Biological markers of acute lung injury: Prognostic and pathogenetic significance

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 155, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 1187-1205

  Pittet, J F ^a   Mackersie, R C ^b   Martin, T R ^b   Matthay, M A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ACUTE DISEASE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; LUNG EDEMA; LUNG ENDOTHELIUM; LUNG FIBROBLAST; LUNG INFILTRATE; LUNG INJURY; LUNG LAVAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; REVIEW;

EID: 0030984313     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.4.9105054     Document Type: Review

References (257)

1. Parsons, P. E., and M. Moss. 1996. Early detection and markers of sepsis. Clin. Chest Med. 17:199-212.
2. Ohkuda, K., K. Nakahara, A. Binder, and N. C. Staub. 1981. Venous emboli in sheep: reversible increase in lung microvascular permeability. J. Appl. Physiol. 51:887-894.
3. Flick, M. R., A. Perel, and N. C. Staub. 1981. Leukocytes are required for increased lung microvascular permeability after microembolization in sheep. Circ. Res. 48:344-351.
4. Aberle, D. R., J. P. Wiener-Kronish, W. R. Webb, and M. A. Matthay. 1988. Hydrostatic versus increased permeability pulmonary edema diagnosis based on radiographic criteria in critically ill patients. Radiology 168:73-79.
5. Fein, A., R. F. Grossman, J. G. Jones, E. Overland, L. Pitts, J. F. Murray, and N. Staub. 1979. The value of edema fluid protein measurement in patients with pulmonary edema. Am. J. Med. 67:32-38.
6. Sprung, C. L., E. C. Rackow, I. A. Fein, A. I. Jacob, and S. K. Isikoff. 1981. The spectrum of pulmonary edema: differentiation of cardiogenic intermediate noncardiogenic forms of pulmonary edema. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 124:718-772.
7. Matthay, M. A., W. L. Eschenbacher, and E. J. Goetzl. 1984. Elevated concentrations of leukotrienes D4 in pulmonary edema fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Clin. Immunol. 4:479-483.
8. Miller, E. J., A. B. Cohen, S. Nagao, D. Griffith, R. J. Maudner, T. R. Martin, J. P. Wiener-Kronish, M. Sticherling, E. Christophers, and M. A. Matthay. 1992. Elevated levels of NAP-1/interleukin-8 are present in the airspaces of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome and are associated with increased mortality. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:427-432.
9. Matthay, M. A., and J. P. Wiener-Kronish. 1990. Intact epithelial barrier function is critical for the resolution of alveolar edema in humans. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142:1250-1257.
10. Vreim, C. E., and N. C. Staub. 1976. Protein composition of lung fluids in acute alloxan edema in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 230:376-379.
11. Matthay, M. A., C. Landolt, and N. C. Staub. 1982. Differential liquid and protein clearance from the alveoli of anesthetized sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 53:96-104.
12. Matthay, M. A., Y. Berthiaume, and N. C. Staub. 1984. Long-term clearance of liquid and protein from the lungs of unanesthetized sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 59:928-934.
13. Berthiaume, Y., N. C. Staub, and M. A. Matthay. 1987. Beta-adrenergic agonists increase lung liquid clearance from the alveoli of anesthetized sheep. J. Clin. Invest. 79:335-343.
14. Wiener-Kronish, J. P., K. H. Albertine, and M. A. Matthay. 1991. Differential responses of the endothelial and epithelial barriers of the lung in sheep to Escherichia coli endotoxin. J. Clin. Invest. 88:864-875.
15. Pittet, J. F., M. A. Matthay, G. Pier, M. Grady, and J. P. Wiener-Kronish. 1993. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung and pleural injury in sheep: differential protective effect of circulating versus alveolar immunoglobulin G antibody. J. Clin. Invest. 92:1221-1228.
16. Kaliner, M., J. H. Shelhamer, B. Borson, J. Nadel, C. Patow, and Z. Marom. 1986. Human respiratory mucus. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134:612-621.
17. Shimura, S., T. Sasaki, H. Sasaki, and T. Takishima. 1988. Chemical properties of bronchorrhea sputum on bronchial asthma. Chest 94: 1211-1215.
18. Steinberg, K. P., D. R. Mitchell, R. J. Maunder, J. A. Milberg, M. E. Whitcomb, and L. D. Hudson. 1993. Safety of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:556-561.
19. Steinberg, K. P., J. A. Milberg, T. R. Martin, R. J. Maunder, B. A. Cockrill, and L. D. Hudson. 1994. Evolution of bronchoalveolar cell populations in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150:113-122.
20. Clark, J. G., J. A. Milberg, K. P. Steinberg, and L. D. Hudson. 1995. Type III procollagen peptide in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: association of increased peptide levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with increased risk for death. Ann. Intern. Med. 122: 17-23.
21. Martin, T. R., B. P. Pistorese, L. D. Hudson, and R. J. Maunder. 1991. The function of lung and blood neutrophils in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome: implications for the pathogenesis of lung infections. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144:254-262.
22. Cohen, A. B., M. D. Stevens, E. J. Miller, M. A. L. Atkinson, G. Mullenbach, R. J. Maunder, T. R. Martin, J. P. Wiener-Kronish, and M. A. Matthay. 1993. Neutrophil-activating peptide-2 in patients with pulmonary edema from congestive heart failure or ARDS. Am. J. Physiol. 264:L490-L495.
23. Idell, S., R. Maunder, A. M. Fein, H. I. Switalska, G. P. Tuszynski, J. McLarty, and S. Niewiaroski. 1989. Platelet-specific alpha-granule proteins and thrombospondin in bronchoalveolar lavage in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 96:1125-1132.
24. Idell, S., K. Gonzalez, H. Bradford, C. K. McArthur, A. M. Fein, R. J. Maunder, J. G. N. Garcia, D. E. Griffith, J. Weiland, T. R. Martin, J. McClarty, D. S. Fair, P. N. Walsch, and R. W. Colman. 1987. Procoagulant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Contribution of tissue factor associated with factor VII. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:1466-1474.
25. Idell, S., K. B. Koenig, D. S. Fair, T. R. Martin, J. McLarty, and R. J. Maudner. 1991. Serial abnormalities of fibrin turnover in evolving adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. 261:L240-L248.
26. Idell, S., K. K. James, E. G. Levin, B. S. Schwartz, N. Manchanda, R. J. Maunder, T. R. Martin, J. McLarty, and D. S. Fair. 1989. Local abnormalities in coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways predispose to alveolar fibrin deposition in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 84:695-705.
27. Goodman, R. B., R. M. Strieter, K. P. Steinberg, J. A. Milberg, D. P. Martin, R. J. Maunder, A. Walz, L. D. Hudson, and T. R. Martin. 1996. Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154: 602-611.
28. Holter, J. F., J. E. Weiland, E. R. Pacht, J. E. Gadek, and W. B. Davis. 1986. Protein permeability in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: loss of size selectivity of the alveolar epithelium. J. Clin. Invest. 78:1513-1522.
29. Matthay, M. A. 1995. Fibrosing alveolitis in the adult respiratory distress syndrome [Editorial]. Ann. Intern. Med. 122:65-66.
