Testing electromagnetic fields for potential carcinogenic activity: A critical review of animal models

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 105, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1997, Pages 81-103

  McCann, Joyce ^a,b   Kavet, Robert ^a   Rafferty, Charles N ^a  

^a ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Carcinogenesis; Electric fields; EMF; Health effects; Magnetic fields; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL MODEL; BREAST CANCER; CANCER MODEL; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; LIVER CANCER; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS; RAT; REVIEW; SKIN CANCER;

EID: 0030932457     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s181     Document Type: Review

References (248)

1. Bates MN. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: the epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Perspect 95:147-156 (1991).
2. Sagan LA. Epidemiological and laboratory studies of power frequency electric and magnetic fields. JAMA 268:625-629 (1992).
3. Floderus B, Tornqvist S, Stenlund C. Incidence of selected cancers in Swedish railway workers, 1961-79. Cancer Causes Control 5:189-194 (1994).
4. Sahl JD, Kelsh MA, Greenland S. Cohort and nested case-control studies of hematopoietic cancers and brain cancer among electric utility workers. Epidemiology 4:104-114 (1993).
5. Loomis DP, Savitz DA, Ananth CV. Breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:921-925 (1994).
6. Weinstein IB. The origins of human cancer: molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and their implications for cancer prevention and treatment - Twenty-seventh GHA Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res 48:4135-4143 (1988).
7. Weinberg RA. Oncogenes, antioncogenes, and the molecular bases of multistep carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 49:3713-3721 (1989).
8. Harris C. Chemical and physical carcinogenesis: advances and perspectives for the 1990s. Cancer Res 51:5023s-5044s (1991).
9. Barrett J. Mechanisms of multistep carcinogenesis and carcinogen risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 100:9-20 (1993).
10. Hennings H, Shores R, Wenk ML, Spangler EF, Tarone R, Yuspa SH. Malignant conversion of mouse skin tumours is increased by tumour initiators and unaffected by tumour promoters. Nature 304:67-69 (1983).
11. Hardell L, Holmberg B, Malker H, Paulsson L-E. Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and the risk of malignant diseases - an evaluation of epidemiological and experimental findings. Eur J Cancer Prev 4:3-107 (1995).
12. Huggins CN, Yang C. Induction and extinction of mammary cancer; a striking effect of hydrocarbons permits analysis of mechanisms of causes and cure of breast cancer. Science 137:257-262 (1962).
13. Welsch CW. Host factors affecting the growth of carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinomas: a review and tribute to Charles Brenton Huggins. Cancer Res 45:3415-3443 (1985).
14. Russo J, Tay LK, Russo IH. Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2:5-73 (1982).
15. Russo J, Gusterson BA, Rogers AE, Russo IH, Wellings SR, Zwieten MJV. Biology of disease: comparative study of human and rat mammary tumorigenesis. Lab Invest 62:244-278 (1990).
16. Nandi S, Guzman RC, Yang J. Hormones and mammary carcinogenesis in mice, rats, and humans: a unifying hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3650-3657 (1995).
17. Pike MC, Spicer DV, Dahmoush L, Press MF. Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 15:17-35 (1993).
18. Lucier GW. Receptor-mediated carcinogenesis. In: Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification (Vainio H, Magee PN, McGregor DB, McMichael AJ, eds). IARC Scientific Publications No 116, Lyon:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1992;87-112.
19. Blask DE. Melatonin in oncology. In: Melatonin: Biosynthesis, Physiological Effects, and Clinical Applications (Yu HS, Reiter RJ, eds). Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1993;447-475.
20. Jerry DJ, Butel JS, Donehower LA, Paulson EJ, Cochran C, Wiseman RW, Medina D. Infrequent p53 mutations in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]antrancene-induced mammary tumors in BALB/c and 53 hemizygous mice. Mol Carcinog 9:175-183 (1994).
21. Guerinot F, Janiaud MP, LeMaout M, Aubert C, Bohuon C. Perturbations des niveaux de serotonine hypophysaires induites par administration orale d'une seule dose de 7-12 dimethyl 1-2 benz(a)anthracène chez le rat. CR Acad Sci (Paris) 281:211-214 (1975).
22. Kerdelhue B, Abed AE. Inhibition of preovulatory gonadotropin secretion and stimulation of prolactin secretion by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Res 39:4700-4705 (1979).
23. Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Lippert TH, Gupta D. Effect of the mammary carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on pineal melatonin biosynthesis, secretion and peripheral metabolism. Neuroendocrinology 52:538-544 (1990).
24. Kimber I, Jones K, Vignali DAA. The influence of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene on natural killer (NK) cell function in rats. J Clin Lab Immunol 20:193-198 (1986).
25. Jevning R, Wallace RK, Beidebach M. The physiology of meditation: a review. A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16:415-424 (1992).
26. Stevens RG. Electric power use and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol 125:556-561 (1987).
27. Hamilton T. Influence of environmental light and melatonin upon mammary tumour induction. Br J Surg 56:764-766 (1969).
28. Aubert C, Janiaud P, Lecalvez J. Effect of pinealectomy and melatonin on mammary tumor growth in Sprague-Dawley rats under different conditions of lighting. J Neural Transm 47:121-130 (1980).
29. Tamarkin L, Cohen M, Roselle D, Reichert C, Lippman M, Chabner B. Melatonin inhibition and pinealectomy enhancement of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in the rat. Cancer Res 41:4432-4436 (1981).
30. Shah PN, Mhatre MC, Kothari LS. Effect of melatonin on mammary carcinogenesis in intact and pinealectomized rats in varying photoperiods. Cancer Res 44:3403-3407 (1984).
31. Blask DE, Hill SM, Orstead KM, Massa JS. Inhibitory effects of the pineal hormone melatonin and underfeeding during the promotional phase of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-(DMBA)-induced mammary tumourigenesis. J Neural Transm 67:125-138 (1986).
32. Reiter RJ, Lerchl A. Regulation of mammalian pineal melatonin production by the electromagnetic spectrum. In: Melatonin: Biosynthesis, Physiological Effects, and Clinical Applications (Yu HS, Reiter RJ, eds). Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1993;107-127.
33. Frey AH. Electromagnetic field interactions with biological systems. FASEB J 7:272-281 (1993).
34. Löscher W, Wahnschaffe U, Mevissen M, Lerchl A, Stamm A. Effects of weak alternating magnetic fields on nocturnal melatonin production and mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Oncology 51:288-295 (1994).
