Recognition and treatment of the catatonic syndrome

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 135-147

  Fricchione, Gregory ^a   Bush, George ^c   Fozdar, Manish ^a   Francis, Andrew ^b   Fink, Max ^b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; LORAZEPAM;

CATATONIA; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0030974191     PISSN: 08850666     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/088506669701200304     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Taylor MA, Catatonia: a review of a behavioral neurologic syndrome, Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1990;3:48-72
2. Fink M, Bush G, Francis A. Catatonia: a treatable disorder, occasionally recognized. Direct Psychiatry 1993;13:l-7
3. Kahlbaum K. Catatonia. Translated by Levy Y, Priden T. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973
4. Rogers D. Catatonia: a contemporary approach. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991;3:334-340
5. Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Barclay RM (Trans.); Robertson CM, ed. Huntington, NY: R.E. Krieger Publishing 1971 (facsimile edition)
6. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox and the group of schizophrenia. J. Zinkin J (Trans), New York City, NY: International University Press, 1950
7. Fink M, Taylor MA. Catatonia: a separate category in DSM IV? Integrative Psychiatry 1991;7:2-5
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, IV ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994:169-171;288-290; 382-383
9. Philbrick KL, Rummans TA. Malignant catatonia, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994;6:1-13
10. Lohr JB, Wisniewski AA. Catatonia. In: Lohr JB, Wisniewski AA, eds. The neuropsychiatric basis of movement disorders, Baltimore, MD: Guilford Press, 1987:201-117
11. Mann SC, Caroff SN, Bleir HR, et al. Lethal catatonia, Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1374-1381
12. Dabholkar PD, Use of ECT in hysterical catatonia: a case report and discussion. Br J Psychiatry 1988;153:246-247
13. Gelenberg AJ. The catatonic syndrome. Lancet 1976;1: 1339-1341
14. Hermesh H, Hoffnung RA, Aizenberg D, et al. Catatonic signs in severe obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1989;50:303-305
15. Rosebush PI, Hildebrand AM, Furlong BG, et al. Catatonic syndrome in a general psychiatric inpatient population: frequency, clinical presentation, and response to loraz epam. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:357-362
16. Barnes MP, Saunders M, Walls TJ, et al. The syndrome of Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:991-996
17. Altshuler LL, Cummings JL, Miles MJ. Mutism: review, differential diagnosis and report of 22 cases. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1409-1414
18. Clothier JL, Pazzaglia P, Freeman TW. Valuation and treatment of catatonia (letter). Am J Psychiatry 1989;146: 553-554
19. Goeke JE, Hagan DS, Goelzer SL, et al. Lethal catatonia complicated by the development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a middle-aged female. Crit Care Med 1991;19:1445-1448
20. Tandon R, Walden M, Falcon S. Catatonia as a manifestation of paraneoplastic encephalopathy. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:121-122
21. Snyder S, Prenzlauer S, Maruyama N, et al. Catatonia in patient with AIDS-related dementia (letter). J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:414
22. Orland RM, Daghestahi AN, A case of catatonia induced by bacterial meningoencephalitis. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:489-490
23. Wheeler AH, Ziegler MG, Insel PA, et al. Episodic catatonia, hypertension, and tachycardia: elevated plasma catecholamines. Neurology 1985;35:1053-1055
24. Korkina MV, Tsivil'ko MA, Kareva MA, et al. Features of catatono-oneiroid paroxysms of schizophrenia manifesting in the puerperal period. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr 1983; 83:1702-1707
25. Miller DD, Sharafuddin MJA, Kathol RG. A case of clozapine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:99-101
26. Najara JE, Enikeer IE. Risperidone and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56: 534-535
27. Kellam AMP. The (frequently) neuroleptic (potentially) malignant, syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1990;157:l69-173
28. Kellam AMP. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome, so-called: a survey of the world literature. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150:752-759
29. Behan WMH, Bakheit AMO, More IAR, The muscle findings in the neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with lysergic acid diethylamide. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:741-743
30. Wetli CV, Fishbain DA. Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users, J Foren Sci 1985;30:873-880
31. Kosten TR, Kleber HD, Sudden death in cocaine abusers: relation to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (letter). Lancet 1987;1:1198-1199
32. Carroll BT, Anfinson TJ, Kennedy JC, et al. Catatonic disorder due to general medical conditions. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994;6:122-133
33. Plum F, Posner J. Diagnosis of stupor and coma. In: Contemporary neurology series, ed 3. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis, 1980:308-311
34. Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, et al. Catatonia I. Rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;93:129-136
35. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie, ed 8, vol 3. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1913;806
36. Gjessing R. Contributions to the understanding of the pathophysiology of catatonic stupors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1932;96:379-392
37. Stauder KH. Die toldliche katatinie, Arch Psychiatry Nervenkr 1934;102:6l4-634
