Dose-response cocaine pharmacokinetics and metabolite profile following intravenous administration and arterial sampling in unanesthetized, freely moving male rats

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 7-15

  Booze, R M ^a   Lehner, A F ^a   Wallace, D R ^a   Welch, M A ^a   Mactutus, C F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Benzoylecgonine; Cocaine; Drug administration routes; Ecgonine methyl ester; Norcocaine; Pharmacokinetics; Rats, Sprague Dawley

Indexed keywords

BENZOYLECGONINE; COCAINE; DRUG METABOLITE; ECGONINE METHYL ESTER; NORCOCAINE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CAROTID ARTERY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; JUGULAR VEIN; MALE; NONHUMAN; PHARMACOKINETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; CAROTID ARTERIES; CATHETERS, INDWELLING; COCAINE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS; MALE; NARCOTICS; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY;

ANIMALIA; RODENTIA;

EID: 0030983078     PISSN: 08920362     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0892-0362(96)00180-8     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Apple, F. S.; Roe, S. J.: Cocaine-associated fetal death in utero. J. Anal. Toxicol. 14:259-260; 1990.
2. Barbieri, E. J.; Ferko, A. P.; DiGregorio, G. J.; Ruch, E. K.: The presence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in rat cerebrospinal fluid after the intravenous administration of cocaine. Life Sci. 51:1739-1746; 1992.
3. Barnett, G.; Hawks, R.; Resnick, R.: Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans. J. Ethnopharmacol. 3:353-366; 1981.
4. Benet, L. Z.; Kroetz, D. L.; Sheiner, L. B.: Pharmacokinetics. The dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. In: Hardman, J. G.; Limbird, L. E.; Molinoff, P. B.; Ruddon, R. W., eds. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:21-22.
5. Boni, J. P.; Barr, W. H.; Martin, B. R.: Cocaine inhalation in the rat: Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular response. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257:307-315; 1991.
6. Boxenbaum, H.: Evolutionary biology, animal behavior, fourth dimensional space and the raison d'être of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab. Rev. 14:1057-1097; 1983.
7. Chiang, C. N.; Hawks, R. L.: Research findings on smoking of abused substances (research monograph 99). Rockville, MD: NIDA; 1990.
8. Chow, M. J.; Ambre, J. J.; Ruo, T. I.; Atkinson, A. J., Jr.; Bowsher, D. J.; Fischman, M. W.: Kinetics of cocaine distribution, elimination, and chronotropic effects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 38: 318-324; 1985.
9. Church, M. W.; Dintcheff, B. A.; Gessner, P. K.: Dose-dependent consequences of cocaine on pregnancy outcome in the Long-Evans rat. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 10:51-58; 1988.
10. DeVane, C. L.; Burchfield, D. J.; Abrams, R. M.; Miller, R. L.; Braun, S. B.: Disposition of cocaine in pregnant sheep. I. Pharmacokinetics. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 16:123-129; 1991.
11. DeVane, C. L.; Simpkins, J. W.; Miller, R. L.; Braun, S. B.: Tissue distribution of cocaine in the pregnant rat. Life Sci. 45:1271-1276; 1989.
12. Dow-Edwards, D. L.: Fetal and maternal cocaine levels peak rapidly following intragrastric administration in the rat. J. Substance Abuse 2:427-437; 1990.
13. Dow-Edwards, D. L.; Fico, T. A.; Osman, M.; Gamagaris, Z.; Hutchings, D. E.: Comparison of oral and SC routes of cocaine administration on behavior, plasma drug concentration and toxicity in female rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 33:167-173; 1989.
14. Draper, N. R.; Smith, H.: Applied regression analysis. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1981.
15. Duhart, H. M.; Fogle, C. M.; Gillam, M. P.; Bailey, J. R.; Slikker, W.; Jr.; Paule, M. G.: Pharmacokinetics of cocaine in pregnant and nonpregnant rhesus monkeys. Reprod. Toxicol. 7:429-437; 1993.