35. Semm P, Schneider T, Vollrath L. Effects of an earth-strength magnetic field on electrical activity of pineal cells. Nature 288:607-608 (1980).
36. Wilson BW, Stevens RG, Anderson LE. Neuroendocrine mediated effects of electromagnetic-field exposure: possible role of the pineal gland. Life Sci 45:1319-1332 (1989).
37. Reiter RJ, Richardson BA. Magnetic field effects on pineal indoleamine metabolism and possible biological consequences. FASEB J 6:2283-2287 (1992).
38. Lerchl A, Reiter RJ, Howes KA, Nonaka KO, Stokkan K-A. Evidence that extremely low frequency Ca(2+)-cyclotron resonance depresses pineal melatonin synthesis in vitro. Neurosci Lett 124:213-215 (1991).
39. Beniashvili DS, Bilanishvili VG, Menabde MZ. Low-frequency electromagnetic radiation enhances the induction of rat mammary tumors by nitrosomethyl urea. Cancer Lett 61:75-79 (1991).
40. Mevissen M, Stamm A, Buntenkötter S, Zwingelberg R, Wahnschaffe U, Löscher W. Effects of magnetic fields on mammary tumor development induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 14:131-143 (1993).
41. Mevissen M, Wahnschaffe U, Löscher W, Stamm A, Lerchl A. Effects of AC magnetic fields on DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats. In: Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine (Blank M, ed). San Francisco, CA:San Francisco Press, 1993;413-415.
42. Mevissen M, Löscher W, Lerchl A, Stamm A. Cancer promotion in a breast cancer model by exposure to a 10 μT, 50 Hz magnetic field. In: BEMS Sixteenth Annual Meeting, 12-17 June 1994, Copenhagen, Denmark. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1994;73.
43. Löscher W, Mevissen M, Lehmacher W, Stamm A. Tumor promotion in a breast cancer model by exposure to a weak alternating magnetic field. Cancer Lett 71:75-81 (1993).
44. Baum A, Mevissen M, Kaminoi K, Mohr U, Löscher W. A histopathological study on alternations in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats with 50 Hz, 100 μT magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis 16:119-125 (1995).
45. Löscher W, Mevissen M. Linear relationship between flux density and tumor co-promoting effect of prolonged magnetic field exposure in a breast cancer model. Cancer Lett 96:175-180 (1995).
46. Mevissen M, Lerchl A, Szamel M, Löscher W. Exposure of DMBA-treated female rats in a 50-Hz, 50 μTesla magnetic field: effects on mammary tumor growth, melatonin levels, and T lymphocyte activation. Carcinogenesis 17:903-910 (1996).
47. Mevissen M, Kietzmann M, Löscher W. In vivo exposure of rats to a weak alternating magneteic field increases ornithine decarboxylase activity in the mammary gland by a similar extent as the carcinogen DMBA. Cancer Lett 90:207-214 (1995).
48. Löscher W. Letter to the editor: Reply to letter from W Irnich. Bioelectromag Newslett Nov/Dec:3 (1995).
49. Irnich W. [Letter to the editor]. Bioelectromag Newslett Nov/Dec:3 (1995).
50. Sasser LB, Morris JE, Miller DL, Boorman GA, Anderson LE. The toxic and carcinogenic potential of 50/60 Hz magnetic fields in rats: study design. In: 1996 Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 17-21, 1996. Frederick, MD:W/L Associates, 1996;47.
51. Pilot HC. Altered hepatic foci: their role in murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:465-500 (1990).
52. Dragan YP, Pitot HC. Commentary: The role of the stages of initiation and promotion in phenotypic diversity during hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis 13:739-750 (1992).
53. Farber E. Commentary: Clonal adaptation during carcinogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 39:1837-1846 (1990).
54. Pereira MA. Rat liver foci bioassay. J Am Coll Toxicol 1:101-117 (1982).
55. Pitot HC, Goldsworthy TL, Moran S, Kennan W, Glauert HP, Maronpot RR, Campbell HA. A method to quantitate the relative initiating and promoting potencies of hepatocarcinogenic agents in their dose-response relationships to altered hepatic foci. Carcinogenesis 8:1491-1499 (1987).
56. Butterworth BE, Popp JA, Conolly RB, Goldsworthy TL. Chemically induced cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. In: Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis in Risk Identification (Vainio H, Magee PN, McGregor DB, McMichael AJ, eds). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1992;279-305.
57. Rannug A, Holmberg B, Mild KH. A rat liver foci promotion study with 50-Hz magnetic fields. Environ Res 62:223-229 (1993).
58. Rannug A, Holmberg B, Ekström T, Mild KH. Rat liver foci study on coexposure with 50 Hz magnetic fields and known carcinogens. Bioelectromagnetics 14:17-27 (1993).
59. Rannug A, Stenius U, Holmberg B, Ekstrom T, Mild KH. Intermittent 50-Hz magnetic fields and preneoplastic foci in rat liver. In: BEMS Sixteenth Annual Meeting, 12-17 June 1994, Copenhagen, Denmark. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1994;72-73.
60. Yuspa SH. The pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer: Lessons learned from studies of skin carcinogenesis - Thirty-third GHA Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res 54:1178-1189 (1994).
61. DiGiovanni J. Modification of multistage skin carcinogenesis in mice. Prog Exp Tumor Res 33:192-229 (1991).
62. DiGiovanni J. Multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Pharmac Ther 54:63-128 (1992).
63. Eastin WC Jr. Developing standards for dermal initiation/ promotion screening studies. In: Skin Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and Human Relevance, Vol 298 (Slaga TJ, Klein-Szanto AJP, Boutwell RK, Stevenson DE, Spitzer HL, D'Motto B, eds). New York:Alan R Liss, 1989;295-312.
64. Kaina B. Chromosomal aberrations as a contributing factor for tumor promotion in mouse skin. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 9:331-348 (1989).
65. DiGiovanni J, Walker SE, Aldaz CM, Slaga TJ, Conti CJ. Further studies on the influence of initiation dose on papilloma growth and progression during two-stage carcinogenesis in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis 14:1831-1836 (1993).
66. Weinstein IB. Nonmutagenic mechanisms in carcinogenesis: role of protein kinase C in signal transduction and growth control. Environ Health Perspect 93:175-179 (1991).
67. Basu A. The potential of protein kinase C as a target for anti-cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 59:257-280 (1993).