30. Martin, T. R., B. P. Pistorese, E. Y. Chi, R. B. Goodman, and M. A. Matthay. 1989. Effects of leukotriene B4 in the human lung: recruitment of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces without a change in protein permeability. J. Clin. Invest. 84:1609-1619.
31. Hastings, R. H., M. Grady, T. Sakuma, and M. A. Matthay. 1992. Clearance of different-sized proteins from the alveolar space in humans and rabbits. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:1310-1316.
32. Folkesson, H. G., B. R. Westrom, S. G. Pierzynowski, and B. W. Karlsson. 1991. Lung to blood passage of different-sized molecules during lung inflammation in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 71:1106-1111.
33. Berthiaume, Y., K. Albertine, and M. A. Matthay. 1989. Removal of protein from the air spaces and lungs of unanesthetized sheep over 144 hours. J. Appl. Physiol. 67:1887-1897.
34. Hastings, R. H., J. R. Right, K. Albertine, R. Ciriales, and M. A. Matthay. 1994. Effect of endocytosis inhibitors on alveolar clearance of albumin, immunoglobulin G, and SP-A in rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 266:L544-L552.
35. Folkesson, H. G., M. A. Matthay, B. J. Westrom, K. J. Kim, W. Karlson, and R. H. Hastings. 1996. Alveolar epithelial clearance of protein. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:1431-1445.
36. Sprung, C. L., W. M. Long, E. H. Marcial, R. M. H. Schein, R. O. E. Parker, T. Shomer, and K. L. Brigham. 1987. Distribution of proteins in pulmonary edema: the value of fractional concentrations. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:957-963.
37. Staub, N. C., R. W. Hyde, and E. Crandall. 1990. Workshop on techniques to evaluate lung alveolar-microvascular injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141:1071-1077.
38. Schuster, D. P. 1988. Positron emission tomography: theory and its application to the study of lung disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139: 818-840.
39. Calandrino, F. S., D. J. Anderson, M. A. Mintun, and D. P. Schuster. 1988. Pulmonary vascular permeability during the adult respiratory distress syndrome: a positron emission tomographic study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:421-428.
40. Stewart, T. A., J. A. Weare, and E. G. Erdös. 1981. Purification and characterization of human converting enzyme (kininase II). Peptides 2:145-152.
41. Nukiwa, T., R. Matsuoka, H. Takagi, Y. Ishii, T. Arai, and S. Kira. 1982. Responses of serum and lung angiotensin converting enzyme activities in the early phase of pulmonary damage induced by oleic acid in dogs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126:1080-1086.
42. Hollinger, M., S. N. Giri, S. Patwell, J. E. Zuckerman, A. B. Gorin, and G. Parsons. 1980. Effect of acute lung injury on angiotensin converting enzyme in serum, lung lavage, and effusate. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 121:373-376.
43. Gorin, A. B., G. Hasagawa, M. Hollinger, J. Sperry, and J. Zuckerman. 1981. Release of angiotensin converting enzyme by the lung after Pseudomonas bacteriemia in sheep. J. Clin. Invest. 68:163-170.
44. Casey, L., B. Krieger, J. Kohler, C. Rice, S. Oparil, and P. Szidon. 1981. Decreased serum angiotensin converting enzyme in adult distress syndrome associated with sepsis: a preliminary report. Crit. Care Med. 9:651-654.
45. Fourrier, F., C. Chopin, B. Wallaert, P Wattre, J. Mangalaboyi, A. Durocher, D. Dubois, and F. Wattel. 1983. Angiotensin converting enzyme in human adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 83: 593-597.
46. Fourrier, F., C. Chopin, B. Wallaert, B. Mazurier, J. Mangalaboyi, and A. Durocher. 1985. Compared evolution of plasma fibronectin and angiotensin converting enzyme levels in septic ARDS. Chest 131: 696-699.
47. Johnson, A. R., J. J. Coalson, J. Ashton, M. Larumbide, and E. G. Erdös. 1985. Neutral endopeptidase in serum samples from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132: 1262-1267.
48. Sirvio, M. L., K. Matsarinne, O. Saijonmaa, and F. Fyhrquist. 1990. Tissue distribution and half-life of 1251-endothelin in the rat: importance of pulmonary clearance. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 167:1191-1195.
49. Miyauchi, T., M. Yanagisawa, T. Tomizawa, Y. Sugishita, N. Suzuki, M. Fujino, R. Ajisaka, K. Goto, and T. Masaki. 1989. Increased plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2:53-54.
50. Morel, D. R., J. S. Lacroix, A. Hemsen, D. A. Steinig, J. F. Pittet, and J. M. Lundberg. 1989. Increased plasma and pulmonary lymph levels of endothelin during endotoxin shock. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 167: 427-428.
51. Pittet, J. F., D. R. Morel, A. Hemsen, K. Gunning, J. S. Lacroix, P. M. Suter, and J. M. Lundberg. 1991. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 concentrations are associated with the severity of illness in patients with sepsis. Ann. Surg. 213:261-264.
52. Druml, W., H. Steltzer, W. Waldhäusl, K. Lenz, A. Hammerle, H. Vierhapper, S. Gasic, and O. Wagner. 1993. Endothelin-1 in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:1169-1173.
53. Langleben, D., M. DeMarchie, D. Laporta, A. H. Spanier, R. D. Schlesinger, and D. J. Stewart. 1993. Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:1646-1650.
54. Stewart D. J., R. D. Levy, P. Cernacek, and D. Langleben. 1991. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of release? Ann. Intern. Med. 114:464-469.
55. Giaid, A., M. Yanagisawa, D. Langleben, R. P. Michel, R. Levy, H. Shennib, S. Kimura, T. Masaki, W. P. Duguid, and D. J. Stewart. 1993. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:1732-1739.
56. Bloom, A. L., J. C. Giddings, and C. J. Wilks, 1973. Factor VIII on the vascular intima: possible importance in hemostasis and thrombosis. Nature 241:217-219.
57. Sporn, L. A., S. I. Chavin, V. J. Marder, and D. D. Wagner. 1985. Biosynthesis of von Willebrand protein by human megakaryocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 76:1102-1106.
58. Hamilton, K. K., and P. J. Sims. 1987. Changes in cytosolic calcium associated with von Willebrand factor release in human endothelial cells exposed to histamine. J. Clin. Invest. 79:600-608.
59. Ribes, J. A., C. W. Francis, and D. D. Wagner. 1987. Fibrin induces release of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 79:117-123.
60. Jones, D. K., E. M. Perry, M. A. Grosso, and N. F. Voelkel. 1992. Release of von Willebrand factor antigen and eicosanoids during acute injury to the isolated rat lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:1410-1415.
61. Carvalho, A. C., S. M. Bellman, V. J. Saullo, D. Quinn, and W. M. Zapol. 1982. Altered factor VIII in acute respiratory failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 307:1113-1119.
62. Rubin, D. B., J. P. Wiener-Kronish, J. F. Murray, D. R. Green, J. Turner, J. M. Luce, A. B. Montgomery, J. D. Marks, and M. A. Matthay. 1990. Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen is an early plasma predictor of acute lung injury in nonpulmonary sepsis syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 86:474-480.
63. Moss, M., L. Ackerson, M. K. Gillespie, F. A. Moore, E. E. Moore, and P. E. Parsons. 1995. Von Willebrand factor antigen levels are not predictive for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:15-20.
