Mechanism of calcium entry during axon injury and degeneration

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Volumn 143, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 233-244

  Lopachin, Richard M ^a   Lehning, Ellen J ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEPRIDIL; CALCIUM; NIFEDIPINE; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; TETRODOTOXIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANOXIA; MODEL; NERVE FIBER DEGENERATION; NERVE FIBER TRANSECTION; NERVE INJURY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; RAT; REVIEW; SODIUM CALCIUM EXCHANGE;

EID: 0030944883     PISSN: 0041008X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8106     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. 2+. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;545-552.
2. Allen T. J. A. The exchange in intact squid axons. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 639:1991;71-84.
3. Anderson D. K., Means E. D., Waters T. R., Spears C. J. Spinal cord energy metabolism following compression trauma to the feline spinal cord. J. Neurosurg. 53:1985;375-380.
4. Bachelard H. S., Silva G. D. The Na, K-activated ATPase in degenerating peripheral nerve. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 117:1966;98-105.
5. Baker P. F. The sodium-calcium exchange system. Calcium and the Cell. 1986;Wiley, New York. p. 73-86.
6. Balentine J. D., Spector M. Calcification of axons in experimental spinal cord trauma. Ann. Neurol. 2:1977;520-523.
7. Balestrino M. Pathophysiology of anoxic depolarization: New findings and a working hypothesis. J. Neurosci. Methods. 59:1995;99-103.
8. Banik N. L., Hogan E. L., Hsu C. Y. The multimolecular cascade of spinal cord injury. Neurochem. Pathol. 7:1987;57-77.
9. Black J. A., Kocsis J. D., Waxman S. G. Ion channel organization of the myelinated fiber. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;48-54.
10. Blaustein M. P., Goldman W. F., Fontana G., Drueger B. K., Santiago E. M., Steele T. D., Weiss D. N., Yarowsky P. J. Physiological roles of the sodium-calcium exchanger in nerve and muscle. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 639:1991;254-274.
11. Blight A. R. Cellular morphology of chronic spinal cord injury in the cat: Analysis of myelinated axons by line-sampling. Neuroscience. 10:1983;521-543.
12. Brown M. C., Perry V. H., Hunt S. P., Lapper S. R. Further studies on motor and sensory nerve regeneration in mice with delayed Wallerian degeneration. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:1994;420-428.
13. Carafoli E. Intracellular calcium homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:1987;395-433.
14. Chan S. Y., Ochs S., Jersild R. A. Localization of calcium in nerve fibers. J. Neurobiol. 15:1984;89-108.
15. Chaudhry V., Glass J. D., Griffin J. W. Wallerian degeneration in peripheral nerve disease. Neurol. Clin. 10:1992;613-627.
16. Clendenon N. R., Allen N., Gordon W. A., Bingham W. G. Inhibition of Na, K-activated ATPase activity following experimental spinal cord trauma. J. Neurosurg. 49:1978;563-568.
17. De Rojas T. C., Goldstein B. D. Primary afferent terminal function following acrylamide: Alterations in the dorsal root potential and reflex. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88:1987;175-182.
18. De Rojas T. C., Goldstein B. D. Lack of evidence for the size principle of selective vulnerability of axons in toxic neuropathies. I. The effects of subcutaneous injections of 2,5-hexanedione on behavior and muscle spindle function. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 104:1990;47-58.
19. DiPolo R., Caputo C., Bezanilla F. Voltage-dependent calcium channel in the squid axon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 80:1983;1743-1745.
20. Donat J. R., Wisniewski H. M. The spatio-temporal pattern of Wallerian degeneration in mammalian peripheral nerves. Brain Res. 53:1973;41-53.
21. Dyer K. R., El-Fawal H. A. N., Ehrich M. F. Comparison of organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy between branches of the tibial nerve and the biventer cervicis nerve in chickens. NeuroToxicology. 12:1991;687-696.
22. Ellisman M. H., Friedmen P. L., Hamilton W. J. The localization of sodium and calcium to Schwann cell paranodal loops and nodes of Ranvier and of calcium to compact myelin. J. Neurocytol. 9:1980;185-205.
23. Erecinska M., Dagani F. Relationships between the neuronal sodium/potassium pump and energy metabolism: Effects of K, Na and adenosine triphosphate in isolated brain synaptosomes. J. Gen. Physiol. 95:1990;591-616.
24. Erecinska M., Dagani F., Nelson D., Deas J., Silver I. A. Relations between intracellular ions and energy metabolism: A study with monensin in synaptosomes, neurons, and C6 glioma cells. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;2410-2421.
25. Erecinska M., Silver I. A. Ions and energy in mammalian brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 43:1994;37-71.