16. Dwivedi, C.; Engineer, F. N.; Vaughan, S. L.: Alterations in bio-distribution of cocaine may explain differential toxicity in pregnant and postpartum rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 118:131-134; 1993.
17. Evans, S. M.; Cone, E. J.; Henningfield, J. E.: Arterial and venous cocaine plasma concentrations in humans: Relationship to route of administration, cardiovascular effects, and subjective effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 279:1345-1356; 1996.
18. Foltin, R. W.; Fischman, M. W.: Smoked and intravenous cocaine in humans: Acute tolerance, cardiovascular and subjective effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257:247-261; 1991.
19. Fraser, D. A.; Bales, R. E.; Lippmann, M.; Stokinger, H. E.: Exposure chambers for research in animal inhalation (PHS Pub. No. 662). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1959.
20. Gaudreault, J.; Varin, F.; Pollack, G. M.: Pharmacokinetics and anticonvulsant effect of a new hypnotic, CL 284,846, in rats. Pharm. Res. 12:1592-1597; 1995.
21. Gibaldi, M.: Biopharmaceutics and clinical pharmacokinetics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1991.
22. Greenhouse, S. W.; Geisser, S.: On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 24:95-112; 1959.
23. Gumbelton, M.; Benet, L. Z.: Drug metabolism and laboratory anesthetic protocols in the rat: Antipyrine pharmacokinetics. Pharm. Res. 8:544-546; 1991.
24. Gumbelton, M.; Nicholls, P. J.; Taylor, G.: Differential effects of anesthetic regimens on gentamicin pharmacokinetics in the rat: A comparison with chronically catheterized conscious animals. Pharm. Res. 7:41-45; 1990.
25. Hawks, R. L.; Kopin, I. J.; Colburn, R. W.; Thoa, N. B.: Norcocaine: A pharmacologically active metabolite of cocaine found in brain. Life Sci. 15:2189-2195; 1974.
26. Huang, C. S.-H.; Boudinot, F. D.; Feldman, S.: Effects of gender, pregnancy, and anesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in rats. Pharm. Res. 12:1647-1651; 1995.
27. Inaba, T.: Cocaine: Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation in man. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 67:1154-1157; 1989.
28. Isenschmid, D. S.; Fischman, M. W.; Foltin, R. W.; Caplan, Y. H.: Concentration of cocaine and metabolites in plasma of humans following intravenous administration and smoking of cocaine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 16:311-314; 1992.
29. Javaid, J. I.; Fischman, M. W.; Schuster, C. R.; Dekirmenjian, H.; Davis, J. M.: Cocaine plasma concentration: Relation to physiological and subjective effects in humans. Science 202:227-228; 1978.
30. Javaid, J. I.; Musa, M. N.; Fischman, M.; Schuster, C. R.; Davis, J. M.: Kinetics of cocaine in humans after intravenous and intranasal administration. Biopharm. Drug Disps. 4:9-18; 1983.
31. Jeffcoat, A. R.; Perez-Reyes, M.; Hill, J. M.; Sadler, B. M.; Cook, C. E.: Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking. Drug Metab. Dispos. 17:153-159; 1989.
32. Jindal, S. P.; Lutz, T.: Mass spectrometric studies of cocaine disposition in animals and humans using stable isotope-labeled analogues. J. Pharm. Sci. 78:1009-1014; 1989.
33. Jones, R. T.: The pharmacology of cocaine smoking in humans. In: Chiang, C. N.; Hawks, R. L., eds. Research findings on smoking of abused substances (research monograph 99). Rockville, MD: NIDA; 1990: 30-41.
34. Just, W. W.; Hoyer, J.: The local anesthetic potency of norcocaine. a metabolite of cocaine. Experientia 33:70-71; 1977.
35. Kalivas, P. W.; Duffy, P.; DuMars, L. A.; Skinner, C.: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of acute and daily cocaine administration in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245:485-492; 1988.
36. Kalivas, P. W.: Neural basis of behavioral sensitization to cocaine. In: Hammer, R. P., ed. The neurobiology of cocaine. New York: CRC Press; 1995:81-98.