64. Sabharwal, A. K., S. P. Bajaj, A. Ameri, S. M. Tricomi, T. M. Hyers, T. E. Dahms, F. B. Taylor, and M. S. Bajaj. 1995. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor and von Willebrand factor antigen levels in adult respiratory distress syndrome and in a primate model of sepsis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:758-767.
65. Harlan, J. M., N. B. Wedder, R. K. Winn, and C. L. Rice. 1991. Mechanisms and consequences of leukocyte-endothelial interaction. West. J. Med. 155:365-369.
66. Newman, W., L .D. Beall, C. W. Carson, G. G. Hunder, N. Graben, Z. I. Randhawa, T. V. Gopel, J. P. Wiener-Kronish, and M. A. Matthay. 1993. Soluble E-selectin is found in supernatants of activated endothelial cells and is elevated in the serum of patients with septic shock. J. Immunol. 150:644-654.
67. Katayama, M., M. Handa, H. Ambo, Y. Araki, S. Hirai, I. Kato, Y. Kawai, K. Watanabe, and Y. Ikeda. 1992. A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for human GMP-140/P-selectin. J. Immunol. Methods 153:41-48.
68. Donnelly, S. C., C. Haslett, I. Dransfield, C. E. Robertson, D. C. Carter, J. A. Ross, I. S. Grant, and T. F. Tedder. 1994. Role of selectins in the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 344:215-219.
69. Sessler, C. N., A. C. Windsor, M. Schwartz, L. Watson, B. J. Fisher, H. J. Sugerman, and A. A. Fowler. 1995. Circulating ICAM-1 is increased in septic shock. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: 1420-1427.
70. Boldt, J., M. Wollbrück, D. Kuhn, L. C. Linke, and G. Hampelmann. 1995. Do plasma levels of circulating soluble adhesion molecules differ between surviving and nonsurviving critically ill patients? Chest 107:787-792.
71. Sakamaki, F., A. Ishizaka, M. Handa, S. Fujishima, T. Urano, K. Sayama, H. Nakamura, M. Kanazawa, T. Kawashiro, M. Katayama, and Y. Ikeda. 1995. Soluble form of P-selectin in plasma is elevated in acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1821-1826.
72. Matthay, M. A., H. G. Folkesson, A. Campagna, and F. Kheradmand. 1993. Alveolar epithelial barrier and acute lung injury. New Horizons 1:613-622.
73. Pittet, J. F., J. P. Wiener-Kronish, M. C. McElroy, H. G. Folkesson, and M. A. Matthay. 1994. Stimulation of alveolar epithelial liquid clearance by endogenous release of catecholamines in septic shock. J. Clin. Invest. 94:663-671.
74. Pittet, J. F., T. J. Brenner, K. Modelsra, and M. A. Matthay. 1996. Alveolar liquid clearance is increased by endogenous catecholamines in hernorrhagic shock in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:830-837.
75. Hallman, M., R. Spragg, J. H. Harrell, K. M. Moser, and L. Gluck. 1982. Evidence of lung surfactant abnormality in respiratory failure. J. Clin. Invest. 70:673-683.
76. Lewis, J. F., and A. Jobe. 1993. Surfactant and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:218-233.
77. Ashbaugh, D. G., D. B. Bigelow, T. L. Petty, and B. E. Levine. 1967. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 2:319-323.
78. Gregory, T. J., W. J. Longmore, M. A. Moxley, J. A. Whitsett, C. R. Reed, A. A. Fowler, L. H. Hudson, R. J. Maunder, C. Crim, and T. M. Hyers. 1991. Surfactant chemical composition and biophysical activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1976-1981.
79. Pison, U., U. Obertacke, W. Seeger, and S. Hawgood. 1992. Surfactant protein A is decreased in acute parenchymal lung injury associated with polytrauma. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 22:712-718.
80. Greene, K. E., J. R. Wright, W. B. Wong, K. P. Steinberg, J. T. Ruzinski, L. D. Hudson, and T. R. Martin. 1996. Serial SP-A levels in BAL and serum of patients with ARDS (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A587.
81. Doyle, I. R., T. E. Nicholas, and A. D. Bersten. 1995. Serum surfactant protein-A levels in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:307-317.
82. Doyle, I. R., A. Bersten, and T. E. Nicholas. 1995. Surfactant proteins (SP-A & SP-B) in plasma in critically ill patients with respiratory disease (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A73.
83. Dobbs, L. G., M. C. Williams, and R. Gonzalez. 1988. Monoclonal antibodies specific to apical surfaces of rat alveolar type I cells bind to surfaces of cultured, but not freshly isolated, type II cells. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 970:146-156.
84. Gonzalez, R. F., and L. G. Dobbs. 1995. Characterization and utility of a monoclonal antibody specific to the apical surface of human alveolar type I cells (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: A169.
85. McElroy, M. C., J. F. Pittet, S. Hashimoto, L. Allen, J. P. Wiener-Kronish, and L. G. Dobbs. 1995. A type I cell-specific protein is a biochemical marker of epithelial injury in a rat model of pneumonia. Am. J. Physiol. 268:L181-L186.
86. Demling, R. H. 1993. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: current concepts. New Horizons 1:388-401.
87. Sibille, Y., and H. Y. Reynolds. 1990. Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141:471-501.
88. Campbell, E. J. 1982. Human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G, and lactoferrin: family of neutrophil granule glycoproteins that bind to an alveolar macrophage receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:6941-6945.
89. Campbell, E. J., and M. S. Wald. 1983. Fate of human neutrophil elastase following receptor-mediated endocytosis by human alveolar macrophages: implications for connective tissue injury. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 101:527-536.
90. Haslett, C., J. Savill, and L. Meagher. 1990. Macrophage recognition of senescent granulocytes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 18:225-227.
91. Matute-Bello, G., J. T. Ruzinski, F. R. Radella, K. P. Steinberg, C. Liles, L. D. Hudson, and T. R. Martin. 1996. Apoptosis of alveolar cells in patients with ARDS (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A587.
92. Hashimoto, S., J. F. Pittet, K. Long, H. Folkesson, G. Bagby, L. Kobzik, C. Frevert, K. Watanabe, S. Tsurufuji, and J. P. Wiener-Kronish. 1996. Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases neutrophil chemotaxis to Pseudomonas airspace infections. Am. J. Physiol. 270:L819-L828.
93. Bitterman, P. B. 1992. Pathogenesis of fibrosis in acute lung injury. Am. J. Med. 92:39S-43S.
94. Snyder, L. S., M. I. Hertz, M. S. Peterson, K. R. Harmon, W. A. Marinelli, C. A. Henke, J. R. Greenhec, K. B. Chen, and P. B. Bitterman. 1991. Acute lung injury: pathogenesis of intraalveolar fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 88:663-667.
95. Schreiber, A. B., M. E. Winkler, and R. Derynck. 1986. Transforming growth factor-alpha: a more potent angiogenic mediator than epidermal growth factor. Science 232:1250-1253.
96. Rappolee, D. A., D. Mark, M. J. Banda, and Z. Werb. 1988. Wound macrophages express TGF-alpha and other growth factors in vivo: analysis by mRNA phenotyping. Science 241:705-712.
