Role of early post-settlement mortality in recruitment of benthic marine invertebrates

Marine Ecology Progress Series

Volumn 155, Issue , 1997, Pages 269-301

  Hunt, Heather L ^a   Scheibling, Robert E ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Competition; Density dependence; Disturbance; Early post settlement mortality; Marine invertebrates; Physiological stress; Predation; Recruitment; Settlement; Spatial scale

Indexed keywords

INVERTEBRATES; MARINE INVERTEBRATE; MORTALITY; POST-SETTLEMENT; RECRUITMENT; ZOOBENTHOS;

ASCIDIACEA; CIRRIPEDIA; INVERTEBRATA; THORACICA;

EID: 0030931467     PISSN: 01718630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/meps155269     Document Type: Article

References (294)

1. Ahn IY, Lopez G, Malouf R (1993) Effects of the gem clam Gemma gemma on early post-settlement emigration, growth and survival of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 99:61-70
2. Alexander SE, Roughgarden J (1996) Larval transport and population dynamics of intertidal barnacles: a coupled benthic/oceanic model. Ecol Monogr 66:259-275
3. Ambrose WG, Irlandi EA (1992) Height of attachment on seagrass leads to trade-off between growth and survival in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 90:45-51
4. Armonies W (1994) Turnover of postlarval bivalves in sediments of tidal flats in Königshafen (German Wadden Sea). Helgol Meeresunters 48:291-297
5. Aronson RB, Heck KL (1995) Tethering experiments and hypothesis testing in ecology. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 121: 307-309
6. Baker SM, Mann R (1992) Effects of hypoxia and anoxia on larval settlement, juvenile growth, and juvenile survival of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 182:265-269
7. Balch T, Scheibling RE (in press) Settlement and recruitment of echinoderms in kelp beds and sea urchin-dominated barren grounds in Nova Scotia. In: Mooi R, Telford M (eds) Proc 9th Int Echinoderm Conference. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
8. Barbeau MA, Hatcher BG, Scheibling RE, Hennigar AW, Taylor LH, Risk AC (1996) Dynamics of juvenile sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) and their predators in bottom seeding trials in Lunenburg Bay, Nova Scotia. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:2494-2512
9. Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE (1994a) Behavioral mechanisms of prey size selection by sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and crabs (Cancer irroratus Say) preying on juvenile sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin)). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 180:103-136
10. Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE (1994b) Temperature effects on predation of juvenile sea scallops [Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin)] by sea stars (Asterias vulgaris Verrill) and crabs (Cancer irroratus Say). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 182:27-47
11. Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE (1994c) Procedural effects of prey tethering experiments: predation of juvenile scallops by crabs and sea stars. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:305-310
12. Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE, Hatcher BG, Taylor LH, Hennigar AW (1994) Survival analysis of tethered juvenile sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus in field experiments: effects of predators, scallop size and density, site and season. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 115:243-256
13. Barkai A, Branch GM (1988) The influence of predation and substratal complexity on recruitment to settlement plates: a test of the theory of alternative states. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 124:215-237
14. Barshaw DE, Able KW (1990) Tethering as a technique for assessing predation rates in different habitats: an evaluation using juvenile lobsters Homarus americanus. Fish Bull (Wash DC) 88:415-417
15. Barshaw DE, Lavalli KL (1988) Predation upon postlarval lobsters Homarus americanus by cunners Tautogolabrus adspersus and mud crabs Neopanope sayi on three different substrates: eelgrass, mud and rocks. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 48:119-123
16. Beal BF (1983) Predation of juveniles of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne) by the snapping shrimp Alpheus heterochaelis Say and Alpheus normanii Kingsley. J Shellfish Res 3:1-9
17. Bell SS, Coull BC (1980) Experimental evidence for a model of juvenile macrofauna-meiofauna interactions. In: Tenore KR, Coull BC (eds) Marine benthic dynamics. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, p 179-192
18. Bergeron P, Bourget E (1986) Shore topography and spatial partitioning of crevice refuges by sessile epibenthos in an ice disturbed environment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 28:129-145
19. Bertness MD (1989) Intraspecific competition and facilitation in a northern acorn barnacle population. Ecology 70: 257-268
20. Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Stephens EG, Yund PO (1992) Components of recruitment in populations of the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (Linnaeus). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 156:199-215
21. Bertness MD, Gaines SD, Wahle RA (1996) Wind-driven settlement patterns in the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 137:103-110
22. Bingham BL (1992) Life histories in an epifaunal community: coupling of adult and larval processes. Ecology 73: 2244-2259
23. Bisker R, Castagna M (1987) Predation on single spat oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) by blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun and mud crabs Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards. J Shellfish Res 6:37-40
24. Booth DJ, Brosnan DM (1995) The role of recruitment dynamics in rocky shore and coral reef communities. In: Begon M, Fitter AH (eds) Advances in ecological research. Academic Press, San Diego, p 309-385
25. Bowman RS (1986) The biology of the limpet Patella vulgata L. in the British Isles: spawning time as a factor determining recruitment success. In: Moore PG, Seed R (eds) The ecology of rocky coasts. Columbia University Press, New York, p 178-193
26. Bowman RS, Lewis JR (1977) Annual fluctuations in the recruitment of Patella vulgata L. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 57: 793-815
27. Branch GM (1975) Ecology of Patella species from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa IV. Desiccation. Mar Biol 32: 179-188
28. Breen PA, Carolsfeld W, Yamanaka KL (1985) Social behaviour of juvenile red sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (Agassiz). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 92:45-61
29. Brenchley GA (1981) Disturbance and community structure: an experimental study of bioturbation in marine soft-bottom environments. J Mar Res 39:767-790
30. Brown SD, Bert TM (1993) The effects of temperature and salinity on molting and survival of Menippe adina and M. mercenaria (Crustacea, Decapoda) postsettlement juveniles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 99:41-49