26. Faden A. I., Chan P. H., Longar S. Alterations in lipid metabolism, Na,K-ATPase activity, and tissue water content of spinal cord following experimental traumatic injury. J. Neurochem. 48:1987;1809-1816.
27. Fern R., Ransom B. R., Waxamn S. G. Voltage-gated calcium channels in CNS white matter: Role of anoxic injury. J. Neurophysiol. 74:1995;369-377.
28. Friede R. L., Martinez A. J. Analysis of axon-sheath relations during early Wallerian degeneration. Brain Res. 19:1970;199-212.
29. Galizzi J.-P., Borsotto M., Barhanin J., Fosset M., Lazdunski M. Characterization and photoaffinity labeling of receptor sites for the Ca-channel inhibitors d-cis. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1986;1393-1397.
30. Gelfan S., Tarlov I. M. Differential vulnerability of spinal cord structures to anoxia. J. Neurophysiol. 18:1955;170-188.
31. Gelfan S., Tarlov I. M. Physiology of spinal cord, nerve root and peripheral nerve compression. Am. J. Physiol. 185:1956;217-229.
32. George E. B., Glass J. D., Griffin J. W. Axotomy-induced axonal degeneration is mediated by calcium influx through ion-specific channels. J. Neurochem. 15:1995;6445-6452.
33. Glass J. D., Griffin J. W. Neurofilament redistribution in transected nerves: Evidence for bi-directional transport of neurofilaments. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;3146-3154.
34. Glass J. D., Schryer B. L., Griffin J. W. Calcium-mediated degeneration of the axonal cytoskeleton in the Ola mouse. J. Neurochem. 62:1994;2472-2475.
35. Goldman S. S., Elowitz E., Flamm E. S. Effect of traumatic injury on membrane phosphatase activity in cat spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 82:1983;650-662.
36. Greene W. B., Walsh L. G. Cryo-jet preservation of calcium in the rat spinal cord. Scan. Micros. 8:1994;587-599.
37. Griffin J. W. Neurotoxicant-induced axonal degeneration. Neurotoxicology. 1992;Raven Press, New York. p. 51-65.
38. Griffin J. W., Hoffman P. N. Degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Dyck P. J., Thomas P. K., Griffin J. W., Low P. A., Poduslo J. F. Peripheral Neuropathy. 1993;361-376 W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
39. Griffin J. W., George E. B., Hsieh S. T., Glass J. D. Axonal degeneration and disorders of the axonal cytoskeleton. Waxman S. G., Kocsis J. D., Stys P. S. The Axon: Structure, Function and Pathophysiology. 1995;375-390 Oxford University Press, New York.
40. Hansen A. J. Effect of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain. Physiol. Rev. 65:1985;101-148.
41. Hille B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes. 1992;Sinauer, Sunderland. p. 337-362.
42. Ito T., Allen N., Yashon D. A mitochondrial lesion in experimental spinal cord trauma. J. Neurosurg. 48:1978;434-442.
43. Joseph B. S. Somatofugal events in Wallerian degeneration: A conceptual overview. Brain Res. 59:1973;1-18.
44. Koeppen A. H. Wallerian degeneration. Lajtha A. Handbook of Neurochemistry. 1985;443-506 Plenum Press, New York.
45. Kurihara M. Role of monoamines in experimental spinal cord injury in rats: Relationship between Na-K ATPase and lipid peroxidation. J. Neurosurg. 62:1985;743-749.
46. Kwo S., Young W., DeCrescito V. Spinal cord sodium, potassium, calcium, and water concentration changes in rats after graded contusion injury. J. Neurotrauma. 6:1989;13-24.
47. Lehning E. J., LoPachin R. M., Mathew J., Eichberg J. Changes in Na-K ATPase and protein kinase C activities in peripheral nerve of acrylamide-treated rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 42:1994;331-342.
48. Lehning E. J., Doshi R., Stys P. K., LoPachin R. M. Mechanisms of injury-induced calcium entry in peripheral nerve axons: In vitro anoxia and ouabain exposure. Brain Res. 694:1995;158-166.
49. Lehning E. J., Doshi R., Isaksson N., Stys P. K., LoPachin R. M. Mechanisms of injury-induced calcium entry in peripheral nerve axons: Role of sodium/calcium exchange. J. Neurochem. 66:1996;493-500.
50. Lees G. J. Inhibition of sodium-potassium-ATPase: A potentially ubiquitous mechanism contributing to central nervous system neuropathology. Brain Res. Rev. 16:1991;283-300.
51. Lewen M. G., Hansebout R. R., Pappius H. M. Chemical characteristics of traumatic spinal cord edema in cats: Effects of steroids on potassium depletion. J. Neurosurg. 40:1974;65-75.