68. Wang X-J, Warren BS, Beltran LM, Fosmire SP, DiGiovanni J. Further identification of protein kinase C isozymes in mouse epidermis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 119:279-287 (1993).
69. Blumberg PM, Pettit GR, Warren BS, Szallasi A, Schuman LD, Sharkey NA, Nakakuma H, Dell'Aquila ML, de Vries DJ. The protein kinase C pathway in tumor promotion. In: Skin Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and Human Relevance, Vol 298. New York:Alan R Liss, 1989;201-212.
70. Fischer SM, Cameron GS, Baldwin JK, Jasheway DW, Patrick KE, Belury MA. The arachidonic acid cascade and multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. In: Skin Carcinogenesis Mechanisms and Human Relevance, Vol 298. New York:Alan R Liss, 1989;249-264.
71. Athar M, Raza H, Bickens D, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of benzoyl peroxide-mediated tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-initiated skin of Sencar mice by antioxidants nordihydroguaiaretic acid and diallyl sulfide. J Invest Dermatol 94:162-165 (1990).
72. Imamoto A, Beltrán LM, Fujiki H, Chenicek KJ, DiGiovanni J. Enhanced induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity in C57BL/6 compared to DBA/2 mice by protein kinase C-activating skin tumor promoters: relevance to genetically mediated differences in promotion susceptibility. Carcinogenesis 13:177-182 (1992).
73. Halmekytö M, Syrjänen K, Jänne J, Alhonen L. Enhanced papilloma formation in response to skin tumor promotion in transgenic mice overexpressing the human ornithine decarboxylase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187:493-497 (1992).
74. Wei H, Frenkel K. In vivo formation of oxidized DNA bases in tumor promoter-treated mouse skin. Cancer Res 51:4443-4449 (1991).
75. Kiguchi K, Beltran LM, You J, Rho O, DiGiovanni J. Elevation of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA and protein expression by diverse tumor promoters in SENCAR mouse epidermis. Mol Carcinog 12:225-235 (1995).
76. Rannug A, Ekström T, Mild KH, Holmberg B, Gimenez-Conti I, Slaga TJ. A study on skin tumour formation in mice with 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. Carcinogenesis 14:573-578 (1993).
77. Rannug A, Holmberg B, Ekstrom T, Mild KH, Gimenez-Conti I, Slaga TJ. Intermittent 50 Hz magnetic field and skin tumour promotion in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis 15:153-157 (1994).
78. Stuchly MA, Lecuyer DW, McLean J. Cancer promotion in the mouse skin model by 60 Hz magnetic fields. I: Experimental design and exposure system. Bioelectromagnetics 12:261-272 (1991).
79. McLean JRN, Stuchly MR, Mitchell REJ, Wilkinson D, Yang H, Goddard M, Lecuyer DW, Schunk M, Callary E, Morrison D. Cancer promotion in a mouse-skin model by a 60-Hz magnetic field. II: Tumor development and immune response. Bioelectromagnetics 12:273-287 (1991).
80. Stuchly MA, McLean JRN, Burnett R, Goddard M, Lecuyer DW, Mitchell REJ. Modification of tumor promotion in the mouse skin by exposure to an alternating magnetic field. Cancer Lett 65:1-7 (1992).
81. McLean JRN, Thansandote A, Lecuyer DW, Kim J. The effect of 60 Hz magnetic fields on co-promotion of chemically induced skin tumours on SENCAR mice. In: Seventeenth Annual Bioelectromagnetics Meeting, 18-22 June 1995, Boston, Massachusetts. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1995;212.
82. McLean J, Thansandote A, Lecuyer D, Goddard M, Tryphonas L, Scaiano JC, Johnson F. A 60-Hz magnetic field increases the incidence of squamous cell carcinomas in mice previously exposed to chemical carcinogens. Cancer Lett 92:121-125 (1995).
83. Byus CV, Ma Y, Stuchly MA. Magnetic fields and the co-promotion of carcinogenesis in the skin of the mouse. In: BEMS Eighteenth Annual Meeting, British Columbia, Canada, June 9-14, 1996. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1996;A-7-2.
84. Morris JE, Sasser LB, Miller DL, Kavet RI, Johnston DA, DiGiovanni J, Anderson LE. 60 Hz magnetic field exposure and skin cancer in a mouse model. In: BEMS Eighteenth Annual Meeting, British Columbia, Canada, June 9-14, 1996. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1996;A-7-4.
85. DiGiovanni J, Rupp T, Johnston DA, Sasser LB, Morris JE, Anderson LE, Kavet RI. Evaluation of the possible copromoting effect of a 60 Hz magnetic field during chemically induced carcinogenesis in skin of SENCAR mice. In: The Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery & Use of Electricity, San Antonio, Texas, November 17-21, 1996. Frederick, MD:W/L Associates, 1996;6-7.
86. Savitz DA, Wachtel H, Barnes FA, John EM, Tvrdik JG. Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 128:21-38 (1988).
87. London SJ, Thomas DC, Bowman JD, Sobel E, Cheng T-C, Peters JM. Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol 134:923-937 (1991).
88. Floderus B, Persson T, Stenlund C, Wennberg A, Öst Å, Knave B. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in relation to leukemia and brain tumors: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 4:465-476 (1993).
89. Theriault G, Goldberg M, Miller AB, Armstrong B, Guenel P, Deadman J, Imbernon E, To T, Chevalier A, Cyr D, Wall C. Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and France: 1970-1989. Am J Epidemiol 139:550-572 (1994).
90. Pattengale PK, Taylor CR. Experimental models of lymphoproliferative disease. The mouse as a model for human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and related leukemias. Am J Pathol 113:237-265 (1983).
91. Ogiu T, Matsuoka C, Furuta K, Maekawa A. Relation between development of leukemia and duration of N-nitroso-N-ethylurea treatment in DONYRU rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 75:743-749 (1985).
92. Fohlmeister I, Hohentanner O, Porr A. S-phase resistance of rat hematopoietic stem cells to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene cytocide and its implications for leukemia development. Cancer Res 44:3661-3664 (1984).
93. Kaplan HS, Brown MB. A quantitative dose-response study of lymphoid-tumor development in irradiated C57 black mice. J Natl Cancer Inst:186-208 (1952).
94. Hagenbeek A. Choice of appropriate tumor systems: acute leukemia. In: Rodent Tumor Models in Experimental Cancer Therapy (Kallman RF, ed). Oxford:Pergamon Press, 1987;16-18.
