Nissinen, A.1    Grönroos, P.2    Huovinen, P.3
  • 261
    • 0027954638 scopus 로고
    • Sequential therapy with intravenous and oral cephalosporins
    • Janknegt R, van der Meer JWM. Sequential therapy with intravenous and oral cephalosporins. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33: 169-177.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 169-177
    • Janknegt, R.1    Van Der Meer, J.W.M.2
  • 263
    • 0028079960 scopus 로고
    • Delivery of antibiotics by phagocytes
    • Mandell GL. Delivery of antibiotics by phagocytes. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 922-925.
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.19 , pp. 922-925
    • Mandell, G.L.1
  • 264
    • 0025774705 scopus 로고
    • Liposomes and nanoparticles as vehicles for antibiotics
    • Kreuter J. Liposomes and nanoparticles as vehicles for antibiotics. Infection 1991; 19 Suppl 4: S224-S228.
    • (1991) Infection , vol.19 , Issue.4 SUPPL.
    • Kreuter, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.