38. Kalinowsky I.B. Lethal catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:1106
39. Caroff S. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1980;41:79-83
40. Fricchione GL. Neuroleptic catatonia and its relationship to psychogenic catatonia, Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:304-313
41. Jan TKS, Ong SH. Catatonia and NMS (letter). Br J Psychiatry 1991;158:858
42. White DAC, Robins AH. Catatonia: harbinger of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Br J Psychiatry 1991;158: 419-421
43. Goforth HW, Carroll BT. The overlap of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and catatonic diagnoses. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7:402
44. Fink M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and catatonia: one entity or two? Biol Psychiatry 1996;39:1-4
45. Castillo E, Rubin RT, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Clinical differentiation between lethal catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:324-328
46. Taylor MA, Abrams R. Catatonia: prevalence and importance in the manic phase of manic depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:1223-1225
47. Abrams R, Taylor MA. Catatonia: A prospective clinical study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:579-581
48. Mahendra B, Where have all the catatonics gone? Psychol Med 1981;111:669-671
49. McCall WV, Shelp FE, McDonal WM. Controlled investigation of the amobarbital interview for catatonic mutism. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:202-206
50. Henry JA, Woodruff GHA. A diagnostic sign in states of apparent unconsciousness. Lancet 1978;2:920-921
51. Brenner I, Rheuban WJ, The catatonic dilemma. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:1242-1243
52. Zarr ML, Nowak T. Catalonia and burns. Burns 1990;16:133-134
53. Raichman JA, Martin RL, Stillings WA. Catatonic stupor: a diagnostic-ally non-specific but distinct syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1981;42:477-478
54. McEvoy JP, Lohr JB. Diazepam for catatonia, Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:284-285
55. Howard RJMW, Low-Beer TS. Catatonia following biparietal infarction with spontaneous recovery, Postgrad Med J 1989;65:316-317
56. Barbuto J. Preventing sudden death during a catatonic episode. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 1983;34:72-73
57. Greenfeld D, Conrad C, Kincare P, et al. Treatment of catatonia with low-dose lorazepam. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144: 1224-1225
58. Johnson MD, Newman JH, Baxter JW. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting as adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. South Med J 1988;81:543-545
59. Brennan D, MacManus M, Howe J, et al. "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome" without neuroleptics (letter). Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:578-579
60. Kish SJ, Klinert R, Minauf M, et al. Brain neurotransmitter changes in three patients who had a fatal hyperthermia syndrome, Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1358-1363
61. Chandler JD. Psychogenic catatonia with elevated creatine kinase and autonomic hyperactivity. Can J Psychiatry 1991;36:530-532
62. Lo TCN, Unwin MR, Dymock IW. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: another medical cause of acute abdomen. Postgrad Med J 1989;63:653-655
63. Nolen WA, Zwaan WA. Treatment of lethal catatonia with electroconvulsive therapy and dantrolene sodium: a case report. Acta Psychiatry Scand 1990;82:90-92
64. Becker D, Birger M, Samuel E, et al. Myocardial infarction: an unusual complication of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, J Nerv Ment Dis 1988;176:377-378
65. Legras A, Hurel D, Dabrowski G, et al. Protracted neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicating long-acting neuroleptic administration. Am J Med 1988;85:875-878
66. Green RH. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome and pneumomediastinum. Br J Psychiatry 1989;154:560-561
67. Heyland D, Sauve M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome without the use of neuroleptics. Can Med Assoc J 1991;145:817-819
68. Carmen JS, Wyatt RJ. Calcium and malignant catatonia (letter), Lancet 1977;2:1125-1125
69. Addonizio G, Susman VL, Roth SD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: review and analysis of 115 cases. Biol Psychiatry 1987;22:1004-1020
70. Baca L, Martinelli L. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a unique association with a tricyclic antidepressant. Neurology 1990;40:1797-1798
71. Patterson JF. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with metoclopramide. South Med J 1988;81:674-675
72. Gibb WRG, Griffith DNW. Levodopa withdrawal syndrome identical to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Postgrad Med J 1986;62:59-60
73. Guze SB, The occurrence of psychiatric illness in systemic lupus erythematosis. Am J Psychiatry 1967;123:1562-1570
74. Fink M. Convulsive therapy: theory and practice. New York, NY: Raven, 1979:34-35
75. Fink M. Is catatonia an indication for ECT? Convulsive Therapy 1990;6:1-4
76. Fink M. Catatonia. In: Trimble M, Cummings J, eds. Contemporary behavioral neurology. Oxford, UK: Butterworth/ Heinemann, 1997:289-308
77. Dysken MW, Kooser JA, Haraszti JS, Davis JM. Clinical usefulness of sodium amobarbital interviewing. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:789-794
78. Gelenberg AJ, Mandel MR. Catatonic reactions to high potency neuroleptic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34: 947-950
79. Ainsworth P. A case of "lethal catatonia" in a 14-year-old girl. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:110-112
80. White DAC. Catatonia and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome-a single entity? Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:558-560