95. Stromberg PC, Vogtsberger LM, McMurray DN, March LR, Kotur MS, Brown CA. Behavior of transplanted large granular lymphocyte leukemia in Fischer 344 rats. Lab Invest 53:200-208 (1985).
96. Venditti JM. Preclinical drug development: rationale and methods. Semin Oncol 8:349-361 (1981).
97. Geran RI, Greenberg NH, Macdonald MM, Schumacher AM, Abbott BJ. Protocols for screening chemical agents and natural products against animal tumors and other biological systems. 3rd ed. Cancer Chemother Rep Part 3 3(2):1-68 and Appendices (1972).
98. Breuer M, Wientjens E, Verbeek S, Slebos R, Berns A. Carcinogen-induced lymphomagenesis in pim-1 transgenic mice: dose dependence and involvement of myc and ras. Cancer Res 51:958-963 (1991).
99. Donehower LA, Harvey M, Slagle BL, McArthur MJ, Montgomery CA Jr, Butel JS, Bradley A. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumors. Nature 356:215-221 (1992).
100. Haran-Ghera N, Peled A. Induction of leukemia in mice by irradiation and radiation leukemia virus variants. Adv Cancer Res 30:45-87 (1979).
101. Janowski M, Cox R, Strauss PG. The molecular biology of radiation-induced carcinogenesis: thymic lymphoma, myeloid leukaemia and osteosarcoma. Int J Radiat Biol 57:677-691 (1990).
102. Boniver J, Humblet C, Rongy AM, Delvenne C, Delvenne P, Greimer R, Thiry A, Courtoy R, Defresne MP. Review: Cellular aspects of the pathogenesis of radiation-induced thymic lymphomas in C57BL mice. In Vivo 4:41-44 (1990).
103. Muto M, Kubo E, Kamisaku H, Sado T. Phenotypic characterization of thymic prelymphoma cells of B10 mice treated with split-dose irradiation. J Immunol 144:849-853 (1990).
104. Weiss R, Teich N, Varmus H, Coffin J, eds. RNA Tumor Viruses. Cold Spring Harbor, New York:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1985.
105. Kaplan HS. Presidential Address: On the natural history of the murine leukemias. Cancer Res 27:1325-1340 (1967).
106. Lieberman M, Merigan TC, Kaplan HS. Inhibition of radiogenic lymphoma development in mice by interferon. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138:575-578 (1971).
107. Chen L, Berenblum I. A quantitative study of the leukemogenic action of whole-body X-irradiation and urethane. II: In new born C57BL mice. Israel J Med Sci 4:1164-1168 (1968).
108. Svedenstål B-M, Holmberg B. Lymphoma development among mice exposed to X-rays and pulsed magnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol. 64:119-125 (1993).
109. Babbitt JT, Kharazi AI, Taylor JMG, Bonds CB, Mirell SG, Harn TJM. Lymphoma/leukemia in mice exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields. In: The Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, 6-10 November 1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1996;114-115.
110. Loughran TP. Clonal diseases of large granular lymphocytes. Blood 82:1-14 (1993).
111. Stromberg PC. Animal model of human disease: large granular lymphocyte leukemia in F344 rats - model for human Ty lymphoma, malignant histiocytosis, and T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Pathol 119:517-519 (1985).
112. Rosol TJ, Stromberg PC. Effects of large granular lymphocyte leukemia on bone in F344 rats. Vet Pathol 27:391-396 (1990).
113. Stromberg PC, Grants IS, Kociba GJ, Krakowka GS, Mezza LE. Serial syngeneic transplantation of large granular lymphocyte leukemia in F344 rats. Vet Pathol 27:404-410 (1990).
114. Dieter MP, Jameson CW, French JE, Gangjee S, Stefanski SA, Chhabra RS, Chan PC. Development and validation of a cellular transplant model for leukemia in Fischer rats: a short-term assay for potential anti-leukemic chemicals. Leuk Res 13:841-849 (1989).
115. Dieter MP, Maronpot RR, French JE. Comparison of the morphology and enzyme activity of mononuclear cells from Fischer 344 rats with either spontaneous or transplanted leukemia. Cancer Res 45:4301-4307 (1985).
116. Dieter MP, Maronpot RR, French JE. Biochemical markers for Fischer rat leukemia in a cell transplant model. Cancer Detect Prev 10:425-433 (1987).
117. Walker C, Stefanski SA, Gangjee S, Dieter MP, French JE. Expression of c-fms oncogene in a transplanted Fischer 344/N rat mononuclear cell leukemia. In: Conference Proceedings, American College of Pathology 1987;128.
118. Martens ACM, Hagenbeek A. Detection of minimal disease in acute leukemia using flow cytometry: studies in a rat model for human acute leukemia. Cytometry 6:342-347 (1985).
119. Stromberg PC, Kociba GJ, Grants IS, Krakowka GS, Rinehart JJ, Mezza LE. Spleen cell population changes and hemolytic anemia in F344 rats with large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Vet Pathol 27:397-403 (1990).
120. Sporn MB, Roberts AB. Autocrine growth factors and cancer. Nature 313:745-747 (1985).
121. Freedman MH, Grunberger T, Correa P, Axelrad AA, Dube ID, Cohen A. Autocrine and paracrine growth control by granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Blood 81:3068-3075 (1993).
122. Sherr CJ, Rettenmier CW, Sacca R, Roussel MF, Look AT, Stanley ER. The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1. Cell 41:665-676 (1985).
123. Hursting SD, Switzer BR, French JE, Kari FW. The growth hormone: insulin-like growth factor 1 axis is a mediator of diet restriction-induced inhibition of mononuclear cell leukemia in Fischer rats. Cancer Res 53:2750-2757 (1993).
124. Boissonneault GA. Calories and carcinogenesis; modulation by growth factors. In: Nutrition, Toxicity, and Cancer (Rowland IR, ed). Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1991;413-437.
125. Dieter MP, Jameson CW, Maronpot RR, Langenbach R, Braun AG. The chemotherapeutic potential of glycol alkyl ethers: structure-activity studies of nine compounds in a Fischer-rat leukemia transplant model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 26:173-180 (1990).
126. Anderson LE, Sasser LB, Morris JE. Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia in rats exposed to 60-Hz magnetic fields: preliminary studies and protocol. TR-104577. Palo Alto, CA:Electric Power Research Institute, 1994.