97. Kheradmand, F., H. G. Folkesson, L. Shum, R. Derynk, R. Pytela, and M. A. Matthay. 1994. Transforming growth factor-α enhances alveolar epithelial cell repair in a new in vitro model. Am. J. Physiol. 267:L728-L738.
98. Madtes, D. K., E. W. Raines, K. S. Sakariassen, R. K. Assoian, M. B. Sporn, G. I. Bell, and R. Ross. 1988. Induction of transforming growth factor-alpha in activated human alveolar macrophages. Cell 53: 285-293.
99. Korfhagen, T. R., R. J. Swantz, S. E. Wert, J. M. McCarty, C. B. Kerlakian, S. W. Glasser, and J. A. Whitsett. 1994. Respiratory epithelial cell expression of human transforming growth factor-alpha induces lung fibrosis in transgenic mice. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1691-1699.
100. Matthay, M. A., F. Kheradmand, G. Nitenberg, J. F. Pittet, and H. G. Folkesson. 1994. Transforming growth factor-a (TGF-A) increases alveolar liquid clearance in ventilated rats (abstract). FASEB J. 8:A417.
101. Kheradmand, F., H. G. Folkesson, G. Nitenberg, and M. A. Matthay. 1994. The role of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-alpha) in alveolar epithelial cell repair: clinical and experimental evidence (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:A61.
102. Klima, L. D., M. K. Greer, T. R. Martin, K. P. Steinberg, J. A. Milberg, R. J. Maunder, L. D. Hudson, and D. K. Madtes. 1995. Transforming growth factor-α levels in BAL fluid correlated with survival in patients with delayed resolution of ARDS (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A78.
103. McHugh, L. D., J. A. Milberg, M. E. Whitcombe, R. B. Schoene, R. J. Maunder, and L. D. Hudson. 1994. Recovery of function in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150:90-94.
104. Martin, C., L. Papazian, M. J. Payan, P. Saux, and F. Gouin. 1995. Pulmonary fibrosis correlates with outcome in adult respiratory distress syndrome: a study in mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 107:196-200.
105. Bachofen, M. E., and R. Weibel. 1982. Structural alterations of the lung parenchyma in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin. Chest Med. 3:35-56.
106. Meduri, G. U., A. Chinn, K. Leeper, R. G. Wunderink, E. Tolley, H. T. Winer-Muran, V. Khare, and M. Ettorky. 1994. Corticosteroid rescue treatment of progressive fibroproliferation in late ARDS: patterns of response and predictors of outcome. Chest 105:943-952.
107. Meduri, G. U., S. Healey, G. Kohler, F. Stentz, E. Tolley, R. Umberger, and K. Leeper. 1995. Persistent elevation of inflammatory cytokines predicts a poor outcome in ARDS. Plasma IL-1β and IL-6 levels are consistent and efficient predictors of outcome over time. Chest 107:1062-1073.
108. Entzian, P., A. Hückstädt, H. Kreipe, and J. Barth. 1990. Determination of serum concentrations of type III procollagen peptide in mechanically ventilated patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142:1079-1082.
109. Waydhas, C., D. Nast-Kolb, A. Trupka, S. Lenk, K. H. Duswald, L. Schweiberer, and M. Jochum. 1993. Increased serum concentrations of procollagen type III peptide in severely injured patients: an indicator of fibrosing activity? Crit. Care Med. 21:240-247.
110. Farjanel, J., D. J. Hartmann, B. Guidet, L. Luquel, and G. Offenstadt. 1993. Four markers of collagen metabolism as possible indicators of disease in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:1091-1099.
111. Kawamura, M., F. Yamasawa, A. Ishizaka, R. Kato, K. Kikuchi, K. Kobayashi, T. Aoki, F. Sakamaki, N. Hasagawa, and T. Kawashiro. 1994. Serum concentration of 7S collagen and prognosis in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Thorax 49:144-146.
112. Chesnutt, A. N., M. A. Matthay, and J. G. Clark. 1996. Type III procollagen peptide is present in pulmonary edema fluid on day one in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A11.
113. Lehrer, R., T. Ganz, M. E. Selsted, B. M. Babior, and J. T. Curnutte. 1988. Neutrophils and host defense. Ann. Intern. Med. 109:127-142.
114. Beatty, P. G., J. M. Harlan, J. M. Rosen, J. A. Hansen, H. D. Ochs, T. H. Price, R. F. Taylor, and S. J. Klebanoff. 1984. Absence of monoclonal antibody defined protein complex in a boy with abnormal leukocyte function. Lancet 1:535-537.
115. Rehm, S. R., G. N. Gross, and A. K. Pierce. 1980. Early bacterial clearance from murine lungs. Species-dependent phagocyte response. J. Clin. Invest. 66:194-199.
116. Wiener-Kronish, J. P., M. A. Gropper, and M. A. Matthay. 1990. The adult respiratory distress syndrome: definition and prognosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Br. J. Anaesth. 65:107-129.
117. Maunder R. J., R. C. Hackman, E. Riff, R. K. Albert, and S. C. Springmeyer. 1986. Occurrence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:313-316.
118. Ognibene, F. P., S. E. Martin, M. M. Parker, T. Schlesinger, P. Reach, C. Burch, J. H. Shelhamer, and J. E. Parrillo. 1986. Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 315:547-551.
119. Fowler, A. A., T. M. Hyers, B. J. Fisher, D. E. Bechard, R. M. Centor, and R. O. Webster. 1987. The adult respiratory distress syndrome: cell populations and soluble mediators in the air spaces of patients at high risk. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:1225-1231.
120. Chollet-Martin, S., P. Montravers, C. Gibert, C. Elbim, J. M. Desmonts, J. Y. Fagon, and M. A. Gougerot-Pocidalo. 1992. Subpopulation of hyperresponsive polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146: 990-996.
121. Zimmerman, G., A. Renzetti, and R. Hill. 1983. Functional and metabolic activity of granulocytes from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 127:290-300.
122. Weiland, J. E., B. Davis, J. F. Holter, J. R. Mohammed, P. M. Dorinsky, and J. E. Gadek. 1986. Lung neutrophils in the adult respiratory distress syndrome: clinical and pathophysiologic significance. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:218-225.
123. Lee, C. T., A. M. Fein, M. Lipmann, H. Holtzmann, P. Kimbel, and G. Weinbaum. 1981. Elastolytic activity in pulmonary lavage fluid from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 304:192-196.
124. Benzer, A., G. Mitterschiffthaler, M. Marosi, G. Luef, F. Puhringer, K. D. Renotiere, K. Lehner, and E. Schmutzhard. 1991. Prediction of non-survival after trauma: Innsbruck coma scale. Lancet 338: 977-997.
125. Zimmerman, G., A. Renzetti, and R. Hill. 1984. Granulocytic adherence in pulmonary and systemic arterial blood samples from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 129:798-804.
126. McGuire, W. W., R. C. Spragg, A. B. Cohen, and C. G. Cochrane. 1982. Studies on the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 69:543-553.
127. Suter, P. M., S. Sute, E. Girardin, P. Roux-Lombard, G. E. Grau, and J. M. Dayer. 1992. High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome after trauma, shock or sepsis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:1016-1022.