31. Brown SD, Bert TM, Tweedale WA, Torres JJ, Lindberg WJ (1992) The effects of temperature and salinity on survival and development of early life history stage Florida stone crabs Menippe mercenaria (Say). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 157: 115-136
32. Bushek D (1988) Settlement as a major determinant of intertidal oyster and barnacle distributions along a horizontal gradient. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 122:1-18
33. Buss LW (1979) Bryozoan overgrowth interactions - the interdependence of competition for space and food. Nature 281:475-477
34. Buss LW (1981) Group living, competition, and the evolution of cooperation in a sessile invertebrate. Science 213: 1012-1014
35. Butler MJ, Herrnkind WF (1997) A test of recruitment limitation and the potential for artificial enhancement of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) populations in Florida. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:452-463
36. Butman CA (1987) Larval settlement of soft sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 25:113-165
37. Caffey HM (1982) No effect of naturally-occurring rock types on settlement or survival in the intertidal barnacle, Tesseropora rosea (Krauss). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 63:119-132
38. Caffey HM (1985) Spatial and temporal variation in settlement and recruitment of intertidal barnacles. Ecol Monogr 55:313-332
39. Cameron RA, Schroeter SC (1980) Sea urchin recruitment: effect of substrate selection on juvenile distribution. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2:243-247
40. Carroll ML (1996) Barnacle population dynamics and recruitment regulation in southcentral Alaska. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 199:285-302
41. Chen CP, Chen BY (1993) The effect of temperature-salinity combinations on survival and growth of juvenile Patiriella pseudoexigua (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Mar Biol 115: 119-122
42. Chittleborough RG, Phillips BF (1975) Fluctuations of year-class strength and recruitment in the Western rock lobster Panulirus longipes (Milne-Edwards). Aust J Mar Freshwat Res 26:317-328
43. Connell JH (1961) Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecol Monogr 31:61-104
44. Connell JH (1970) A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal region. I. Balanus glandula and several predatory species of Thais. Ecol Monogr 40:49-78
45. Connell JH (1985) The consequences of variation in initial settlement vs. post-settlement mortality in rocky intertidal communities. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 93:11-45
46. Creese RG (1982) Distribution and abundance of the acmaeid limpet, Patelloida latistrigata, and its interaction with barnacles. Oecologia 52:85-96
47. Cummings VJ, Pridmore RD, Thrush SF (1996) Effect of the spionid polychaete Boccardia syrtis on the distribution and survival of juvenile Macoma liliana (Bivalvia: Tellinacea). Mar Biol 126:91-98
48. Dalby JE, Young CM (1992) Role of early post-settlement mortality in setting the upper depth limit of ascidians in Florida epifaunal communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 89: 221-228
49. Davis AR (1987) Variation in recruitment of the subtidal colonial ascidian Podoclavella cylindrica (Quoy & Gaimard): the role of substratum choice and early survival. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 106:57-71
50. Davis AR (1988a) Effects of variation in initial settlement on distribution and abundance of Podoclavella moluccensis Sluiter. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 117:157-167
51. Davis AR (1988b) Colony regeneration following damage and size-dependent mortality in the Australian ascidian Podoclavella moluccensis Sluiter. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 123: 269-285
52. Dayton PK (1971) Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecol Monogr 41: 351-389
53. Dayton PK, Oliver JS (1980) An evaluation of experimental analyses of population and community patterns in benthic marine environments. In: Tenore KR, Coull BC (eds) Marine benthic dynamics. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, p 93-120
54. Deevey ES (1947) Life tables for natural populations of animals. Q Rev Biol 22:283-314
55. Denley EJ, Underwood AJ (1979) Experiments on factors influencing settlement, survival, and growth of two species of barnacles in New South Wales. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 36:269-293
56. De Wolf P (1973) Ecological observations on the mechanisms of dispersal of barnacle larvae during planktonic life and settling. Neth J Sea Res 6:1-129
57. Dittel A, Epifanio CE, Natunewicz C (1996) Predation on mud crab megalopae, Panopeus herbstii H. Milne Edwards: effect of habitat complexity, predator species and postlarval densities. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 198:191-202
58. Dungan ML (1985) Competition and the morphology, ecology and evolution of acorn barnacles: an experimental test. Paleobiology 11:165-173
59. Ebert TA, Russell MP (1988) Latitudinal variation in size structure of the west coast purple sea urchin: a correlation with headlands. Limnol Oceanogr 33:286-294
60. Ebert TA, Schroeter SC, Dixon JD, Kalvass P (1994) Settlement patterns of red and purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus) in California, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:41-52
61. Eckman JE (1987) The role of hydrodynamics in recruitment, growth, and survival of Argopecten irradians (L.) and Anomia simplex (D'Orbigny) within eelgrass meadows. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 106:165-191
62. Eggleston DB (1990) Foraging behavior of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, on juvenile oysters, Crassostrea virginica: effects of prey density and size. Bull Mar Sci 46:62-82
63. Eggleston DB, Armstrong DA (1995) Pre-and post-settlement determinants of estuarine Dungeness crab recruitment. Ecol Monogr 65:193-216
64. Elmgren R, Ankar S, Marteleur B, Ejdung G (1986) Adult interference with postlarvae in soft sediments: the Pontoporela-Macoma example. Ecology 67:827-836
65. Fairweather PG (1988) Consequences of supply-side ecology: manipulating the recruitment of intertidal barnacles affects the intensity of predation upon them. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 175:349-354
66. Farrant PA (1987) Population dynamics of the temperate Australian soft coral Capnella gaboensis. Mar Biol 96:401-407
67. Farrell TM, Bracher D, Roughgarden J (1991) Cross-shelf transport causes recruitment to intertidal populations in central California. Limnol Oceanogr 36:279-288
68. Feller RJ, Stancyk SE, Coull BC, Edwards DG (1992) Recruitment of polychaetes and bivalves: long-term assessment of predictability in a soft-bottom habitat. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 87:227-238