127. Schepartz SA. Screening. Cancer Chemother Rep Part 3. 2:3-8(1971).
128. Budel V, Pauwels O, Francisco J, Gasperin P, Pasteels J-L, Kiss R. Characterization of chemotherapy-induced morphonuclear modifications in the P388 leukaemia and the MXT mammary tumour models of the mouse. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 121:89-97 (1995).
129. Yang J-M, Goldenberg S, Gottesman MM, Hait WN. Characteristics of P388/VMDRC.04, a simple, sensitive model for studying P-glycoprotein antagonists. Cancer Res 54:730-737 (1994).
130. Driscoll JS. The preclinical new drug research program of the National Cancer Institute. Cancer Treat Rep 68:63-76 (1984).
131. Sasser LB, Morris JE, Mitchell CE, Buschbom RL, Miller DL, Anderson LE. Hematological evaluation of LGL leukemia in rats exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields. In: The Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, 6-10 November 1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Frederick, MD:W/L Associates, 1994;114.
132. Sasser LB, Morris JE, Miller DL, Rafferty CN, Ebi KL, Anderson LE. Effects of continuous or intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields on leukemia progression in rats. In: BEMS Eighteenth Annual Meeting, British Columbia, Canada, June 9, 1996. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1996;A-7-5.
133. Thomson RAE, Michaelson SM, Nguyen QA. Influence of 60-Hertz magnetic fields on leukemia. Bioelectromagnetics 9:49-158 (1988).
134. Adams JM, Cory S. Transgenic models for haemopoietic malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1072:9-31 (1991).
135. Hanahan D. Transgenic mice as probes into complex systems Science 246:1265-1275 (1989).
136. Connelly CS, Fahl WE, Iannaccone PM. The role of transgenic animals in the analysis of various biological aspects of normal and pathologic states. Exp Cell Res 183:257-276 (1989).
137. Selten G, Cuypers HT, Berns A. Proviral activation of the putative oncogene Pim-1 in MuLV induced T-cell lymphomas. EMBO J 4:1793-1798 (1985).
138. Saris CJM, Domen J, Berns A. The pim-1 oncogene encodes two related protein-serine/threonine kinases by alternative initiation at AUG and CUG. EMBO J 10:655-664 (1991).
139. Amson R, Sigaux F, Przedborski S, Flandrin G, Givol D, Telerman A. The human protooncogene product p33pim is expressed during fetal hematopoiesis and in diverse leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8857-8861 (1989).
140. VonLindern M, VanAgthoven T, Hagemeijer A, Adriaansen H, Grosveld G. The human pim-1 gene is not directly activated by the translocation (6;9) in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene 4:75-79 (1989).
141. Selten G, Cuypers HT, Boelens W, Robanus-Maandag E, Verbeek J, Domen J, VanBeveren C, Berns A. The primary structure of the putative oncogene pim-1 shows extensive homology with protein kinases. Cell 46:603-611 (1986).
142. Laird PW, vanderLugt NMT, Clarke A, Domen J, Linders K, McWhir J, Berns A, Hooper M. In vivo analysis of pim-1 deficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 21:4750-4755 (1993).
143. Breuer M, Slebos R, Verbeek S, Lohuizen MV, Wientjens E, Berns A. Very high frequency of lymphoma induction by a chemical carcinogen in pim-1 transgenic mice. Nature 340:61-63 (1989).
144. Moroy T, Verbeek S, Ma A, Achacoso P, Berns A, Alt F. Eμ N-and Eμ L-myc cooperate with Eμ pim-1 to generate lymphoid tumors at high frequency in double-transgenic mice. Oncogene 6:1941-1948 (1991).
145. Armstrong JJ, Galloway SM. Micronuclei induced in peripheral blood of Eμ-PIM-1 transgenic mice by chronic oral treatment with 2-acetylaminofluorene or benzene but not with diethyl-nitrosamine or 1,2-dichloroethane. Mutat Res 302:61-70 (1993).
146. Miura O, Miura Y, Nakamura N, Quelle FW, Witthuhn BA, Ihle JN, Aoki N. Induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav and Expression of pim-1 correlates with Jak2-mediated growth signaling from the erythropoietin receptor. Blood 84:4135-4141 (1994).
147. Domen J, van der Lugt NM, Laird PW, Saris CJM, Clarke AR, Hooper ML, Berns A. Impaired interleukin-3 response in pim-1-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells. Blood 82:1445-1452 (1993).
148. Dautry F, Weil D, Yu J, Dautry-Varsat A. Regulation of pim and myb mRNA accumulation by interleukin 2 and interleukin 3 in murine hematopoietic cell lines. J Biol Chem 263:17615-17620 (1988).
149. Moroy T, Grzeschiczek A, Petzold S, Hartmann K-U. Expression of a pim-1 transgene accelerates lymphoproliferation and inhibits apoptosis in lpr/lpr mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10734-10738 (1993).
150. Donehower LA, Bradley A. The tumor suppressor p53. Biochim Biophys Acta 1155:181-205 (1993).
151. Hartwell LH, Kastan MB. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 266:1821-1828 (1994).
152. Sands A, Donehower LA, Bradley A. Gene-targeting and the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Mutat Res 307:557-572 (1994).
153. Kemp CJ, Donehower LA, Bradley A, Balmain A. Reduction of p53 gene dosage does not increase initiation or promotion but enhances malignant progression of chemically induced skin tumors. Cell 74:813-822 (1993).
154. Lavigueur A, Bernstein A. p53 transgenic mice: accelerated erythroleukemia induction by Friend virus. Oncogene 6:2197-2201 (1991).
155. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759-767 (1990).
156. Shaulsky G, Ben-Ze'ev A, Rotter V. Subcellular distribution of the p53 protein during the cell cycle of Balb/c 3T3 cells. Oncogene 5:1707-1711 (1990).
157. Thut CJ, Chen J-L, Klemm R, Tijian R. p53 transcriptional activation mediated by coactivators TAFII40 and TAFII60. Science 267:100-104 (1995).
158. Sherley JL, Stadler PB, Johnson DR. Expression of the wild-type p53 antioncogene induces guanine nucleotide-dependent stem cell division kinetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:136-140 (1995).
159. Lowe SW, Schmitt EM, Smith SW, Osborne BA, Jacks T. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362:847-849 (1993).
160. Marin MC, Hsu B, Meyn RE, Donehower LA, El-Naggar AK, McDonnell TJ. Evidence that p53 and bcl-2 are regulators of a common cell death pathway important for in vivo lymphomagenesis. Oncogene 9:3107-3112 (1994).