37. Kambam, J.; Mets, B.; Hickman, R. M.; Janicki, P.; James, M. F. M.; Fuller, B.; Kirsch, R. E.: The effects of inhibition of plasma cholinesterase and hepatic microsomal enzyme activity on cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and norcocaine blood levels in pigs. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 120:323-328; 1992.
38. Khan, M.; Gupta, P. K.; Cristie, R.; Nangia, A.; Winter, H.; Lam, F. C.; Perrier, D. G.; Hung, C. T.: Determination of pharmacokinetics of cocaine in sheep by liquid chromatography. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 76:39-43; 1987.
39. Kogan, M. J.; Verebey, K. G.; DePace, A. C.; Resnick, R. B.; Mule, S. J.: Quantitative determination of benzoylecgonine and cocaine in human biofluids by gas-liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 49:1965-1969; 1977.
40. Labaune, J. P.: Handbook of pharmacokinetics. Toxicity assessment of chemicals. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Limited; 1989:345-348.
41. LaBella, F. S.; Queen, G.: General anesthetics inhibit cytochrome P450 monoxygenases and arachidonic acid metabolism. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 71:48-53; 1993.
42. Levine, B. S.; Tebbett, B. S.: Cocaine pharmacokinetics in ethanol-pretreated rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 22:498-500; 1994.
43. Lin, J. H.: Species similarities and differences in pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab. Dispos. 23:1008-1021; 1995.
44. Loch, J. M.; Potter, J.; Bachmann, K. A.: The influence of anesthetic agents on rat hepatic cytochromes P450 in vivo. Pharmacology 50:146-153; 1995.
45. Mactutus, C. F.; Dowell, R. T.; Booze, R. M.: Cardiovascular effects of cocaine in conscious unrestrained pregnant rats: Influence of exposure route. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 16:328-329; 1994.
46. Mactutus, C. F.; Herman, A. S.; Booze, R. M.: Chronic intravenous model for studies of drug (ab)use in the pregnant and/or group-housed rat: An initial study with cocaine. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 16:183-191; 1994.
47. 3H]benzoylecgonine and pharmacological activity of some cocaine metabolites. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 27:784-786; 1975.
48. Morishima, H. O.; Cooper, T. B.; Hara, T.; Miller, E. D., Jr.: Pregnancy alters the hemodynamic responses to cocaine in the rat. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 19:69-79; 1992.
49. Moore, T. R.; Sorg, J.; Miller, L.; Key, T. C.; Resnik, R.: Hemodynamic effects of intravenous cocaine on the pregnant ewe and fetus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 155:883-888; 1986.
50. Morrow, P. E.; Mermelstein, R.: Chronic inhalation toxicity studies: Protocols and pitfalls. In: Mohr, U., ed. Inhalation toxicology. The design and interpretation of inhalation studies and their use in risk assessment. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1988:103-117.
51. Nau, H.: Species differences in pharmacokinetics and drug teratogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 70:113-129; 1986.
52. 3H]cocaine in acutely and chronically treated rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 196:556-569; 1976.
53. Orano, R. A.; Mayfield, R. D.; Cline, E. J.; Zahniser, N. R.: Repeated intravenous cocaine administration to rats produces behavioral sensitization without changing brain cocaine levels. Neurosci. Lett. 167:121-124; 1994.
54. Pan, H-T.; Menacherry, S.; Justice, J. B., Jr.: Differences in the pharmacokinetics of cocaine in naive and cocaine-experienced rats. J. Neurochem. 56:1299-1306; 1991.
55. Peris, J.; Boyson, S. J.; Cass, W. A.; Curella, P.; Dwoskin, L. P.; Larson, G.; Lin, L. H.; Yasuda, R. P.; Zahniser, N. R.: Persistence of neurochemical changes in dopamine systems after repeated cocaine administration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253:38-44; 1990.
56. Pickens, R.; Thompson, T.: Cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats: Effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed-ratio size. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 161:122-129; 1968.