128. Donnelly, S. C., I. McGregor, A. Zamani, M. W. G. Gordon, C. E. Robertson, D. J. Steedman, K. Little, and C. Haslett. 1995. Plasma elastase levels and the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1428-1433.
129. Fowler, A. A., S. Walchak, P. C. Giclas, P. H. Henson, and T. M. Hyers. 1982. Characterization of antiprotease activity in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 81:50S-51S.
130. Idell, S., U. Kucich, A. Fein, F. Kueppers, H. L. James, P. N. Walsch, G. Weinbaum, R. W. Colman, and A. B. Cohen. 1985. Neutrophil elastase releasing factors in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132: 1098-1105.
131. Wevers, M. D., D. J. Herzyk, and J. E. Gadek. 1988. Alveolar fluid neutrophil elastase activity in the adult respiratory distress syndrome is complexed to a2-macroglobulin. J. Clin. Invest. 82:1260-1267.
132. Christner, P., A. M. Fein, S. Goldberg, N. M. Lipmann, W. Abrams, and G. Weinbaum. 1985. Collagenase in the lower respiratory tract of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131:690-695.
133. Gadek, J. E., J. A. Kelman, G. Fells, S. E. Weinberger, A. L. Horwitz, H. Y. Reynold, J. D. Fulmer, and R. G. Crystal. 1979. Collagenase in the lower respiratory tract of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 301:737-742.
134. Weiss, S. J., J. Young, A. F. LoBuglio, A. Slivka, and N. F. Nimeh. 1981. Role of hydrogen peroxide in neutrophil-mediated destruction of cultured endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 68:714-720.
135. Weiss, S. J. 1989. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N. Engl. J. Med. 320:365-376.
136. Weiss, S. J., R. Klein, A. Slivka, and H. Wei. 1982. Chlorination of taurine: evidence for hypochlorous acid generation. J. Clin. Invest. 70:262-270.
137. Wortel, C. H., and C. M. Doerschuk. 1993. Neutrophils and neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion in adult respiratory distress syndrome. New Horizons 1:631-637.
138. Hogg, J. C., and C. M. Doerschuck. 1995. Leukocyte traffic in the lung. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57:97-114.
139. Simms, H. H., and R. D'Amico. 1991. Increased PMN C11b/CD18 expression following posttraumatic ARDS. J. Surg. Res. 50:362-367.
140. Laurent, T., M. Market, V. V. Fliedner, F. Feihl, M. D. Schaller, M. C. Tagan, R. Chiolero, and C. Perret. 1994. CD11b/CD18 expression, adherence, chemotaxis of granulocytes in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:1534-1538.
141. Nelson, S., S. Farkas, N. Fotheringham, H. Ho, T. Marrie, and H. Movahhed. 1996. Filigrastim in the treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:A535.
142. Folkesson, H. F., M. A. Matthay, C. Hebert, and C. V. Broaddus. 1995. Acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rabbits is mediated by IL-8 dependent mechanisms. J. Clin. Invest. 96:107-116.
143. Fowler, A. A., R. F. Hamman, G. O. Zerbe, K. N. Benson, and T. M. Hyers. 1985. Adult respiratory distress syndrome. Prognosis after onset. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132:472-478.
144. Bone, R. C., P. B. Francis, and A. K. Pierce. 1976. Intravascular coagulation associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Med. 61:585-589.
145. Fein, A., M. Lippmann, H. Holtzman, A. Eliraz, and S. K. Goldberg. 1983. The risks, incidence, prognosis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome following septicemia. Chest 83:40-42.
146. Strieter, R. M., and S. L. Kunkel. 1994. Acute lung injury: the role of cytokines in the elicitation of neutrophils. J. Invest. Med. 42:640-651.
147. Tracey, K. J., S. F. Lowry, and A. Cerami. 1988. Cachectin/TNF-α in septic shock and septic adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:1377-1379.
148. Li, X. Y., K. Donaldson, D. Brown, and W. MacNee. 1995. The role of tumor necrosis factor in increased airspace epithelial permeability. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 13:185-195.
149. Marks, J. D., C. B. Marks, J. M. Luce, B. Montgomery, J. Turner, C. A. Metz, and J. F. Murray. 1990. Plasma tumor necrosis factor in patients with septic shock: mortality rate, incidence of adult respiratory distress syndrome, effects of methylprednisolone administration. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141:94-97.
150. Moses, R., B. Schleiffenbaum, and P. Groscurth. 1989. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor stimulate human endothelial cells to promote transendothelial neutrophil passage. J. Clin. Invest. 83:444-455.
151. Windsor, A. C., C. J. Walsh, P. G. Mullen, D. J. Cook, B. J. Fisher, C. R. Blocher, S. K. Leeper-Woodford, H. J. Sugerman, and A. A. Fowler. 1993. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade prevents neutrophil CD18 receptor upregulation and attenuates acute lung injury in porcine sepsis without inhibition of neutrophil oxygen radical generation. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1459-1468.
152. Goldman, G., R. Welbourn, L. Kobzik, C. R. Valeri, D. Shepro, and H. B. Hechtman. 1990. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates acid aspiration-induced systemic organ injury. Ann. Surg. 212:513-520.
153. Bonsignore, M. R., A. Valenti, and M. Spatofora. 1992. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha does not cause lung edema in rabbits. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:173-178.
154. Fisher, C. J., J. M. Agosti, S. M. Opal, S. F. Lowry, R. A. Balk, J. C. Sadoff, E. Abraham, R. M. H. Schein, and E. Benjamin. 1996. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1697-1702.
155. Stephens, K. E., A. Ishazaka, J. W. Larrick, and T. A. Raffin. 1988. Tumor necrosis factor caused increased pulmonary permeability and edema. Comparison to septic acute lung injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:1364-1370.
156. Meade, P., W. C. Shoemaker, T. J. Donnelly, E. Abraham, M. A. Jagels, H. G. Cryer, T. E. Hugli, M. H. Bishop, and C. C. J. Wo. 1994. Temporal patterns of hemodynamics, oxygen transport, cytokine activity, complement activity in the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome after severe injury. J. Trauma 36:651-657.
157. Donnelly, T. J., P. Meade, M. Jagels, H. G. Cryer, M. M. Law, T. H. Hugli, W. C. Shoemaker, and E. Abraham. 1994. Cytokine, complement, endotoxin profiles associated with the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome after severe injury. Crit. Care Med. 22:768-777.
158. Roten, R., M. Markert, F. Feihl, M. D. Schalle, M. C. Tagan, and C. Perret. 1991. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:590-592.
159. Hyers, T. M., S. M. Tricomi, P. A. Dettenmeier, and A. A. Fowler. 1991. Tumor necrosis factor levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144:268-271.
160. Raponi, G., M. Antonelli, A. Gaeta, M. Bufi, R. A. D. Blasi, G. Conti, R. R. D'Errico, C. Mancini, F. Filadoro, and A. Gasparetto. 1992. Tumor necrosis factor in serum and in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients at risk for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Crit. Care 7:183-188.
161. Parsons, P. E., F. A. Moore, D. N. Ikle, P.M. Henson, and G. S. Worthen. 1992. Studies on the role of tumor necrosis factor in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:694-700.