161. Bakalkin G, Yakovleva T, Selivanova G, Magnusson KP, Szekely L, Koselva E, Klein G, Terenius L, Wiman KG. p53 binds single-stranded DNA ends and catalyzes DNA renaturation and strand transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:413-417 (1994).
162. Yin Y, Tainsky MA, Bischoff FZ, Strong LC, Wahl GM. Wild-type p53 restores cell cycle control and inhibits gene amplification in cells with mutant p53 alleles. Cell 70:937-948 (1992).
163. Xia F, Wang X, Wang Y-H, Tsang N-M, Yandell DW, Kelsey KT, Liber HL. Altered p53 status correlates with differences in sensitivity to radiation-induced mutation and apoptosis in two closely related human lymphoblast lines. Cancer Res 55:12-15 (1995).
164. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253:49-53 (1991).
165. Lavigueur A, Maltby V, Mock D, Rossant J, Pawson T, Bernstein A. High incidence of lung, bone, and lymphoid tumors in transgenic mice overexpressing mutant alleles of the p53 oncogene. Molec Cell Biol 9:3982-3991 (1989).
166. Harvey M, McArthur MJ, C.A. Montgomery J, Butel JS, Bradley A, Donehower LA. Spontaneous and carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Nature Genet 5:225-229 (1993).
167. Lee JM, Abrahamson JLA, Kandel R, Donehower LA, Bernstein A. Susceptibility to radiation-carcinogenesis and accumulation of chromosomal breakage in p53 deficient mice. Oncogene 9:3731-3736 (1994).
168. McCormick DL, Ryan BM, Findlay JC, Gauger JR, Johnson TR, Boorman GA. Magnetic field exposure and risk of lymphoma in PIM and TSG-P53 transgenic mice. Toxicologist 30:30 (1996).
169. Repacholi M, Basten A, Harris A, Noonan D, Finnie J, Gebski V, Kuchel T, Bangay M. Carcinogenicity from exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields: a transgenic mouse study. In: BEMS Seventeenth Annual Meeting, 18-22 June 1995, Boston, Massachusetts. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1995;173-174.
170. Savitz DA, Loomis DP. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol 141:123-134 (1995).
171. Peterson DL, Sheridan PJ, Brown WE, Jr. Animal models for brain tumors: historical perspectives and future directions. J Neurosurg 80:865-876 (1994).
172. Kleihues P, Shibata T, Aguzzi A, Burger PC. Cell-specific brain tumour
173. Schiffer D, Giordana MT, Mauro A, Racagni G, Bruno F, Pezzotta S, Paoletti P. Experimental brain tumors by transplacental ENU: multifactorial study of the latency period. Acta Neuropathol 49:117-122 (1980).
174. Maekawa A, Mitsumori K. Spontaneous occurrence and chemical induction of neurogenic tumors in rats - Influence of host factors and specificity of chemical structure. Crit Rev Toxicol 20:287-310 (1990).
175. Brüstle O, Petersen I, Radner H, Holl T, Plate KH, Kleihues P, Wiestier OD. Complementary tumor induction in neural grafts exposed to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and an activated myc gene. Carcinogenesis 14:1715-1718 (1993).
176. Radner H, El-Shabrawi Y, Eibl RH, Brüstle O, Kenner L, Kleihues P, Wiestler OD. Tumor induction by ras and myc oncogenes in fetal and neonatal brain: modulating effects of developmental stage and retroviral dose. Acta Neuropathol 86:456-465 (1993).
177. Bigner SH, Vogelstein B. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of malignant gliomas and medulloblastoma. Brain Pathol 1:12-18 (1990).
178. Usuki S, Maekawa A, Kang H, Shumiya S, Nagase S. High susceptibility of analbuminemic rats to neurogenic tumor induction by transplacental administration or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Jpn J Cancer Res 83:146-152 (1992).
179. Purves D, Dayan A. A preliminary investigation of promotion of brain tumours by hexachlorophane in Sprague-Dawley rats transplacentally exposed to N-ethylnitrosourea. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 18:259-264 (1992).
180. Rath R-W, Enke H. Die wirkung peroral applizierten zinks auf die induzierbarkeit experimenteller hirntumoren der ratte. Arch Geschwulstforsch 54:201-207 (1984).
181. Kokunai T, Tamaki N, Matsumoto S. Promoting effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on neurogenic microtumors initiated by transplacental exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Jpn J Cancer Res 78:534-536 (1987).
182. Vaquero J, Arias A, Zurita M, Coca S, Oya S, Morales C. Influence of recombinant interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-a on the development of ethyl nitrosourea-induced brain tumors. Oncol Res 4:275-280 (1992).
183. Vinores SA. Nerve growth factor modification of the ethylnitrosourea model for multiple schwannomas. Ann NY Acad Sci 486:124-131 (1986).
184. Sotelo J, Palencia G, Rosas N, Perez R. Effect of chronic stress on ENU-induced tumors. Biol Psychiatry 26:690-694 (1989).
185. Walker VE, Swenberg JA. Phenobarbital lacks promoting activity for neurogenic tumors in F344 rats transplacentally exposed to ethylnitrosourea. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 48:263-269 (1989).
186. Mennel HD, Zülch KJ. Tumours of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In: Pathology of Tumours in Laboratory Animals, Vol 1, Part 2 (Turusov VS, ed). Lyon:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1976;295-304.
187. Volrath M, Altmannsberger M, Weber K, Osborn M. Chemically induced tumors of rat olfactory epithelium: a model for human esthesioneuroepithelioma. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:1205-1216 (1986).
188. Mandeville R, Oth D, Descôteaux J-P, Franco E, Lis M, Houde R, Chahla D, Tremblay L. IAF research study of the evaluation of the potential carcinogenicity of 60-Hz magnetic fields. In: The Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of 50 and 60 HZ Electric and Magnetic Fields, Washington, DC, November 3, 1991. Frederick, MD:W/L Associates, 1991;A-43.
189. Mandeville R, Mercier G, Oth D, Descoteaux J-P, Lis M, Franco E, Houde M, Tremblay L. IAF chronic carcinogenicity evaluation of 60Hz linear sinusoidal continuous-wave magnetic fields in rats: protocol outline and quality assurance program development. In: Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine (Blank M, ed). San Francisco:San Francisco Press, 1993;419-422.