69. Fernandez M, Armstrong D, Iribarne O (1993b) First cohort of young-of-the-year Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, reduces abundance of subsequent cohorts in intertidal shell habitat. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:2100-2105
70. Fernandez M, Iribarne O, Armstrong D (1993a) Habitat selection by young-of-the-year Dungeness crab Cancer magister and predation risk in intertidal habitats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92:171-177
71. Forcucci D, Butler MJ, Hunt JH (1994) Population dynamics of juvenile Carribean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in Florida Bay, Florida. Bull Mar Sci 54:805-818
72. Foster BA (1971) On the determinants of the upper limit of intertidal distribution of barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia). J Anim Ecol 40:33-48
73. Fretter V, Manly R (1977) Algal associations of Tricolia pullus, Lacuna vincta and Cerithiopsis tubercularis (Gastropoda) with special reference to the settlement of their larvae. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 57:999-1017
74. Gage JD, Tyler PA (1981) Non-viable seasonal settlement of larvae of the upper bathyal brittle star Ophiocten gracilis in the Rockall Trough Abyssal. Mar Biol 64:153-161
75. Gaines SD, Bertness MD (1992) Dispersal of juveniles and variable recruitment in sessile marine species. Nature 360: 579-580
76. Gaines S, Brown S, Roughgarden J (1985) Spatial variation in larval concentrations as a cause of spatial variation in settlement of the barnacle, Balanus glandula. Oecologia 67: 267-272
77. Gaines S, Roughgarden J (1985) Larval settlement rate: a leading determinant of structure in an ecological community of the marine intertidal zone. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 82:3707-3711
78. Garcìa-Esquivel Z, Bricelj VM (1993) Ontogenetic changes in microhabitat distribution of juvenile bay scallops, Argopecten irradians irradians (L.), in eelgrass beds, and their potential significance to recruitment. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 185:42-55
79. Goodbody I (1963) The biology of Ascidia nigra (Savigny). II. The development and survival of young ascidians. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 124:31-44
80. Goreau NI, Goreau TJ, Hayes RL (1981) Settling, survivorship and spatial aggregation in planulae and juveniles of the coral Pontes pontes (Pallas). Bull Mar Sci 31:424-435
81. Gosling EM (1992) Genetics of Mytilus. In: Gosling EM (ed) The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 309-382
82. Gosselin LA (1993) A method for marking small juvenile gastropods. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 73:963-966
83. Gosselin LA, Chia FS (1995a) Characterizing temperate rocky shores from the perspective of an early juvenile snail: the main threats to survival of newly hatched Nucella emarginata. Mar Biol 122:625-635
84. Gosselin LA, Chia FS (1995b) Distribution and dispersal of early juvenile snails: effectiveness of intertidal habitats as refuges and food sources. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 128:213-223
85. Gosselin LA, Chia FS (1996) Prey selection by inexperienced predators: do early juvenile snails maximize net energy gains on their first attack? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 199:45-58
86. Gosselin LA, Qian PY (1996) Early post-settlement mortality of an intertidal barnacle: a critical period for survival. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 135:69-75
87. Gosselin LA, Qian PY (1997) Juvenile mortality in benthic marine invertebrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 146:265-282
88. Gotelli NJ (1987) Spatial and temporal patterns of reproduction, larval settlement, and recruitment of the compound ascidian Aplidium stellatum. Mar Biol 94:45-51
89. Grant WS (1977) High intertidal community organization on a rocky headland in Maine, USA. Mar Biol 44:15-25
90. Grosberg RK (1981) Competitive ability influences habitat choice in marine invertebrates. Nature 290:700-702
91. Grosberg RK (1982) Intertidal zonation of barnacles: the influence of planktonic zonation of larvae on the vertical distribution of adults. Ecology 63:894-899
92. Guillou J, Tartu C (1994) Post-larval and juvenile mortality in a population of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule (L.) from northern Brittany. Neth J Sea Res 33:103-111
93. Günther CP (1992) Settlement and recruitment of Mya arenaria L. in the Wadden sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 159: 203-215
94. Hall SJ, Raffaelli D, Turrell WR (1990) Predator-caging experiments in marine systems: a reexamination of their value. Am Nat 136:657-672
95. Hamel JF, Mercier A (1996) Early development, settlement, growth, and spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:253-271
96. Harriott VJ (1983) Reproductive seasonality, settlement, and post-settlement mortality of Posillopora damicornis (Linnaeus), at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 2: 151-157
97. Hatcher BG, Scheibling RE, Barbeau MA, Hennigar AW, Taylor LH, Windust AJ (1996) Dispersion and mortality of a population of sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) seeded in a tidal channel. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:38-54
98. Hatton H (1938) Essais de bionomie explicative sur quelques espèces intercotidales d'algues et d'animaux. Ann Inst Oceanogr 17:241-348
99. Hawkins SJ (1983) Interactions of Patella and macroalgae with settling Semibalanus balanoides (L.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 71:55-72
100. Haywood MDE, Staples DJ (1993) Field estimates of growth and mortality of juvenile banana prawns (Penaeus merguiensis). Mar Biol 116:407-416
101. Herrnkind WF, Butler MJ (1986) Factors regulating postlarval settlement and juvenile microhabitat use by spiny lobsters Panulirus argus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 34:23-30
102. Herrnkind WF, Butler MJ (1994) Settlement of spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) in Florida: pattern without predictability? Crustaceana 67:46-64
103. Highsmith RC (1982) Induced settlement and metamorphosis of sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) larvae in predator-free sites: adult sand dollar beds. Ecology 63:329-337
104. Highsmith RC, Emlet RB (1986) Delayed metamorphosis: effect on growth and survival of juvenile sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida). Bull Mar Sci 39:347-361
105. Hixon MA (1991) Predation as a process structuring coral reef fish communities. In: Sale PF (ed) The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, p 475-507
106. Hoffman DL (1989) Settlement and recruitment patterns of a pedunculate barnacle, Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby, off La Jolla, California. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 125:83-98
107. Holland AF, Shaughnessy AT, Hiegel MH (1987) Long-term variation in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay macrobenthos: spatial and temporal patterns. Estuaries 10:227-245