162. Michie, H. R., K. R. Mangue, D. R. Spriggs, A. Revhaug, S. O'Dwyer, C. A. Dinarello, A. Ceram, S. M. Wolff, and D. W. Wilmore. 1988. Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N. Engl. J. Med. 318:1481-1486.
163. Riches, P., R. Gooding, B. C. Millar, and A. W. Rowbottom. 1992. Influence of collection and separation of blood samples on plasma IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α concentrations. J. Immunol. Methods 153:125-131.
164. Cannon, J. G., J. L. Nerad, D. D. Poutsiaka, and C. A. Dinarello. 1993. Measuring circulating cytokines. J. Appl. Physiol. 75:1897-1902.
165. Millar, A. B., M. Singer, A. Meager, N. M. Foley, N. M. Johnson, and G. A. W. Rook. 1989. Tumor necrosis factor in bronchopulmonary secretions of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 2:712-714.
166. Tran Van Thieu, J., B. Misset, F. Lebargy, J. Carlet, and J. F. Bernaudin. 1993. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in alveolar macrophages from patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147:1585-1589.
167. Siler, T. M., J. E. Swierkosz, T. M. Hyers, A. A. Fowler, and R. O. Webster. 1989. Immunoreactive interleukin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of high-risk patients and patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Exp. Lung Res. 15:881-884.
168. Jacobs, R. F., D. R. Tabor, W. Burks, and G. D. Campbell. 1989. Elevated interleukin-1 release by human alveolar macrophages during the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1686-1692.
169. Arend, W. P. 1993. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Adv. Immunol. 54:167-227.
170. Moore, S. A., R. M. Strieter, M. W. Rolfe, T. J. Standiford, M. D. Burdick, and S. L. Kunkel. 1992. Expression and regulation of human alveolar macrophage-derived interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:569-572.
171. Pugin, J., B. Ricou, K. P. Steinberg, P. M. Suter, and T. R. Martin. 1996. Proinflammatory activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with ARDS. A prominent role for interleukin-1β. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:1850-1856.
172. Matthay, M. A., M. Sadick, M. Reichert, and W. C. Darbonne. 1995. Red blood cells function as a major clearance mechanism for chemokines (IL-8, MGSA, RANTES) in critically ill patients (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A318.
173. Jorens, P. G., J. V. Damme, W. D. Backer, L. Bossaert, R. F. D. Jongh, A. G. Herman and M. Rampart. 1992. Interleukin-8 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and in patients at risk for ARDS. Cytokine 4: 592-597.
174. Chollet-Martin, S., P. Montravers, C. Gibert, C. Elbim, J. M. Desmonts, J. Y. Fagon, and A. Gougerot-Pocidalo. 1993. High levels of interleukin-8 in the blood and alveolar spaces of patients with pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Infect. Immun. 61: 4553-4559.
175. Donnelly, S. C., R. M. Strieter, S. L. Kunkel, A. Walz, C. R. Robertson, D. C. Carter, I. S. Grant, A. J. Pollock, and C. Haslett. 1993. Interleukin-8 and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in at-risk patients. Lancet 341:643-647.
176. Torre, D., C. Zeroli, M. Giola, G. P. Fiori, G. Minoja, D. Maraggia, and M. Chiaranda. 1993. Levels of interleukin-8 in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 167:505-506.
177. Miller, E. J., A. B. Cohen, and M. A. Matthay. 1996. Elevated interleukin-8 levels in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with ARDS from sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 24:1448-1454.
178. Marty, C., B. Misset, F. Tamion, C. Fitting, J. Carlet, and J. M. Cavaillon. 1994. Circulating interleukin-8 concentrations in patients with multiple organ failure of septic and nonseptic origin. Crit. Care Med. 22:673-679.
179. Sylvester, I., T. Yoshimura, M. Sticherling, J. M. Schroder M. Ceska, P. Peichi, and E. J. Leonard. 1992. Neutrophil attractant protein-1 immunoglobulin G immune complexes and free anti-NAP-1 antibody in normal human serum. J. Clin. Invest. 90:471-481.
180. Kurdowska, A., E. J. Miller, R. P. Baughman, M. A. Matthay, W. G. Brelsford, and A. B. Cohen. 1996. Anti-interleukin-8 autoantibodies in alveolar fluid from patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Immunol. 157:2699-2706.
181. Kurdowska, A., F. K. Carr, R. P. Baughman, T. R. Martin, and A. B. Cohen. 1997. Studies on the interaction of interleukin-8 with human plasma alpha-2-macroglobulin (Alpha-2-M). Evidence for the presence of IL-8 complexed to Alpha-2-M in lung fluids of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Immunol. (In press)
182. Meduri, G. U., G. Kohler, S. Headley, E. Tolley, F. Stentz, and A. Postlethwaite. 1995. Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS; persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome. Chest 108:1303-1314.
183. Donnelly, S. C., R. M. Strieter, P. T. Reid, S. L. Kunkel, M. D. Burdick, A. Mackenzie, and C. Haslett. 1996. The association between mortality rates and decreased concentrations of interleukin-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the lung fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 125:191-196.
184. Hammerschmidt, D. E., L. H. Weaver, L. D. Hudson, P. R. Craddock, and H. S. Jacob. 1980. Association of complement activation and elevated plasma C5a with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Pathological significance and prognostic value. Lancet 1:947-949.
185. Till, G. O., K. J. Johnson, and R. Kunkel. 1982. Intravascular activation of complement and acute lung injury: dependency on neutrophils and toxic metabolites. J. Clin. Invest. 69:1126-1135.
186. Henson, P. M., G. L. Larsen, R. O. Webster, B. C. Mitchell, A. J. Goins, and J. E. Henson. 1982. Pulmonary microvascular alterations and injury induced by complement fragments: synergistic effect of complement activation, neutrophil sequestration and prostaglandins. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 348:287-300.
187. Webster, R. O., G. L. Larsen, B. C. Mitchell, A. J. Goins, and P. M. Henson. 1982. Absence of inflammatory lung injury in rabbits challenged intravascularly with complement-derived chemotactic factors. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 125:335-340.
188. Sprung, C. I., D. R. Schultz, E. Marcial, P. V. Caralis, M. A. Gelbard, P. I. Arnold, and W. M. Long. 1986. Complement activation in septic shock patients. Crit. Care Med. 14:525-528.
189. Weinberg, P. F., M. A. Matthay, R. O. Webster, K. V. Roskos, I. M. Goldstein, and I. M. Murray. 1984. Biologically active products of complement and acute lung injury in patients with the sepsis syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130:791-796.
190. Duchateau, J., M. Haas, H. S. Schreyen, L. Radioux, I. Sprangers, F. X. Noel, M. Braun, and M. Lamy. 1984. Complement activation in patients at risk of developing the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 130:1058-1064.
191. Tennenberg, S. D., M. P. Jacob, and J. S. Solomkin. 1987. Complement-mediated neutrophil activation in sepsis- and trauma-related adult respiratory distress syndrome. Arch. Surg. 122:26-32.
192. Langlois, P. F., and M. S. Gawryl. 1988. Accentuated formation of the terminal C5b-C9 complement complex in patient plasma precedes development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:368-375.
193. Parsons, P. E., and P. C. Giclas. 1990. The terminal complement complex (sC5b-C9) is not specifically associated with the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141: 98-103.