57. Robinson, S. E.; Enters, E. K.; Jackson, G. F.; Chinchilli, V. M.; Maher, J. R.; McDowell, K. P.; Allen, H. M.; Quo, H.: Maternal and fetal brain and plasma levels of cocaine and benzoylecgonine after acute or chronic maternal intravenous administration of cocaine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271:1234-1239; 1994.
58. Saady, J. J.; Bowman, E. R.; Aceto, M. D.: Cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, and benzoylecgonine plasma profiles in rhesus monkeys. J. Anal. Toxicol. 19:571-575; 1995.
59. Sandberg, J. A.; Olsen, G. D.: Cocaine pharmacokinetics in the pregnant guinea pig. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 258:477-482; 1991.
60. Sandberg, J. A.; Murphey, L. J.; Olsen, G. D.: In vitro hepatic biotransformation of cocaine in maternal and fetal guinea pigs: Induction of cocaine N-demethylation with cocaine pretreatment. Drug Metab. Dispos. 21:390-395; 1993.
61. Scalzo, F. M.; Primozic, S.; Burge, L. J.; Badger, T. M.; Creer, M. H.; Nehus, C.; Karba, R.: Effects of labetalol on cocaine pharmacokinetics in neonatal piglets. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 20:54-63; 1993.
62. Shuster, L.: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and disposition of cocaine. In: Lakoski, J. M.; Galloway, M. P.; White, F. J., eds. Cocaine. pharmacology, physiology, and clinical strategies. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992:1-14.
63. Smith, T. L.; Coleman, T. G.; Stanek, K. A.; Murphy, W. R.: Hemodynamic monitoring for 24 h in unanesthetized rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 253(22):H1335-H1341; 1987.
64. Spear, L. P.; Frambes, N. A.; Kirstein, C. L.: Fetal and maternal brain and plasma levels of cocaine and benzoylecgonine following chronic SC administration of cocaine during gestation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 97:427-431; 1989.
65. Stewart, D. J.; Inaba, T.; Kalow, W.: N-Demethylation of cocaine in the rat and in isolated rat hepatocytes: Comparison with aminopyrine demethylation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 207:171-177; 1978.
66. Stewart, D. J.; Inaba, T.; Lucassen, M.; Kalow, W.: Cocaine metabolism: Cocaine and norcocaine hydrolysis by liver and serum esterases. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 25:464-468; 1979.
67. Tella, S. R.; Goldberg, S. R.: Monoamine uptake inhibitors alter cocaine pharmacokinetics. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 112:497-502; 1993.
68. 3 receptors. Synapse 23:152-163; 1996.
69. Weeks, J. R.: Experimental morphine addiction: Method for automatic intravenous injections in unrestrained rats. Science 138: 143-144; 1962.
70. Weeks, J. R.: Long-term intravenous infusion. In: Myers, R. D., ed. Methods in psychobiology, vol. 2. London: Academic Press; 1972:155-168.
71. Wetli, C. V.; Wright, R. K.: Death caused by recreational cocaine use. JAMA 241:2519-2522; 1979.
72. Wilkerson, R. D.; Temesy-Armos, P. N.; Fraker, T. D., Jr.: Pharmacokinetics and time-action profile of cocaine in dogs. In: Thadani, P., ed. Cardiovascular toxicity of cocaine: Underlying mechanisms (research monograph 108). Rockville, MD: NIDA; 1991:28-40.
73. Wood, R. W.: Animal models of drug self-administration by smoking. In: Chiang, C. N.; Hawks, R. L., eds. Research findings on smoking of abused substances (Research monograph 99). Rockville, MD: NIDA; 1990:159-171.
74. Woods, J. R., Jr.; Plessinger, M. A.; Scott, K.; Miller, R. K.: Prenatal cocaine exposure to the fetus: A sheep model for cardiovascular evaluation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 562:267-279; 1989.
75. Woods, J. R., Jr.; Scott, K. J.; Plessinger, M. A.: Pregnancy enhances cocaine's actions on the heart and within the peripheral circulation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170:1027-1035; 1994.