108. Hohn ER (1990) Effects of density-dependent mortality on the relationship between recruitment and larval settlement. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 60:141-146
109. Howard RK (1988) Fish predators of the western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus George) in a nearshore nursery habitat. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res 39:307-316
110. Hughes TP (1990) Recruitment limitation, mortality, and population regulation in open systems: a case study. Ecology 71:12-20
111. Hunt HL, Scheibling RE (1996) Physical and biological factors influencing mussel (Mytilus trossulus, M. edulis) settlement on a wave-exposed rocky shore. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 142:135-145
112. Hunt HL, Scheibling RE (in press) Effects of whelk (Nucella lapillus (L.)) predation on mussel (Mytilus trossulus (Gould), M. edulis (L.)) assemblages in tidepools and on emergent rock on a wave-exposed rocky shore in Nova Scotia, Canada. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
113. Hurlbut CJ (1991a) Community recruitment: settlement and juvenile survival of seven co-occurring species of sessile marine invertebrates. Mar Biol 109:507-515
114. Hurlbut CJ (1991b) Larval substratum selection and postsettlement mortality as determinants of the distribution of two bryozoans. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 147:103-119
115. Hurlbut CJ (1991c) The effects of larval abundance, settlement and juvenile mortality on the depth distribution of a colonial ascidian. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 150:183-202
116. Hurlbut CJ (1993) The adaptive value of larval behavior of a colonial ascidian. Mar Biol 115:253-262
117. Incze LS, Wahle RA (1991) Recruitment from pelagic to early benthic phase in lobsters Homarus americanus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 79:77-87
118. Jensen KT, Jensen JN (1985) The importance of some epibenthic predators on the density of juvenile benthic macrofauna in the Danish Wadden Sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 89: 157-174
119. Johns PM, Mann KH (1987) An experimental investigation of juvenile lobster habitat preference and mortality among habitats of varying structural complexity. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 109:275-285
120. Karlson RH, Levitan DR (1990) Recruitment-limitation in open populations of Diadema antillarum: an evaluation. Oecologia 82:40-44
121. Keesing JK, Halford AR (1992) Field measurement of survival rates of juvenile Acanthaster planci: techniques and preliminary results. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 85:107-114
122. Keesing JK, Widermeyer WL, Okaji K, Halford AR, Hall KC, Cartwright CM (1996) Mortality rates of juvenile starfish Acanthaster planci and Nardoa spp. measured on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and in Okinawa, Japan. Oceanol Acta 19:441-448
123. Kendall MA, Bedford ML (1987) Reproduction and recruitment of the barnacle Chthamalus montagui at Aberystwyth (mid-Wales). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 38:305-308
124. Kendall MA, Bowman RS, Williamson P, Lewis JR (1985) Annual variations in the recruitment of Semibalanus balanoides on the North Yorkshire Coast 1969-1981. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 65:1009-1030
125. Kenyon RA, Loneragan NR, Hughes JM (1995) Habitat type and light affect sheltering behaviour of juvenile tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus Haswell) and success rates of their fish predators. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 192:87-105
126. Keough MJ (1984) Dynamics of the epifauna of the bivalve Pinna bicolor: interactions among recruitment, predation, and competition. Ecology 65:677-688
127. Keough MJ (1986) The distribution of a bryozoan on seagrass blades: settlement, growth, and mortality. Ecology 67: 846-857
128. Keough MJ, Chernoff H (1987) Dispersal and population variation in the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Ecology 68:199-210
129. Keough MJ, Downes BJ (1982) Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia 54:348-352
130. Keough MJ, Downes BJ (1986) Effects of settlement and post-settlement mortality on the distribution of the ascidian Trididemnun opacum. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 33:279-285
131. Kingsford MJ (1990) Linear oceanographic features: a focus for research on recruitment processes. Aust J Ecol 15: 391-401
132. Kinne O (ed) (1980) Diseases of marine animals, VoI I. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
133. Laprise R, Blaber SJM (1992) Predation by Moses perch, Lutjanus russelli, and blue-spotted trevally, Caranx bucculentus, on juvenile brown tiger prawn, Penaeus esculentus: effects of habitat structure and time of day. J Fish Biol 40: 627-635
134. Lavalli KL, Barshaw DE (1986) Burrows protect postlarval lobsters Homarus americanus from predation by the non-burrowing cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, but not from the burrowing mud crab Neopanope texani. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 32:13-16
135. Le Fèvre J, Bourget E (1991) Neustonic niche for cirripede larvae as a possible adaptation for long-range dispersal. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 74:185-194
136. Lewis JR, Bowman RS (1975) Local habitat-induced variations in the population dynamics of Patella vulgata L. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 17:165-203
137. Luckenbach MW (1984) Settlement and early post-settlement survival in the recruitment of Mulinia lateralis (Bivalvia). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 17:245-250
138. Luckenbach MW (1987) Effects of adult infauna on new recruits: implications for the role of biogenic refuges. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 105:197-206
139. Magre EJ (1974) Ulva lactuca L. negatively affects Balanus balanoides (L.) (Cirripedia Thoracica) in tidepools. Crustaceana 27:231-235
140. Maldonado M, Young CM (1996) Effects of physical factors on larval behavior, settlement and recruitment of four tropical demosponges. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 138:169-180
141. Martel A, Chia FS (1991) Opposition, larval abundance, in situ larval growth and recruitment of the herbivorous gastropod Lacuna vincta in kelp canopies in Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island (British Columbia). Mar Biol 110: 237-247
142. McCann LD, Levin LA (1989) Oligochaete influence on settlement, growth, and reproduction in a surface-deposit-feeding polychaete. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 131:233-253
143. McGuiness KA, Davis AR (1989) Analysis and interpretation of the recruit-settler relationship. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 134: 197-202
144. McShane PE (1991) Density-dependent mortality of recruits of the abalone Haliotis rubra (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Mar Biol 110:385-389
145. McShane PE, Naylor JR (1995) Depth can affect post-settlement survival of Haliotis iris (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 187:1-12