52. LoPachin R. M., LoPachin R. M., Saubermann A. J. X-ray microprobe analysis of subcellular elemental distribution in normal and injured peripheral nerve axons. Fiskum G. Cell Calcium Metabolism. 1989;479-489 Plenum Press, Philadelphia.
53. LoPachin R. M., Saubermann A. J. Disruption of cellular elements and water in neurotoxicity: Studies using electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 106:1990;355-374.
54. LoPachin R. M., LoPachin V., Saubermann A. J. Effects of axotomy on distribution and concentration of elements in rat sciatic nerve. J. Neurochem. 54:1990;320-332.
55. LoPachin R. M., Castiglia C. M., Saubermann A. J. Acrylamide disrupts elemental composition and water content of rat tibial nerve. I. Myelinated axons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 115:1992a;21-34.
56. LoPachin R. M., Castiglia C. M., Saubermann A. J. Perturbation of axonal elemental composition and water content: Implications for neurotoxic mechanisms. NeuroToxicology. 13:1992b;123-138.
57. LoPachin R. M., Lehning E. J. Acrylamide-induced distal axon degeneration: A proposed mechanism of action. Neurotoxicology. 15:1994a;247-260.
58. LoPachin R. M., Lehning E. J. Schwann cell-axon interactions: Implications for neurotoxic mechanisms. Chang L. W. Principles of Neurotoxicology. 1994b;237-263 Marcel Dekker, New York.
59. LoPachin R. M., Stys P. K. Elemental composition and water content of rat optic nerve myelinated axons and glial cells: Effects of in vitro anoxia and reoxygenation. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;6735-6746.
60. LoPachin R. M. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis as a tool for discerning mechanisms of nerve injury. Chang L. W., Slikker W. Neurotoxicology: Approaches and Methods. 1995;445-453 Academic Press, San Diego.
61. Lubinska L. Early course of Wallerian degeneration in myelinated fibers of the rat phrenic nerve. Brain Res. 130:1977;47-63.
62. Lunn E. R., Perry V. H., Brown M. C., Rosen H., Gordon S. Absence of Wallerian degeneration does not hinder regeneration in peripheral nerve. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1:1989;27-33.
63. Luther P. W., Yip R. K., Bloch R. J., Ambesi A., Lindenmayer G. E., Blaustein M. P. Presynaptic localization of sodium/calcium exchangers in neuromuscular preparations. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;4898-4904.
64. Majno G., Karnofsky M. L. A biochemical and morphologic study of myelination and demyelination. II. Lipogenesis in vitro by rat nerves following transection. J. Exp. Med. 108:1958;197-203.
65. Malbouisson A. M. B., Ghabriel M. N., Allt G. Axonal degeneration in large and small nerve fibers. J. Neurol. Sci. 67:1985;307-318.
66. Mata M., Fink D. J. Calmodulin distribution in peripheral nerve: An EM immunocytochemical study. Brain Res. 475:1988;297-304.
67. 2+. Histochemistry. 87:1987;339-349.
68. 2+. Brain Res. 445:1988;47-54.
69. Meves H., Vogel W. Calcium inward currents in internally perfused giant axons. J. Physiol. 235:1973;225-265.
70. Mizutani Y., Hirai K., Wang G., Toda N., Yamazaki Y. Fine localization of low and high calcium dependent ATPase activities in the rat sciatic nerve. Brain Res. 693:1995;95-100.
71. Mullins L. J. Ca entry upon depolarization of nerve. J. Physiol. (Paris). 77:1981;1139-1114.
72. Nicotera P., Bellomo G., Orrenius S. Calcium-mediated mechanisms in chemically induced cell death. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:1992;449-470.
73. Ramon y Cajal S. Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System. 1928;Oxford University Press, London.
74. Ransom B. R., Stys P. K., Waxman S. G. The pathophysiology of anoxic injury in central nervous system white matter. Stroke. 21:1990;52-57.
75. Requena J., Mullins L. J., Whittenbury J., Brinley F. J. Dependence of ionized and total Ca in squid axons on Na-free or high-K conditions. J. Gen. Physiol. 87:1986;143-159.
76. s. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;1641-1650.
77. Schlaepfer W. W. Calcium-induced degeneration of axoplasm in isolated segments of rat peripheral nerve. Brain Res. 69:1974;203-215.
78. Schlaepfer W. W. Structural alterations of peripheral nerve induced by the calcium ionophore A23187. Brain Res. 136:1977;1-9.
79. Schlaepfer W. W. Neurofilaments: Structure, metabolism and implications in disease. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 46:1987;117-129.