194. Vadas, P. 1984. Elevated plasma phospholipase A2 levels: correlation with the hemodynamic and pulmonary changes in gram-negative septic shock. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 104:873-881.
195. Sorensen, J., B. Kald, C. Tagesson, and M. Lindahl. 1994. Platelet-activating factor and phospholipase A2 in patients with septic shock and trauma. Intensive Care Med 20:555-561.
196. Vadas, P., and W. Pruzanski. 1993. Trends in shock research: induction of group II phospholipase A2 expression and pathogenesis of the sepsis syndrome. Circ. Shock 39:160-167.
197. Wright, G. W., C. E. Ooi, J. Weiss, and P. Elsbach. 1990. Purification of a cellular (granulocyte) and extracellular (serum) phospholipase A2 that participates in the destruction of Escherichia coli in a rabbit inflammatory exudate. J. Biol. Chem. 265:6675-6681.
198. Kramer, R. M., C. Hession, B. Johanssen, G. Hayes, P. McGray, E. P. Chow, R. Tizard, and R. B. Pepinski. 1989. Structure and properties of a human non-pancreatic phospholipase A2. J. Biol. Chem. 264:5768-5775.
199. Imaizumi, T. A., D. M. Stafforini, Y. Yamada, T. M. McIntyre, S. M. Prescott, and G. A. Zimmerman. 1995. Platelet activating factor: a mediator for clinicians. J. Intern. Med. 238:5-20.
200. Koltai, M., D. Hosford, and P. Braquet. 1993. Platelet-activating factor in septic shock. New Horizons 1:87-95.
201. Matsumoto, K., F. Taki, Y, Kondoh, H. Taniguchi, and K. Tagaki. 1992. Platelet-activating factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol. 19:509-515.
202. Henderson, W. R. 1994. The role of leukotrienes in inflammation. Ann. Intern. Med. 121:684-697.
203. Antonelli, M. M., R. A. Bufi, G. DeBlasi, G. Crimi, G. Conti, C. Mattia, G. Vivino, L. Lenti, D. Lombardi, and A. Dotta. 1989. Detection of leukotrienes B4, C4 and of their isomers in arterial mixed venous blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from ARDS patients. Intensive Care Med. 15:296-301.
204. Stephenson, A. H., A. J. Lonigro, T. M. Hyers, R. O. Webster, and A. A. Fowler. 1988. Increased concentrations of leukotrienes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with ARDS or at risk for ARDS. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:714-719.
205. Ratnoff, W. D., M. A. Matthay, M. Y. S. Wong, Y. Ito, K. H. Vu, J. P. Wiener-Kronish, and E. S. Goetzl. 1988. Sulfidopeptide-leukotriene peptidases in pulmonary edema fluid from patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Clin. Immunol. 8:250-258.
206. Seeger, W., F. Grimminger, M. Barden, G. Becker, J. Lohmayer, D. Heinrich, and H. G. Lasch. 1991. Omega-oxidized leukotriene B4 detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, but not in those with cardiogenic edema. Intensive Care Med. 17:1-6.
207. Wescott, J. Y., R. B. Thomas, and N. F. Voelkel. 1991. Elevated urinary E4 excretion in patients with ARDS and severe burns. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 43:151-158.
208. Bernard, G. R., V. Korley, P. Chee, B. Swindell, A. W. Ford-Hutchinson, and P. Tagari. 1991. Persistent generation of peptidoleukotrienes in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144:263-267.
209. Davis, J. M., J. D. Meyer, P. S. Barie, R. W. Yurt, R. Duhaney, P. Dineen, and G. T. Shires. 1990. Elevated production of neutrophil leukotriene B4 precedes pulmonary failure in critically ill surgical patients. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 170:495-500.
210. Cochrane, C. G., R. Spragg, and S. D. Revak. 1983. Pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome: evidence of oxidant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J. Clin. Invest. 71:754-761.
211. Baldwin, S. R., C. M. Grum, L. A. Boxer, R. H. Simon, L. Ketai, and L. J. Devall. 1986. Oxidant activity in expired breath of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 1:11-14.
212. Sznajder, J. I., A. Fraiman, J. B. Hall, W. Sanders, G. Schmid, G. Crawford, A. Nahum, P. Factor, and L. D. H. Wood. 1989. Increased hydrogen peroxide in the expired breath of patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest 96:606-661.
213. Halliwell, B. 1990. How to characterize a biological oxidant. Free Rad. Res. Commun. 9:1-31.
214. Thomas, E. L., and K. A. Pera. 1983. Oxygen metabolism of Streptococcus mutans: uptake of oxygen and release of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. J. Bacteriol. 154:1236-1244.
215. Mathru, M., M. W. Rooney, D. J. Dries, L. J. Hirsch, L. Barnes, and M. H. Tobin. 1994. Urine hydrogen peroxide during adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with and without sepsis. Chest 105:232-236.
216. Quinlan, G. J., N. Lamb, R. Tilley, T. W. Evans, and J. M. C. Gutteridge. 1997. Plasma hypoxanthine levels in ARDS; implications for oxidative stress; morbidity and mortality. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (In press)
217. Cross, C. E., T. Forte, R. Stocker, S. Louie, Y. Yamamoto, B. N. Ames, and B. Frie. 1990. Oxidative stress and abnormal cholesterol metabolism in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 115:396-404.
218. Roumen, R. M., T. Hendriks, B. M. D. Man, and R. J. Goris. 1994. Serum lipofuscin as a prognostic indicator of adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Br. J. Surg. 81:1300-1305.
219. Bursten, S. L., D. A. Federighi, P. E. Parsons, W. E. Harris, E. Abraham, E. E. Moore, F. A. Moore, J. A. Bianco, J. W. Singer, and J. E. Repine. 1996. An increase in serum C18 unsaturated free fatty acids as a predictor of the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit. Care Med. 24:1129-1136.
220. Leff, J. A., P. E. Parsons, C. E. Day, E. E. Moore, F. A. Moore, M. A. Oppegard, and J. E. Repine. 1991. Increased serum catalase activity in septic patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:985-989.
221. Leff, J. A., P. E. Parsons, C. E. Day, N. Taniguchi, M. Jochum, H. Fritz, F. A. Moore, E. E. Moore, J. M. McCord, and J. E. Repine. 1993. Serum antioxidants as predictors of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with sepsis. Lancet 341:777-780.
222. Pacht, E. R., A. P. Timerman, M. G. Lykens, and J. Merola. 1991. Deficiency of alveolar fluid glutathione in patients with sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 100:1397-1403.
223. Bunnell, E., and E. R. Pacht. 1993. Oxidized glutathione is increased in the alveolar fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:1174-1178.
224. Lykens, M. G., W. B. Davis, and E. R. Pacht. 1992. Antioxidant activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. 262:L169-L175.
225. Krsek-Staples, J. A., R. R. Kew, and R. O. Webster. 1992. Ceruloplasmin and transferrin levels are altered in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:1009-1015.
226. Gutteridge, J. M., G. J. Quinlan, S. Mumby, A. Heath, and T. W. Evans. 1994. Primary plasma antioxidants in the adult respiratory distress syndrome patients: changes in iron-oxidizing, iron-binding, free radical-scavenging proteins. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 124:263-273.