146. Meadows PS (1969) Settlement, growth and competition in sublittoral populations of barnacles. Hydrobiologia 33: 65-93
147. Menge BA (1976) Organization of the New England rocky intertidal community: role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity. Ecol Monogr 46:355-393
148. Menge BA (1991) Relative importance of recruitment and other causes of variation in rocky intertidal community structure. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 146:69-100
149. Menge BA, Berlow EL, Blanchette CA, Navarette SA, Yamada SB (1994) The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecol Monogr 64:249-286
150. Menge BA, Farrell TM (1989) Community structure and interactions webs in shallow marine hard-bottom communities: tests of an environmental stress model. In: Begon M, Fitter AH, Ford ED, MacFadigan A (eds) Advances in ecological research. Academic Press, London, p 189-262
151. Menge BA, Sutherland JP (1987) Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. Am Nat 130: 730-757
152. Micheli F (1996) Predation intensity in estuarine soft-bottoms: between-habitat comparisons and experimental artifacts. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 141:295-302
153. Michener WK, Kenny PD (1991) Spatial and temporal patterns of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) recruitment: relationship to scale and substratum. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 154:97-121
154. Mileikovsky SA (1961) Character and nature of deep-sea populations of eurybathic forms of invertebrates with pelagic larvae, taking as an example the polychaete Euphrosyne borealis Oersted 1843 from the North Atlantic. Okeanologiya 1:679-687 [in Russian, English translation in Deep Sea Res 9:531-537 (1962)]
155. Mileikovsky SA (1961) Character and nature of deep-sea populations of eurybathic forms of invertebrates with pelagic larvae, taking as an example the polychaete Euphrosyne borealis Oersted 1843 from the North Atlantic. Okeanologiya 1:679-687 [in Russian, English translation in Deep Sea Res 9:531-537 (1962)]
156. Mileikovsky SA (1974) On predation of pelagic larvae and early juveniles of marine bottom invertebrates and their passing alive through their predators. Mar Biol 26: 303-311
157. Miller KM, Carefoot TH (1989) The role of spatial and size refuges in the interaction between juvenile barnacles and grazing limpets. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 134:157-174
158. Miller SE (1993) Larval period and its influence on post-larval life history: a comparison of lecithotrophy and facultative planktotrophy in the aeolid nudibranch Phestilla sibogae. Mar Biol 117:635-645
159. Mills A, Fish JD (1980) Effects of salinity and temperature on Corophium volutator and C. arenarium (Crustacea: Amphipoda), with particular reference to distribution. Mar Biol 58:153-161
160. Minchinton TE, Scheibling RE (1991) The influence of larval supply and settlement on the population structure of barnacles. Ecology 72:1867-1879
161. Minchinton TE, Scheibling RE (1993a) Free space availability and larval substratum selection as determinants of barnacle population structure in a developing rocky intertidal community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 95:233-244
162. Minchinton TE, Scheibling RE (1993b) Variations in sampling procedure and frequency affect estimates of recruitment of barnacles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 99:83-88
163. Minello TJ, Zimmerman RJ, Martinez EX (1989) Mortality of young brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus in estuarine nurseries. Trans Am Fish Soc 118:693-708
164. Miron G, Boudreau B, Bourget E (1995) Use of larval supply in benthic ecology: testing correlations between larval supply and larval settlement. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 124:301-305
165. Möller P (1986) Physical and biological interactions regulating infauna in shallow boreal areas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 30: 33-47
166. Moreno CA (1995) Macroalgae as a refuge from predation for recruits of the mussel Choromytilus chorus (Molina, 1782) in southern Chile. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 191:181-193
167. Morgan GR, Phillips BF, Joll LM (1982) Stock and recruitment relationships in Panulirus cygnus, the commercial rock (spiny) lobster of Western Australia. Fish Bull (Wash DC) 80:475-486
168. Morgan SG, Zimmer-Faust RK, Heck KL, Coen LD (1996) Population regulation of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus in the northern Gulf of Mexico: postlarval supply. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 133:73-88
169. Muus K (1973) Settling, growth and mortality of young bivalves in the Oresund. Ophelia 12:79-116
170. O'Brien CJ (1994a) Population dynamics of juvenile tiger prawns Penaeus esculentus in south Queesland, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 104:247-256
171. O'Brien CJ (1994b) The effects of temperature and salinity on growth and survival of juvenile tiger prawns Penaeus esculentus (Haswell). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 183:133-145
172. O'Connor NJ (1993) Settlement and recruitment of the fiddler crabs Uca pugnax and U. pugilator in a North Carolina, USA, salt marsh. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 93:227-234
173. Ojeda FP, Dearborn JH (1991) Feeding ecology of benthic mobile predators: experimental analyses of their influence in rocky subtidal communities of the Gulf of Maine. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 149:13-44
174. Ólafsson EB (1989) Contrasting influences of suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding populations of Macoma balthica on infaunal recruitment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 55: 171-179
175. Ölafsson EB, Peterson CH, Ambrose WG Jr (1994) Does recruitment limitation structure populations and communities of macro-invertebrates in marine soft sediments: the relative significance of pre-and post-settlement processes. Annu Rev Oceanogr Mar Biol 32:65-109
176. Oliver JS, Oakden JM, Slattery PN (1982) Phoxocephalid amphipod crustaceans as predators on larvae and juveniles in marine soft-bottom communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 7:179-184
177. Oliver JS, Slatterly PN (1985) Effects of crustacean predators on species composition and population structure of soft-bodied infauna from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Ophelia 24:155-175
178. Olmi EJ, Lipcius RN (1991) Predation on postlarvae of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun by sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa Say and grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 151:169-183
179. Olson RR (1983) Ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis: the role of larval photoadaptations in midday larval release and settlement. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 165:221-240
180. Olson RR (1985) The consequences of short-distance larval dispersal in a sessile marine invertebrate. Ecology 66: 30-39