190. Brugere H, Pupin F, Lambrozo R, Lambrozo J. Effect of 50-Hz magnetic fields on ENU induced brain tumours in rats. In: The Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery & Use of Electricity, Savannah, Georgia, October 31, 1993. Frederick, MD:W/L Associates, 1993;74.
191. Haseman JK, Lockhart A-M. Correlations between chemically related site-specific carcinogenic effects in long-term studies in rats and mice. Environ Health Perspect 101:50-54 (1993).
192. Sontag JA, Page NP, Saffiotti U. Guidelines for carcinogen bioassay in small rodents. In: Carcinogenesis Technical Reports Series 1. NIH 76-801. Bethesda, MD: Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1976.
193. Bannasch P, Griesemer RA, Anders F, Becker R, Cabrai JR, Porta GD, Feron VJ, Henschler D, Ito N, Kroes R, et al. Assays for Initiating and Promoting Activities, Long-term and Short-term Assays for Carcinogens: A Critical Appraisal. IARC Scientific Publications No 83, Lyon:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986.
194. Ames BN, Gold LS. Too many rodent carcinogens: mitogenesis increases mutagenesis. Science 249:970-971(1990).
195. McCormick DL, Gauger JR, Boorman GA. Studies to evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of 60 Hz magnetic fields in laboratory animals. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual IEEE Conference on Dual-Use Technologies and Applications, Utica NY, May 23-26 1994, Vol 1. Washington:IEEE Society, 1994;553-560.
196. Yasui M, Kikuchi T, Ogawa M, Otaka Y, Tsuchitani M, Iwata H. Abstract: Life span exposure test of rats to 50-Hz sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields. II. Chronic carcinogenicity evaluation No P-B-61. In: BEMS Fifteenth Annual Meeting, 13-17 June 1993, Los Angeles, California. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1993;153.
197. Yasui M, Kikuchi T, Otaka Y, Kato M. Life span exposure test of rats to 50Hz sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields. In: Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine. (Blank M, ed). San Francisco:San Francisco Press, 1993;839-841.
198. Yasui M, Kikuchi T, Ooba W, Otaka Y, Tsuchitani M, Iwata H. Abstract: Life span exposure test of rats to 50 Hz sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields. III. Evaluation of effects on hematopoietic organs No P-40. In: BEMS Sixteenth Annual Meeting, 12-17 June 1994, Copenhagen, Denmark. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1994;130.
199. Fam WZ, Mikhail EL. A three-generation animal study of the biological effects of very strong low frequency electromagnetic field. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Engineering Advances: New Opportunities for Biomedical Engineers, Vol 16 (Norman F, Sheppard J, Eden M, Kantor G, eds). Baltimore, MD:The IEEE Society 1994;756-757.
200. Mikhail EL, Fam WZ. Abstract: Development of lymphoma in third-generation mice exposed to 60-Hz magnetic field. In: The Bioelectromagnetics Society. Thirteenth Annual Meeting, 1991, Salt Lake City, UT. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1991;24.
201. Mikhail EL, Fam WZ. Incidence of lymphoma in CFW mice exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic fields. In: Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine (Blank M, ed). San Francisco:San Francisco Press, 1993;389-392.
202. Bowman JD, Thomas DC, London SJ, Peters JM. Hypothesis: the risk of childhood leukemia is related to combinations of power-frequency and static magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 16:48-59 (1995).
203. McCann J, Dietrich F, Rafferty C, Martin AO. A critical review of the genotoxic potential of electric and magnetic fields. Mutation Research 297:61-95 (1993).
204. Murphy JC, Kaden DA, Warren J, Sivak A. Power frequency electric and magnetic fields: a review of genetic toxicology. Mutat Res 296:221-240 (1993).
205. Cohen SM, Ellwein LB. Genetic errors, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 51:6493-6505 (1991).
206. Kavet R. EMF and current cancer concepts. Bioelectromagnetics 17:339-357 (1996).
207. LeBars H, Andre G, Pupin F, Labie C. The biological effects of electric field effects on rats, mice and guinea pigs (English translation). Recl Med Vet 159:823-837.
208. Leung FC, Rommereim DN, Stevens RG, Wilson BW, Buschbom RL, Anderson LE. Effects of electric fields on rat mammary tumor development induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(A)anthracene. In: Tenth Annual BEMS Meeting, Stamford, Connecticut, June 19-23 1988. Frederick, MD:The Bioelectromagnetics Society, 1988;2-3.
209. Farber E. Hyperplastic liver nodules. Methods Cancer Res 7:345-375 (1973).
210. Rogers AE, Lee SY. Chemically-induced mammary gland tumors in rats: modulation by dietary fat. In: Dietary Fat and Cancer, Vol 222 (Ip C, Birt DF, Rogers AE, Mettlin C, eds). New York:Alan R. Liss, 1986;255-282.
211. Lasekan JB, Clayton MK, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Ney DM. Dietary olive and safflower oils in promotion of DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Nutr Cancer 13:153-163 (1990).
212. Ip C, Carter CA, Ip MM. Requirement of essential fatty acid for mammary tumorigenesis in the rat. Cancer Res 45:1997-2001 (1985).
213. Singletary KW, McNary MQ, Odoms AM, Nelshoppen J, Wallig MA. Ethanol consumption and DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Nutr Cancer 16:13-23 (1991).
214. Spear AT, Sherman AR. Iron deficiency alters DMBA-induced tumor burden and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in rats. J Nutr 122:46-55 (1992).
215. Buckley AR, Putnam CW, Russell DH. Prolactin is a tumor promoter in rat liver. Life Sci 37:2569-2575 (1985).
216. Ito N, Tatematsu M, Nakanishi K, Hasegawa R, Takano T, Imaida K, Ogiso T. The effects of various chemicals on the development of hyperplastic liver nodules in hepatectomized rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine or N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Gann 71:832-842 (1980).
217. Flodström S, Warngård L, Hemming H, Ahlborg UG. Chlorobenzilate-induced effects on enzyme-altered foci in rat liver and intercellular communication in rat liver WB-F344 epithelial cells. Cancer Lett 43:161-166 (1988).
218. Pereira MA, Herren SL, Britt AL, Khoury MK. Sex difference in enhancement of GGTase-positive foci by hexachlorobenzene and lindane in rat liver. Cancer Lett 15:95-101 (1982).
219. Tsuda H, Hasegawa R, Imaida K, Masui T, Moore MA, Ito N. Modifying potential of thirty-one chemicals on the short-tetm development of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat liver. Gann 75:876-883 (1984).
