Botulinum A toxins: Units versus units

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

Volumn 355, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 335-340

  Wohlfarth, Kai ^a   Göschel, Hilke ^a   Frevert, Jürgen ^b   Dengler, Reinhard ^a   Bigalke, Hans ^a  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^b BioteCon Gesell B   (Germany)

Author keywords

Blepharospasm; Botulinum toxin; Dystonia; M. extensor digitorum brevis; N. phrenicus hemi diaphragm; Torticollis

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN A;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; EXTENSOR MUSCLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IN VITRO STUDY; INTRAMUSCULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; MOUSE; MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL; MUSCLE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; NORMAL HUMAN; PHRENIC NERVE;

ACTION POTENTIALS; ANIMALS; BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A; DIAPHRAGM; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MICE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PARALYSIS; PHRENIC NERVE;

EID: 0030978521     PISSN: 00281298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/PL00004951     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Ahnert-Hilger G, Bigalke H (1995) Molecular aspects ot tetanus and botulinum neurotoxin poisoning. Progr Neurobiol 46: 83-95
2. Anderson TJ, Rivest J, Stell R, Steiger MJ, Cohen H, Thompson PD, Marsden CD (1992) Botulinum toxin treatment of spasmodic torticollis. J R Soc Med 85: 524-529
3. Blasi J, Chapman ER, Link E, Binz T, Yamasaki S, De Camilli P, Sudhof TC, Niemann H, Jahn R (1993) Botulinum neurotoxin A selecticely cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP 25. Nature 365: 160-163
4. Borodic G, Johnson E, Goodnough MC, Schantz EJ (1996) Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance, and problems with available materials. Neurology 46: 26-29
5. Brans JWM, de Boer IP, Aramideh M, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Speelman JD (1995) Botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia: low dosage with electromyographic guidance. J Neurol 242: 529-534
6. Brin MF, Blitzer A (1993) Botulinum toxin: dangerous terminology errors. J R Soc Med 68: 493-494
7. Bülbring E (1946) Observations on the isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1: 38-61
8. Cohen LG, Hallett M, Geller BD, Hochberg F (1989) Treatment of focal dystonias of the hand with botulinum toxin injections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52: 355-363
9. DasGupta BR, Sathyamorthy V (1984) Purification and aminoacid composition of type A botulinum neurotoxin. Toxicon 22: 415-424
10. Dengler R, Neyer U, Wohlfarth K, Bettig U, Janzik HH (1992) Local botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic drop foot. J Neurol 239: 375-378
11. Dreyer F, Schmitt A (1983) Transmitter release in tetanus and botulinum A toxin-poisoned mammalian motor endplates is dependent on nerve stimulation and temperature. Pflügers Arch 399: 228-234
12. Durif F (1995) Clinical bioequivalence of the current commercial preparations of botulinum toxin. Eur Neurol 2: 17-18
13. Goodnouph MC, Johnson EA (1992) Stabilization of botulinum toxin type A during lyophilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 3426-3428
14. Gui D, Cassetta E, Anastasio G, Bentivoglio AR, Maria G, Albanese A (1994) Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure. Lancet 344: 1127-1128.
15. Guyuron B, Huddelston SW (1994) Aesthetic indications for botulinum toxin injection. Plast Reconstr Surg 5: 913-918
16. Habermann E, Dreyer F, Bigalke H (1980) Tetanus toxin blocks the neuromuscular transmission in vitro like botulinum A toxin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 311: 33-40
17. Hambleton P, Pickett AM (1994) Potency equivalence of botulinum toxin preparations. J R Soc Med 87: 719
18. Herrero BA, Ecklung AE, Streett CS, Ford DF, King JK (1967) Experimental botulism in monkeys - a clinical pathological study. Exp Mol Pathol 6: 84-95