181. Osman RW (1987) Interactions between the vermetid Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) and several species of encrusting bryozoans. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 111:267-284
182. Osman RW, Whitlach RB (1995a) Predation on early ontogenetic life stages and its effect on recruitment into a marine epifaunal community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117:111-126
183. Osman RW, Whitlach RB (1995b) The influence of resident adults on recruitment: a comparison to settlement. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 190:169-198
184. Osman RW, Whitlach RB, Malatesta RJ (1992) Potential role of micro-predators in determining recruitment into a marine community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 83:35-43
185. Osman RW, Whitlatch RB, Zajac RN (1989) Effects of resident species on recruitment into a community: larval settlement versus post-settlement mortality in the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 54:61-73
186. Pawlik JR (1992) Chemical ecology of the settlement of benthic marine invertebrates. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 30:273-335
187. Pechenik JA (1990) Delayed metamorphosis by larvae of benthic marine invertebrates: does it occur? Is there a price to pay? Ophelia 32:63-94
188. Pechenik JA, Cerulli TR (1991) Influence of delayed metamorphosis on survival, growth, and reproduction of the marine polychaete Capitella sp. I. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 151: 17-27
189. Pechenik JA, Eyster LS (1989) Influence of delayed metamorphosis on the growth and metabolism of young Crepidula fornicata (Gastropoda) juveniles. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 176:14-24
190. Pechenik JA, Rittschof D, Schmidt AR (1993) Influence of delayed metamorphosis on survival and growth of juvenile barnacles Balanus amphitrite. Mar Biol 115:287-294
191. Pedersen EM (1991) Population genetics of Mytilus from a developing intertidal community in Nova Scotia, Canada. MSc thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax
192. Peterson CH (1977) Competitive organization of the soft-bottom macrobenthic communities of Southern California lagoons. Mar Biol 43:343-359
193. Peterson CH (1979) Predation, competitive exclusion, and diversity in the soft-sediment benthic communities of estuaries and lagoons. In: Livingston RJ (ed) Ecological processes in coastal and marine systems. Plenum Press, New York, p 233-264
194. Peterson CH (1982) The importance of predation and intra-and interspecific competition in the population biology of two infaunal suspension-feeding bivalves, Protothaca staminea and Chione undatella. Ecol Monogr 52:437-475
195. Peterson CH, Black R (1993) Experimental tests of the advantages and disadvantages of high density for two coexisting cockles in a Southern Ocean lagoon. J Anim Ecol 62: 614-633
196. Peterson CH, Black R (1994) An experimentalist's challenge: when artifacts of intervention interact with treatments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:289-297
197. Peterson CH, Summerson HC (1992) Basin-scale coherence of population dynamics of an exploited marine invertebrate, the bay scallop: implications of recruitment limitation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 90:257-272
198. Peterson CH, Summerson HC, Luettich RA (1996) Response of bay scallops to spawner transplants: a test of recruitment limitation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 132:93-107
199. Petraitis PS (1983) Grazing patterns of the periwinkle and their effect on sessile intertidal organisms. Ecology 64: 522-533
200. Petraitis PS (1990) Direct and indirect effects of predation, herbivory and surface rugosity on mussel recruitment. Oecologia 83:405-413
201. Petraitis PS (1991) Recruitment of the mussel Mytilus edulis L. on sheltered and exposed shores in Maine, USA. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 147:65-80
202. Phillips BF (1990) Estimating the density and mortality of juvenile western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus) in nursery reefs. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 47:1330-1338
203. Pile AJ, Lipcius RN, van Montfrans J, Orth RJ (1996) Density-dependent settler-recruit-juvenile relationship in blue crabs. Ecol Monogr 66:277-300
204. Pohle DG, Bricelj VM, Garcia-Esquivel Z (1991) The eelgrass canopy: an above-bottom refuge from benthic predators for juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 74:47-59
205. Prince J (1995) Limited effects of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville) on the recruitment of benthic algae and macroinvertebrates into intertidal rock platforms at Rottnest Island, Western Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 186:237-258
206. Qian PY, Chia FS (1994) In situ measurement of recruitment, mortality, growth, and fecundity of Capitella sp. (Annelida: Polychaeta). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:53-62
207. Raimondi PT (1988a) Settlement cues and determination of the vertical limit of an intertidal barnacle. Ecology 69: 400-407
208. Raimondi PT (1988b) Rock type affects settlement, recruitment, and zonation of the barnacle Chthamalus anisopoma Pilsbury. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 123:253-267
209. Raimondi PT (1990) Patterns, mechanisms, consequences of variability in settlement and recruitment of an intertidal barnacle. Ecol Monogr 60:283-309
210. Raimondi PT (1991) Settlement behavior of Chthamalus anisopoma larvae largely determines the adult distribution. Oecologia 85:349-360
211. Ray M, Stoner AW (1995) Growth, survivorship, and habitat choice in a newly settled seagrass gastropod, Strombus gigas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 123:83-94
212. Reise K (1979) Moderate predation on meiofauna by the macrobenthos of the Wadden Sea. Helgol Meeresunters 32: 453-465
213. Robles C, Sherwood-Stephens R, Alvarado M (1995) Responses of a key intertidal predator to varying recruitment of its prey. Ecology 76:565-579
214. Roegner GC (1991) Temporal analysis of the relationship between settlers and early recruits of the oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 151:57-69
215. Roegner GC, Mann R (1995) Early recruitment and growth of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) with respect to tidal zonation and season. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117:91-101
216. Rönn C, Bonsdorff E, Nelson WG (1988) Predation as a mechanism of interference within infauna in shallow brackish water soft bottoms; experiments with an infauna predator, Nereis diversicolor O. F. Müller. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 116: 143-157
217. Roughgarden J, Gaines S, Possingham H (1988) Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. Science 241:1460-1466
218. Roughgarden J, Iwasa Y (1986) Dynamics of a metapopulation with space-limited subpopulations. Theor Popul Biol 29:235-261