227. Stites, S. W., M. E. Nelson, and L. J. Wesselius. 1995. Transferrin concentrations in serum and lower respiratory tract fluid of mechanically ventilated patients with COPD or ARDS. Chest 107:1681-1685.
228. Haslett, C., S. G. Worthen, P. C. Giclas, D. C. Morisson, and P. M. Henson. 1987. The initiation of neutropenia and pulmonary vascular sequestration of neutrophils in endotoxemia. A direct effect of endotoxin on neutrophils. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:9-18.
229. Haslett, C., L. A. Guthrie, M. M. Kopaniak, R. B. Johnston, and P. M. Henson. 1985. Modulation of multiple neutrophil functions by preparative methods and trace concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Am. J. Pathol. 119:101-110.
230. Guthrie, L. A., L. C. McPhail, P.M. Henson, and R. B. Johnston. 1984. Priming of neutrophils for enhanced release of oxygen metabolites by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J. Exp. Med. 160:1656-1671.
231. Fittshen, C. F., R. A. Sandhaus, G. S. Worthen, and P. M. Henson. 1988. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide enhances chemoattractant-induced elastase secretion by human neutrophils. J. Leuk. Biol. 43:547-556.
232. Parsons, P. E., G. S. Worthen, E. E. Moore, R. M. Tate, and P. M. Henson. 1989. The association of circulating endotoxin with the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:294-301.
233. Tobias, P. S., J. Mathison, D. Mintz, J. D. Lee, V. Kravchenko, K. Kato, J. Pugin, and R. J. Ulevitch. 1992. Participation of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in lipopolysaccharide-dependent macrophage activation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 7:239-245.
234. Leturcq, D. J., A. M. Moriarty, G. Talbott, R. K. Winn, T. R. Martin, and R. J. Ulevitch. 1996. Antibodies against CD14 project primates from endotoxin-induced shock. J. Clin. Invest. 98:1533-1538.
235. Martin, T. R., J. C. Mathison, P. S. Tobias, D. J. Leturq, A. M. Moriarty, R. J. Maunder, and R. J. Ulevitch. 1992. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein enhances the responsiveness of alveolar macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Implications for cytokine production in normal and injured lungs. J. Clin. Invest. 90:2209-2219.
236. Donnelly, S. J., T. R. Martin, A. M. Monarty, D. Leturcq, R. J. Ulevitch, D. Steedman, I. Grant, D. C. Carter, and C. Haslett. 1994. Endotoxin, soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide binding protein in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples from patients at risk of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:A427.
237. Martin, T. R., G. Rubenfeld, K. P. Steinberg, L. D. Hudson, G. Raghu, A. M. Moriarty, D. J. Leturq, P. S. Tobias, and R. J. Ulevitch. 1994. Endotoxin, endotoxin-binding protein, and soluble CD14 are present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 105:55S-56S.
238. Martin, T. R., J. T. Ruzinski, K. P Steinberg, D. Leturq, A. M. Moriarty, G. Raghu, R. P. Baughman, and L. D. Hudson. 1996. Endotoxin amplification pathways in lungs during acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (In press)
239. Modig, J., T. Borg, G. Wegenius, L. Bagge, and T. Saldeen. 1983. The value of variables of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the diagnosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 27:369-375.
240. Moelli, R., J. M. Doyle, H. R. Tahhan, F. M. Hasan, S. S. Braman, and T. Saldeen. 1989. Fibrinolysis in critically ill patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:287-293.
241. Quinn, D. A., A. C. Carvalho, E. Geller, B. A. Khaw, M. Barlaikovach, J. Zielonka, R. Greene, H. W. Strauss, and W. M. Zapol. 1987. 99mTc-fibrinogen scanning in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135:930-936.
242. Bertozzi, P., B. Astedt, L. Zenzius, K. Lynch, F. LeMaire, W. Zapol, and H. A. Chapman. 1990. Depressed bronchoalveolar urokinase activity in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 232:890-897.
243. McGee, M. P., and H. Rothberger. 1985. Tissue factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Evidence for an alveolar macrophage source. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131:331-336.
244. Fuchs-Buder, T., P. D. Moerloose, B. Ricou, G. Rever, C. Vifian, L. Nicod, J. A. Romand, and P. M. Suter. 1996. Time course of procoagulant activity and D dimer in bronchoalveolar fluid of patients at risk for or with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:163-167.
245. Henke, C., V. Fiegel, M. Peterson, M. Wick, D. Knighton, J. McCarthy, and P. Bitterman. 1991. Identification and partial characterization of angiogenesis bioactivity in the lower respiratory tract after acute lung injury. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1386-1395.
246. Raghu, G., Y. Y. Chen, V. Rusch, and P. S. Rabinovitch. 1988. Differential proliferation of fibroblasts cultured from normal and fibrotic human lungs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:703-708.
247. Panos, R. J., J. S. Rubin, K. G. Csaky, S. A. Aaronson, and R. J. Mason. 1993. Keratinocyte growth factor and hepatic growth factor/scatter factor are heparin-binding growth factors for alveolar type II cells in fibroblasts-conditioned medium. J. Clin. Invest. 92:969-977.
248. Milberg, J. A., D. R. Davis, K. P. Steinberg, and L. D. Hudson. 1995. Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). J.A.M.A. 273-306-309.
249. Sloane, P. J., M. Gee, J. E. Gottlieb, K. H. Albertine, S. P. Peters, J. R. Burns, G. Machiedo, and J. Fish. 1992. A multicenter registry of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Physiology and outcome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:419-426.
250. Bernard, G. R., A. Artigas, K. L. Brigham, J. Carlet, K. Falke, L. Hudson, M. Lamy, J. R. Legall, A. Morris, and R. Spragg. 1994. The American-European consensus conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, clinical trial coordination. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149:818-824.
251. Zilow, G., T. Joka, U. Obertake, U. Rother, and M. Kirschfink. 1992. Generation of anaphylatoxin C3a in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in trauma patients at risk for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit. Care Med. 20:468-473.
252. Miller, E. J., A. B. Cohen, and M. A. Matthay. 1996. Increased interleukin-8 concentrations in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 24:1448-1454.
253. Moss, M., M. K. Gillespie, L. Ackerson, F. A. Moore, E. E. Moore, and P. E. Parsons. 1996. Endothelial cell activity varies in patients at risk for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit. Care Med. 24:1782-1786.
254. Delclaux, C., M. P. d'Ortho, C. Delacourt, F. Lebargy, C. Brun-Buisson, L. Brochard, F. Lemaire, C. Lafuna, and A. Harf. 1997. Gelatinoses in epithelial lining fluid of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. (Lung) (In press)
255. Pugin, J., G. Verghese, M. C. Widmer, and M. A. Matthay. 1997. High levels of preinflammatory activity, IL-8, and gelatinase B in pulmonary edema fluid from patients in the early phase of ARDS (abstract). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (In press)
256. Ricou, B., L. Nicod, S. Lacaraz, H. G. Welgus, P. M. Suter, and J.-M. Dayer. 1996. Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMP in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154: 346-352.
257. Connelly, K. G., M. Moss, P. E. Parsons, E. E. Moore, F. A. Moore, P. A. Giclas, P. A. Seligman, and J. E. Repine. 1997. Serrum ferritin as a predictor of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155:21-25.