81. Lew T, Tollefson G. Chlorpromazine-incluced neuroleptic malignant syndrome and its response to diazepam. Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:1441-1446
82. Fricchione GL, Cassem NH, Hooberman D, et al. Intravenous lorazepam in neuroleptic induced catatonia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1983;3:338-342
83. McEvoy JP, Lohr JB. Diazepam for catatonia, Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:284-285
84. Walter-Ryan WG, Treatment for catatonic symptoms with intramuscular lorazepam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1985;5:123-124
85. Yassa R, Iskandar H, Lalinec M, Cleto L. Lorazepam as an adjunct in the treatment of catatonic states: an open clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:66-68
86. Salam SA, Kilzieh N. Lorazepam treatment of psychogenic catatonia: an update, J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49(suppl): 16-21
87. Menza MA, Harris D. Benzodiazepines and catatonia: an overview, Biol Psychiatry 1989;26:842-846
88. Ungvari GS, Leung CM, Wong MK, Lau J. Benzodiazepines in the treatment of catatonic syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;89:285-288
89. Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, et al. Catatonia II. Treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;93:137-143
90. Perry JC, Jacobs D. Overview: clinical applications of the amytal interview in psychiatric emergency settings, Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:552-559
91. Fricchione G. Catatonia: a new indication for benzodiazepines? (editorial). Biol Psychiatry 1989;26:76l-765
92. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI. Prazepam and lorazepam. Two new benzodiazepines, N Engl J Med 1978;299:1342-1344
93. Delisle JD, Catatonia unexpectedly reversed by midazolam. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:809
94. Mann SC, Caroff SN, Bleier HR, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy of the lethal catatonia syndrome. Convulsive Therapy 1990;6:239-247
95. Gjessing LR. Lithium citrate loading of a patient with periodic catatonia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1967;43:372-375
96. Sakkas P, Davis JM, Hua J, et al. Pharmacotherapy of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatric Ann 1991;21: 157-164
97. Rosebush PI, Stewart T, Mazurek MF. The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: are dantrolene and bromocriptine useful adjuncts to supportive care? Br J Psychiatry 1991;159:709-712
98. Sczesni B, Bittkau S, von Baumgarten F, et al. Intravenous lisuride in the treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:185-188
99. Mahmood T. Bromocriptine in catatonic stupor, Br J Psychiatry 1991;158:437-438
100. Neppe VM, Management of catatonic stupor with L-dopa, Clin Neuropharmacol 1988;11:90-91
101. Jones DL, Mogenson GJ. Nucleus accumbens to the globus pallidus GABA projection subserving ambulatory activity. Am J Physiol 1980;238;R63-R69
102. Olianos MC, DeMontis BM, Mulas G, et al. The striatal dopaminergic function is mediated by the inhibition of a nigral, non-dopaminergic neuronal system via a strio-nigral GABA-ergic pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 1978;49:233-241
103. Grace AA, Bunney BS. Paradoxical GABA excitation of nigral dopaminergic cells: indirect mediation through reticulate inhibiting neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1979;59:211-218
104. Sackeim HA, Decina P, Prohovnik I, et al. Anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of electroconvulsive therapy: a proposed mechanism of action. Biol Psychiatry 1983;18:1301-1309
105. Lebensohn ZM, Jenkins RB. Improvement of parkinsonism in depressed patients treated with ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:283-285
106. Lerer B, Belmaker RH. Receptors and the mechanism of action of ECT, Biol Psychiatry 1982;17:497-511
107. Primavera A, Fonti A, Novello P, et al. Epileptic seizures in patients with acute catatonic syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1419-1422
108. Sackheim HA, Devenand DP, Prudic J, Stimulus intensity, seizure threshold, and seizure duration: impact on the efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy, Psychiatr Clin North Am 1991;14:803-843
109. Nisijima K, Ishiguro T. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a study of CSF monoamine metabolism. Biol Psychiatry 1990;27:280-288
110. Northoff G, Wenke J, Demisch L, et al. Catatonia: short-term response to lorazepam and dopaminergic metabolism. Psychopharmacology 1995;122:182-186
111. Bubser M, Schmidt WJ. Injection of apomorphine into the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat increases haloperidol-induced catalepsy, Biol Psychiatry 1994;36:64-67
112. Reinhard JF, Bannon MJ, Roth RH. Acceleration by stress of dopamine synthesis and metabolism in prefrontal cortex: antagonism by diazepam, Naunyn-Schmledeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1982;318:374-377
113. Paul SM, Skolnick P. Rapid changes in brain benzodiazepine receptors after experimental seizures. Science 1978;202:892-894
114. Gulati A, Srimal RC, Shawan BN, Upregulation of brain benzodiazepine receptors by electroconvulsive shocks. Pharm Res Commun 1986;18:581-589
115. Petrides G, Divadeenam KM, Bush G, Francis A, Synergism of lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of catatonia. Biol Psychiatry 1997 (in press)
116. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL, Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986;9:357-381
117. Northoff G, Effects of benzodiazepines in hypokinetic catatonia-pathophysiological model. In: Beckman H, Neumarker KJ, eds, Endogenous psychosis. Ullstein: Mosby, 1995:188-192
118. Alexander GE, Crutcher MD, DeLong MR, Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, "prefrontal" and "limbic" functions. Prog Brain Res 1990;85:119-146