219. Roughgarden J, Iwasa Y, Baxter C (1985) Demographic theory for an open marine population with space-limited recruitment. Ecology 66:54-67
220. Roughgarden J, Pennington JT, Stoner D, Alexander S, Miller K (1991) Collisions of upwelling fronts with the intertidal zone: the cause of recruitment pulses in barnacle populations of central California. Acta Oecol 12:35-51
221. Rowley RJ (1989) Settlement and recruitment of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp.) in a sea-urchin barren ground and a kelp bed: are populations regulated by settlement or post-settlement processes? Mar Biol 100:485-494
222. Rowley RJ (1990) Newly settled sea urchins in a kelp bed and urchin barren ground: a comparison of growth and mortality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 62:229-240
223. Rumrill SS (1989) Population size-structure, juvenile growth, and breeding periodicity of the sea star Asterina miniata in Barkley Sound, British Columbia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 56: 37-47
224. Rumrill SS (1990) Natural mortality of marine invertebrate larvae. Ophelia 32:163-198
225. Safriel UN, Erez N, Keasar T (1994) How do limpets maintain barnacle-free submerged artificial surfaces? Bull Mar Sci 54:17-23
226. Sammarco PW (1980) Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition, and biological disturbance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 45:245-272
227. Sammarco PW, Andrews JC (1989) The Helix experiment: differential localized dispersal and recruitment patterns in Great Barrier Reef corals. Limnol Oceanogr 34:896-912
228. Sanchez-Salazar ME, Griffiths CL, Seed R (1987) The effect of size and temperature on the predation of cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.) by the shore crab Carcinus maenus (L.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 111:181-193
229. Sandt VJ, Stoner AW (1993) Ontogenetic shift in habitat by early juvenile queen conch, Strombus gigas: patterns and potential mechanisms. Fish Bull (Wash DC) 91:516-525
230. Sarver DJ (1979) Recruitment and juvenile survival in the sea hare Aplysia Juliana (Gastropoda: Opistobranchia). Mar Biol 54:353-361
231. Scheibling RE (1996) The role of predation in regulating sea urchin populations in eastern Canada. Oceanol Acta 19: 421-430
232. Scheibling RE, Hamm J (1991) Interactions between sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and their predators in field and laboratory experiments. Mar Biol 110:105-116
233. Scheibling RE, Hatcher BG (1997) Microhabitat refuges and risk of predation for two species of trochid gastropod (Trochus histrio and Tectus pyramis) at the Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. In: Wells FE (ed) The marine flora and fauna of the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, p 159-176
234. Schubart CD, Basch LV, Miyasato G (1995) Recruitment of Balanus glandula Darwin (Crustacea: Cirripedia) into empty barnacle tests and its ecological consequences. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 186:143-181
235. Sebens KP (1983) The larval and juvenile ecology of the temperate octocoral Alcyonium siderium Verrill. II. Fecundity, survival, and juvenile growth. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 72: 263-285
236. Seed R, Wood V (1994) Recruitment and mortality of Alcyonidium hirsutum (Fleming) and Flustrellidra hispida (Fabricius) (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) within a Fucus serratus L. community. Cah Biol Mar 35:305-326
237. Shanks AL, Wright WG (1987) Internal-wave-mediated transport of cyprids, megalopae, and gammarids and correlated longshore differences in the settlement rate of intertidal barnacles. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 114:1-13
238. Singletary RL, Shadlou R (1983) Balanus balanoides in tidepools: a question of maladaptation? Crustaceana 45:53-71
239. Smith KN, Herrnkind WR (1992) Predation on early juvenile spiny lobsters Panulirus argus (Latreille): influence of size and shelter. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 157:3-18
240. Staples DJ, Heales DS (1991) Temperature and salinity optima for growth and survival of juvenile banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 154:251-274
241. Stephens EG, Bertness MD (1991) Mussel facilitation of barnacle survival in a sheltered bay habitat. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 145:33-48
242. Stimson J (1970) Territorial behavior of the owl limpet, Lottia gigantea. Ecology 51:113-118
243. Stoner DS (1990) Recruitment of a tropical colonial ascidian: relative importance of pre-settlement vs. post-settlement processes. Ecology 71:1682-1690
244. Stoner DS (1992) Vertical distribution of a colonial ascidian on a coral reef: the roles of larval dispersal and life-history variation. Am Nat 139:802-824
245. Strathmann RR, Branscomb ES (1979) Adequacy of cues to favorable sites used by settling larvae of two intertidal barnacles. In: Stancyk SE (ed) Reproductive ecology of marine invertebrates. University of South Carolina, Columbia, p 77-89
246. Strathmann RR, Branscomb ES, Vedder K (1981) Fatal errors in set as a cost of dispersal and the influence of intertidal flora on set of barnacles. Oecologia 48:13-18
247. Summerson HC, Peterson CH (1990) Recruitment failure of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus, during the first red tide, Ptychodiscus brevis, outbreak recorded in North Carolina. Estuaries 13:322-331
248. Sutherland JP (1987) Recruitment limitation in a tropical intertidal barnacle: Tetraclita panamensis (Pilsbry) on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 113: 267-282
249. Sutherland JP (1990) Recruitment regulates demographic variation in a tropical intertidal barnacle. Ecology 71: 955-972
250. Sutherland JP, Ortega S (1986) Competition conditional on recruitment and temporary escape from predators on a tropical rocky shore. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 95:155-166
251. Tan WH (1975) The effects of exposure and crawling behaviour on the survival of recently settled green mussels (Mytilus viridis L.). Aquaculture 6:357-368
252. Tegner MJ, Dayton PK (1977) Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing. Science 196: 324-326
253. Thorson G (1966) Some factors influencing the recruitment and establishment of marine benthic communities. Neth J Sea Res 3:267-293
254. Thrush SF, Hewitt JE, Pridmore RD, Cummings VJ (1996) Adult/juvenile interactions of infaunal bivalves: contrasting outcomes in different habitats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 132: 83-92
255. Turner SJ, Todd CD (1991) The effects of Gibbula cineraria (L.), Nucella lapillus (L.) and Asterias rubens L. on developing epifaunal assemblages. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 154: 191-213
256. Underwood AJ, Denley EJ, Moran MJ (1983) Experimental analyses of the structure and dynamics of mid-shore rocky intertidal communities in New South Wales. Oecologia 56: 202-219