220. Pereira MA, Khoury MM, Glauert HP, Davis RA. Screen of five alkyl carbamates for initiating and promoting activity in rat liver. Cancer Lett 57:37-44 (1991).
221. Tsuda H, Masui T, Imaida K, Fukushima S, Ito N. Promotive effect of primary and secondary bile acids on the induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive liver cell foci as a possible endogenous factor for hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Gann 75:871-875 (1984).
222. Glauert HP, Pitot HC. Influence of dietary fat on the promotion of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in female rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 181:498-506 (1986).
223. 1-induced preneoplastic foci in rat liver. Carcinogenesis 8:101-107 (1987).
224. Boberg EW, Liem A, Miller EC, Miller JA. Inhibition by pentachlorophenol of the initiating and promoting activities of 1n-hydroxysafrole for the formation of enzyme-altered foci and tumors in rat liver. Carcinogenesis 8:531-539 (1987).
225. Malvaldi G, Chieli E, Saviozzi M. Promotive effects of thiobenzamide on liver carcinogenesis. Gann 74:469-471 (1983).
226. Slaga T, Fischer S, Weeks C, Klein-Szanto A, Reiners J. Studies on the mechanisms involved in multistage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. J Cell Biochem 18:99-119 (1982).
227. Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Suguri H, Yoshizawa S, Hirota M, Takagi K, Sugimura T. Diversity in the chemical nature and mechanism of response to tumor promoters. In: Skin Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and Human Relevance. New York:Alan R Liss, 1989;281-291.
228. Imamoto A, Wang X, Fujiki H, Walker S, Beltrán L, DiGiovanni J. Comparison of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and teleocidin for induction of epidermal hyperplasia, activation of epidermal PKC isozymes and skin tumor promotion in SENCAR and C57BL/6 mice. Carcinogenesis 14:719-724 (1993).
229. Battalora MSJ, Bhatt TS, Conti CJ, DiGiovanni J. Further studies of the mechanism of anthrone skin tumor promotion. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35:171 (1994).
230. Moser GJ, Meyer SA, Smart RC. The chlorinated pesticide mirex is a novel nonphorbol ester-type tumor promoter in mouse skin. Cancer Res 52:631-636 (1992).
231. Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Suguri H, Yoshizawa S, Takagi K, Uda N, Wakamatsu K, Yamada K, Murata M, Yasumoto T, Sugimura T. Diarrhetic shellfish toxin, dinophysistoxin-1, is a potent tumor promoter on mouse skin. Jpn J Cancer Res 79:1089-1093 (1988).
232. Chen L-C, Sly L, Jones C, Tarone R, DeLuca LM. Differential effects of dietary beta-carotene on papilloma and carcinoma formation induced by an initiation-promotion protocol in SENCAR mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 14:713-717 (1993).
233. Steinel HH, Baker RSU. Effects of beta-carotene on chemically-induced skin tumors in HRA/Skh hairless mice. Cancer Lett 51:163-168 (1990).
234. Leyton J, Lee ML, Locniskar M, Belury MA, Slaga TJ, Bechtel D, Fischer SM. Effects of type of dietary fat on phorbol esterelicited tumor promotion and other events in mouse skin. Cancer Res 51:907-915 (1991).
235. Fischer SM, Leyton J, Lee ML, Locniskar M, Belury MA, Maldve RE, Slaga TJ, Bechtel DH. Differential effects of dietary linoleic acid on mouse skin-tumor promotion and mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res (Suppl)52:2049s-2054s (1992).
236. Belman S, Block E, Perchellet J-P, Perchellet EM, Fischer SM. Onion and garlic oils inhibit promotion whereas the oils enhance the conversion of papillomas to carcinomas. These agents inhibit lipoxygenase and ornithine decarboxylase. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 28:166 (1987).
237. Perchellet J-P, Owen MD, Posey TD, Orten DK, Schneider BA. Inhibitory effects of glutathione level-raising agents and D-α-tocopherol on ornithine decarboxylase induction and mouse skin tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Carcinogenesis 6:567-573 (1985).
238. Mitchel RE, McCann JR. Vitamin E is a complete tumor promoter in mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 14:659-662 (1993).
239. Slaga TJ, Solanki V, Logani M. Studies on the mechanism of action of antitumor promoting agents: suggestive evidence for the involvement of free radicals in promotion. In: Radioprotectors and Anticarcinogens (Nygaard OF, Simic MG, eds). New York:Academic Press, 1983;471-485.
240. Kensler TW, Egner PA, Taffe BG, Trush MA. Role of free radicals in tumor promotion and progression. In: Skin Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and Human Relevance. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 298. New York:Alan R Liss, 1989;233-248.
241. DiGiovanni J. Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phorbol esters by mouse skin: relevance to mechanism of action and trans-species/strain carcinogenesis. In: Skin Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms and Human Relevance. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 298. New York:Alan R Liss, 1989;167-199.
242. Monks TJ, Walker SE, Flynn LM, Conti CJ, DiGiovanni J. Epidermal ornithine decarboxylase induction and mouse skin tumor promotion by quinones. Carcinogenesis 11:1795-1801 (1990).
243. Nishiwaki S, Fujiki H, Yoshizawa S, Suganuma M, Furuya-Suguri H, Okabe S, Nakayasu M, Okabe K, Muratake H, Natsume M, Umezawa K, Sakai S, Sugimura T. Pendolmycin, a new tumor promoter of the teleocidin A class on skin of CD-1 mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 82:779-783 (1991).
244. Smart RC, Mills KJ, Hansen LA, Conney AH. Synthetic lipid second messenger sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol: a complete tumor promoter in mouse skin. Cancer Res 49:4455-4458 (1989).
245. Boutwell RK. Some biological aspects of skin carcinogenesis. Prog Exp Tumor Res 4:207-250 (1964).
246. Iversen OH. Urethan (ethyl carbamate) is an effective promoter of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced carcinogenesis in mouse skin two-stage experiments. Carcinogenesis 12:901-903 (1991).
247. Slaga TJ, Fischer SM, Weeks CE, Klein-Szanto AJP. Cellular and biochemical mechanisms of mouse skin tumor promoters. In: Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology Vol 3 (Hodgson E, Bend J, Philpot RM eds). New York:Elsevier 1981;231-281.
248. Fürstenberger G, Berry DL, Sorg B, Marks F. Skin tumor promotion by phorbol esters is a two-stage process. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:7722-7726 (1981).