80. Schlaepfer W. W., Bunge R. P. Effects of calcium ion concentration on the degeneration of amputated axons in tissue culture. J. Cell Biol. 59:1973;456-470.
81. Schlaepfer W. W., Hasler M. B. Characterization of the calcium-induced disruption of neurofilaments in rat peripheral nerve. Brain Res. 168:1979;299-309.
82. Schlote W., Wolburg H., Wendt-Gallitelli M. F. Ionic shifts in myelinated nerve fibers during early stages of Wallerian degeneration. Acta Neuropath. (Berlin). Suppl. VII:1981;31-35.
83. Sea T., Ballinger M. L., Bittner G. D. Cooling of peripheral myelinated axons retards Wallerian degeneration. Exp. Neurol. 133:1995;85-95.
84. Shimono M., Ohta M., Asada M., Kuroiwa Y. Infantile neuroanxonal dystrophy; Ultrastructural study of peripheral nerve. Acta Neuropathol. 36:1976;71-79.
85. Spencer P. S., Schaumburg H. H. Central-peripheral distal axonopathy - The pathology of dying-back polyneuropathies. Zimmerman H. M. Progress in Neuropathy. 1976;253-295 Grunne and Stratton, New York.
86. Spencer P. S., Miller M. S., Ross S. M., Schwab B. W., Sabri M. I. Biochemical mechanisms underlying primary degeneration of axons. Lajtha A. Handbook of Neurochemistry. 1985;31-65 Plenum Press, Philadelphia.
87. Stewart M. A., Passonneau J. V., Lowry O. H. Substrate changes in peripheral nerve during ischaemia and Wallerian degeneration. J. Neurochem. 12:1965;719-727.
88. Stokes B. T., Fox P., Hollinden G. Extracellular calcium activity in the injured spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 80:1983;561-572.
89. Stys P. K., Ransom B. R., Waxman S. G., Davis P. K. Role of extracellular calcium in anoxic injury of mammalian central white matter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1990a;4212-4216.
90. Stys P. K., Ransom B. R., Waxman S. G. Effects of polyvalent cations and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers on recovery of CNS white matter from anoxia. Neurosci. Lett. 115:1990b;293-299.
91. +2+. Ann. Neurol. 30:1991;375-380.
92. +2+. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;430-439.
93. Stys P. K., Lesiuk H. Correlation between electrophysiological effects of mexiletine and ischemic protection in central nervous system white matter. Neuroscience. 71:1996;27-36.
94. +2+2+. Neuroscience. 1997.
95. Sugioka M., Sawai H., Adachi E., Fukuda Y. Changes in compound action potentials in retrograde axonal degeneration of rat optic nerve. Exp. Neurol. 132:1995;262-270.
96. Tsao J. W., Brown M. C., Carden M. J., McLean W. G., Perry V. H. Loss of the compound action potential: An electrophysiological, biochemical and morphological study of early events in axonal degeneration in the C57BL/Ola mouse. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:1994;516-524.
97. +. Pharmacol. Rev. 48:1996;21-67.
98. Veronesi B., Boyes W. K. Morphometric and electrophysiological evidence for a diameter-based rate of degeneration in the optic nerve of the rat. Exp. Neurol. 101:1988;176-189.
99. Veronesi B., Padilla S., Blckmon K., Pope C. Murine susceptibility of organophosphorous-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 107:1991;311-324.
100. Waller A. Experiments on the section of glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog and observations of the alternatives produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibers. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond Biol. 140:1850;423.
101. 2+. Trends Neurosci. 14:1991;461-468.
102. Waxman S. G., Black J. A., Stys P. K., Ransom B. R. Ultrastructural concomitants of anoxic injury and early post-anoxic recovery in rat optic nerve. Brain Res. 547:1992;104-119.
103. Waxman S. G., Black J. A., Ransom B. R., Stys P. K. Protection of the axonal cytoskeleton in anoxic optic nerve by decreased extracellular calcium. Brain Res. 614:1993;137-145.
104. Waxman S. G., Ritchie M. Molecular dissection of the myelinated axon. Ann. Neurol. 33:1993;121-136.
105. Waxman S. G., Black J. A., Ransom B. R., Stys P. K. Anoxic injury of rat optic nerve: Ultrastructural evidence for coupling between Na influx and Ca-mediated injury in myelinated CNS axons. Brain Res. 644:1994;197-204.
106. Young W., Yen V., Blight A. Extracellular calcium ionic activity in experimental spinal cord contusion. Brain Res. 253:1982;105-113.
107. Young W., Koreh I. Potassium and calcium changes in injured spinal cords. Brain Res. 365:1986;42-53.
108. Young W. Role of calcium in central nervous system injuries. J. Neurotrauma. 9:1992;9-25.