19. Inoue K, Fujinaga Y, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Moriishi K, Sunagawa H, Inoue K, Oguma K (1995) Molecular composition of progenitor toxins produced by C. botulinum types A and D. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 48: 263-264
20. Jankovic J, Brin MF (1991) Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin. N Engl J Med 324: 1186-1194
21. Jankovic J, Schwartz KS (1991) Clinical correlates of response to botulinum toxin injections. Arch Neurol 48: 1253-1256
22. Jost WH (1995) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of anismus and spastic pelvic floor syndrome. Mov Disord 10: 404
23. Jost WH, Schimrigk K (1995) Botulinum toxin in the therapy of anal fissure. Lancet 344: 1127-1128
24. Keen M, Blitzer A, Aviv JE, Binder W, Prystowsky J, Smith H, Brin M (1994) Botulinum toxin A for hyperkinetic facial lines: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Plast Reconstr Surg 94: 94-99
25. Lange DJ, Rubin M, Greene PE, Kang UJ, Moskowitz CB, Brin MF, Lovelace RE, Fahn S (1993) Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: a double-blind study of single fiber EMG changes. Muscle Nerve 14: 672-675
26. McLellan K, Das REG, Ekong TAN, Sesardic D (1996) Therapeutic botulinum type A toxin: factors affecting potency. Toxicon 34: 975-985
27. Olney RK, Aminoff MJ, Gelb DJ, Lowenstein DH (1988) Neuromuscular effects distant from the site of botulinum neurotoxin injection. Neurology 38: 1780-1783
28. Pasricha PJ, Ravich WJ, Hendrix TR, Sostre S, Jones B, Kalloo AN (1995) Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for the treatment of achalasia. N Engl J Med 332: 774-778
29. Pearce LB, Borodic GE, Johnson EA, First ER, MacCallum R (1995) The median paralysis unit: a more pharmacologically relevant unit of biological activity for botulinum toxin. Toxicon 33: 217-227
30. Quinn N, Hallett M (1989) Dose standardisation of botulinum toxin. Lancet I: 964
31. Schantz EJ, Johnson EA (1990) Dose standardisation of botulinum toxin. Lancet 335: 421
32. Schiavo G, Shone CC, Rosetto O, Alexander FC, Montecucco C (1993) Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F is a zinc endopeptidase specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin. J Biol Chem 268: 11516-11519
33. Schmitt A, Dreyer F, John C (1981) At least three sequential steps are involved in the tetanus toxin-induced block of neuromuscular transmission. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 317: 326-330
34. Schulze-Bonhage A, Schröder M, Ferbert A (1996) Botulinum toxin in the therapy of gustatory sweating. J Neurol 243: 143-146
35. Scott AB, Suzuki D (1988) Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by intramuscular injection in the monkey. Mov Disord 3: 333-335
36. Scott AB (1980) Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology 87: 1044-1049
37. Simpson LL (1981) The origin, structure and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin. Pharmacol Rev 33: 155-188
38. Sloop RR, Escutin RO, Matus JA, Cole BA, Peterson GW (1996) Dose-response curve of human extensor digitorum brevis muscle function to intramuscularly injected botulinum toxin type A. Neurology 46:1382-1386
39. Snow BJ, Tsui JK, Bhatt MH, Varelas M, Hashimoto SH, Calne DB (1990) Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a double blind study. Ann Neurol 28: 512-515
40. Taylor JD, Kraft SP, Kazdan MS, Flanders M, Cadera W, Orton RB (1991) Treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm with botulinum A toxin: a canadian multicentre study. Can J Ophthalmol 26: 133-138
41. Van den Bergh P, Francart J, Mourin S, Kollmann P, Laterre EC (1995) Five-year experience in the treatment of focal movement disorders with low-dose Dysport botulinum toxin. Muscle Nerve 18: 720-729
42. Zuber M, Sebald M, Bathien N, de Recondo J, Rondot P (1993) Botulinum antibodies in dystonic patients treated with type A botulinum toxin: frequency and significance. Neurology 43: 1715-1718