257. Upton NPD (1987) Gregarious larval settlement within a restricted intertidal zone and sex differences in subsequent mortality in the polygynous saltmarsh isopod Paragnathia formica (Crustacea: Isopoda). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 67:663-678
258. Vadas RL, Johnson S, Norton TA (1992) Recruitment and mortality of early post-settlement stages of benthic algae. Br Phycol J 27:331-351
259. Vance DJ, Haywood MDE, Heales DS, Staples DJ (1996) Seasonal and annual variation in abundance of postlarval and juvenile grooved tiger prawns Penaeus semisulcatus and environmental variation in the Embley River, Australia: a six year study. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 135:43-55
260. van Duyl FC, Bak RPM, Sybesma J (1981) The ecology of the tropical compound ascidian Trididemnum solidum I. Reproductive strategy and larval behaviour. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 6:35-42
261. Vermeij GJ (1972) Intraspecific shore-level size gradients in intertidal molluscs. Ecology 53:693-700
262. Wahle RA, Steneck RS (1991) Recruitment habitats and nursery grounds of the American lobster Homarus americanus: a demographic bottleneck? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 69:231-243
263. Wahle RA, Steneck RS (1992) Habitat restrictions in early benthic life: experiments on habitat selection and in situ predation with the American lobster. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 157:91-114
264. Walters LJ (1992) Field settlement locations on subtidal marine hard substrata: is active larval exploration involved? Limnol Oceanogr 37:1101-1107
265. Walters LJ, Wethey DS (1996) Settlement and early post-settlement survival of sessile marine invertebrates on topographically complex surfaces: the importance of refuge dimensions and adult morphology. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 137: 161-171
266. Watts A, Scheibling RE, Marsh AG, McClintock JB (1983) Induction of aberrant ray numbers in Echinaster sp. (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) by high salinity. Florida Sci 46:125-128
267. Watzin MC (1983) The effects of meiofauna on settling macrofauna: meiofauna may structure macrofaunal communities. Oecologia 59:163-166
268. Watzin MC (1986) Larval settlement into marine soft-sediment systems: interactions with the meiofauna. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 98:65-113
269. Weinberg JR (1984) Interactions between functional groups in soft-substrata: do species differences matter? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 80:11-28
270. Weiss CM (1948) Seasonal and annual variations in the attachment and survival of barnacle cyprids. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 94:236-243
271. Wethey DS (1984) Sun and shade mediate competition in the barnacles Chthamalus and Semibalanus: a field experiment. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 167:176-185
272. Wethey DS (1986) Local and regional variation in settlement and survival in the littoral barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.): patterns and consequences. In: Moore PG, Seed R (eds) The ecology of rocky coasts. Columbia University Press, New York, p 194-202
273. Wiedemeyer WL (1994) Biology of small juveniles of the tropical holothurian Actinopyga echinites: growth, mortality, and habitat preferences. Mar Biol 120:81-93
274. Williams JG (1980a) Growth and survival in newly settled spat of the Manila clam, Tapes japonica. Fish Bull (Wash DC) 77:891-900
275. Williams JG (1980b) The influence of adults on the settlement of spat of the clam, Tapes japonica. J Mar Res 38:729-741
276. Wilson FS (1990) Temporal and spatial patterns of settlement: a field study of molluscs in Bogue Sound, North Carolina. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 139:201-220
277. Wilson KA, Able KW, Heck KL (1990) Predation rates on juvenile blue crabs in estuarine nursery habitats: evidence for the importance of macroalgae (Ulva lactuca). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 58:243-251
278. Wilson KA, Heck KL, Able KW (1987) Juvenile blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, survival: an evaluation of eelgrass, Zostera marina, as refuge. Fish Bull (Wash DC) 85:53-58
279. Wilson WHW (1981) Sediment-mediated interactions in a densely populated infaunal assemblage: the effects of the polychaete Abarenicola pacifica. J Mar Res 39:735-748
280. Wing SR, Botsford LW, Largier JL, Morgan LE (1995) Spatial structure of relaxation events and crab settlement in the northern California upwelling system. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 128:199-211
281. Woodin SA (1976) Adult-larval interactions in dense infaunal assemblages: patterns of abundance. J Mar Res 34: 25-41
282. Woodin SA (1985) Effects of defecation by arenicolid polychaete adults on spionid polychaete juveniles in field experiments: selective settlement or differential mortality. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 87:119-132
283. Worcester SE (1994) Adult rafting versus larval swimming: dispersal and recruitment of a botryllid ascidian on eelgrass. Mar Biol 121:309-317
284. Yoshioka PM (1986) Chaos and recruitment in the bryozoan, Membranipora membranacea. Bull Mar Sci 39:408-417
285. Young BL (1991) Spartina axil zones: preferred settlement sites of barnacles. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 151:71-82
286. Young CM, Braithwaite LF (1980) Larval behavior and post-settling morphology in the ascidian, Chelyosoma productum Stimpson. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 42:157-169
287. Young CM, Chia FS (1981) Laboratory evidence for delay of larval settlement in response to a dominant competitor. Int J Invertebr Reprod 3:221-226
288. Young CM, Chia FS (1982) Factors controlling spatial distribution of the sea cucumber Psolus chitonoides: settling and post-settling behavior. Mar Biol 69:195-205
289. Young CM, Chia FS (1984) Microhabitat-associated variability in survival and growth of subtidal solitary ascidians during the first 21 days after settlement. Mar Biol 81: 61-68
290. Yund PO, Cunningham CW, Buss LW (1987) Recruitment and postrecruitment interactions in a colonial hydroid. Ecology 68:971-982
291. Zajac RN, Whitlatch RB, Osman RW (1989) Effects of interspecific density and food supply on survivorship and growth of newly settled benthos. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 56: 127-132
292. Zamorano JH, Moreno CA, Duarte WE (1995) Post-settlement mortality in Phragmatopoma virgini (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) at the Mehuin Marine Reserve, Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 127:149-155
293. Zimmer-Faust RK, Fielder DR, Heck KL, Coen LD, Morgan SG (1994) Effects of tethering on predatory escape by juvenile blue crabs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:299-303
294. Zobrist EC, Coull BC (1994) Meiofaunal effects on growth and survivorship of the polychaete Streblospio benedicti Webster and the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria (L.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 175:167-179