Juvenile mortality in benthic marine invertebrates

Marine Ecology Progress Series

Volumn 146, Issue 1-3, 1997, Pages 265-282

  Gosselin, Louis A ^a   Qian, Pei Yuan ^a  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Age at maturity; Early juvenile; Life history traits; Mortality factors; Population parameters; Selective pressures; Survivorship

Indexed keywords

INVERTEBRATES; JUVENILE MORTALITY; JUVENILES; MARINE INVERTEBRATE; MORTALITY; ZOOBENTHOS;

ASCIDIACEA; BIVALVIA; BRYOZOA; CIRRIPEDIA; ECHINODERMATA; GASTROPODA;

EID: 0030989623     PISSN: 01718630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/meps146265     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Åkesson B (1967) On the biology and larval morphology of Ophryotrocha puerilis Claparède & Metschnikov (Polychaeta). Ophelia 4:111-119
2. Åkesson B (1973) Morphology and life-history of Ophryotrocha maculata sp. n (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae). Zool Scr 2:141-144
3. Åkesson B (1976) Morphology and life cycle of Ophryotrocha diadema, a new polychaete species from California. Ophelia 15:23-35
4. Åkesson B, Costlow JD (1991) Effects of constant and cyclic temperatures at different salinity levels on survival and reproduction in Dinophilus gyrociliatus (Polychaeta: Dinophilidae). Bull Mar Sci 48:485-499
5. Andersen AM Jr (1971) Spawning, growth, and spatial distribution of the geoduck clam, Panope generosa Gould, in Hood Canal, Washington. PhD dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle
6. Appeldoorn RS (1990) Growth of juvenile queen conch, Strombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758, off La Parguera, Puerto Rico. J Shellfish Res 9:59-62
7. Armonies W (1992) Migratory rhythms of drifting juvenile molluscs in tidal waters of the Wadden Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 83:197-206
8. Armonies W (1994) Turnover of postlarval bivalves in sediments of tidal flats in Konigshafen (German Wadden Sea). Helgol Meeresunt 48:291-297
9. Bachelet G (1989) Recruitment in Albra tenuis (Montagu) (Bivalvia, Semelidae), a species with direct development and a protracted meiobenthic phase. In: Ryland JS, Tyler PA (eds) Proc 23rd Eur Mar Biol Symp. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark, p 23-30
10. Bachelet G, Yacine-Kassab M (1987) Intégration de la phase post-recrutée dans la dynamique des populations du gastéropode intertidal Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 111:37-60
11. Barbeau MA, Scheibling RE (1994) Procedural effects of prey tethering experiments - predation of juvenile scallops by crabs and seastars. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:305-310
12. Barshaw DE, Able KW (1990) Tethering as a technique for assessing predation rates in different habitats: an evaluation using juvenile lobsters, Homarus americanus. Fish Bull US 88:415-417
13. Barshaw DE, Able KW, Heck KL Jr (1994) Salt marsh peat reefs as protection for post-larval lobsters Homarus americanus from fish and crab predators: comparisons with other substrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 106:203-206
14. Bayne BL (1964) Primary and secondary settlement in Mytilus edulis L. (MoDusca). J Anim Ecol 33:513-523
15. Behrens S (1972) The role of wave impact and desiccation on the distribution of Littorina sitkana Philippi, 1845. Veliger 15:129-132
16. Bell G (1980) The costs of reproduction and their consequences. Am Nat 116:45-76
17. Berry AJ (1989) Factors implicated in the timing of breeding in two contrasted annual intertidal gastropods, Retusa obtusa (Montagu) and Umbonium vestiarium (L.). In: Ryland JS, Tyler PA (eds) Proc 23rd Eur Mar Biol Symp. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark, p 31-36
18. Berry AJ, Hunt DC (1980) Behaviour and tolerance of salinity and temperature in new-born Littorina rudis (Maton) and the range of the species in the Forth Estuary. J Molluscan Stud 46:55-65
19. Biermann CH, Schinner GO, Strathmann RR (1992) Influence of solar radiation, microalgal fouling, and current on deposition site and survival of embryos of a dorid nudibranch gastropod. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 86:205-215
20. Black R, Johnson MS (1994) Growth rates in outbreak populations of the corallivorous gastropod Drupella cornus (Roding 1798) at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Coral Reefs 13:145-150
21. Black R, Turner SJ, Johnson MS (1994) The early life history of Bembicium vittatum Philippi, 1846 (Gastropoda: Littorimdae). Veliger 37:393-399
22. Boulding EG, Van Alstyne KL (1993) Mechanisms of differential survival and growth of two species of Littorina on wave-exposed and on protected shores. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 169:139-166
23. Bourne N, Smith DW (1972) Breeding and growth of the horse clam Tresus capax (Gould), in southern British Columbia. Proc Natl Shellfish Ass 62:38-46
24. Branch GM (1974) The ecology of Patella Linnaeus from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. III. Growth rates. Trans R Soc S Afr 41:161-193
25. Branch GM (1975a) Intraspecific competition in Patella cochlear Born. J Anim Ecol 44:263-282
26. Branch GM (1975b) Ecology of Patella species from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. IV. Desiccation. Mar Biol 32: 179-188
27. Branch GM, Branch ML (1980) Competition in Bembicium auratum (Gastropoda) and its effect on microalgal standing stock in mangrove muds. Oecologia 46:106-114
28. Bridges TS, Levin LA, Cabrera D, Plaia G (1994) Effects of sediment amended with sewage, algae, or hydrocarbons on growth and reproduction in two opportunistic polychaetes. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 177:99-119
29. Brown SD, Bert TM (1993) The effects of temperature and salinity on molting and survival of Menippe adina and M. mercenaria (Crustacea, Decapoda) postsettlement juveniles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 99:41-49
30. Brown SD, Bert TM, Tweedale WA, Torres JJ, Lindberg WJ (1992) The effects of temperature and salinity on survival and development of early life stage Florida stone crabs Menippe mercenaria (Say). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 157: 115-136
31. Campbell A, Bourne N, Carolsfeld W (1990) Growth and size at maturity of the Pacific gaper Tresus nuttallii (Conrad 1837) in southern British Columbia. J Shellfish Res 9: 273-278
32. Canete JI, Ambler RP (1990) Growth and age determination in the spirorbid polychaete Romanchella pustulata Knight-Jones, 1978. Rev Biol Mar 25:147-164
33. Castagna M, Kraeuter JN (1994) Age, growth rate, sexual dimorphism and fecundity of knobbed whelk Busycon carica (Gmelin, 1791) in a western Mid-Atlantic lagoon system, Virginia. J Shellfish Res 13:581-585
34. Chen CP, Chen BY (1993) The effect of temperature-salinity combinations on survival and growth of juvenile Patiriella pseudoexigua (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Mar Biol 115: 119-122
35. Chia FS, Burke RD (1978) Echinoderm metamorphosis: fate of larval structures. In: Chia FS, Rice ME (eds) Settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, New York
36. Chia FS, Skeel M (1973) The effects of food consumption on growth, fecundity and mortality in a sacoglossan opisthobranch, Olea hansineensis. Veliger 16:153-158
37. Chintala MM, Grassle JP (1995) Early gametogenesis and spawning in 'juvenile' Atlantic surfclams, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1819). J Shellfish Res 14:301-306
38. Choat JH, Black R (1979) Life histories of limpets and the limpet-laminarian relationship. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 41: 25-50
39. Cobb JS, Wahle RA (1994) Early-life history and recruitment processes of clawed lobsters. Crustaceana 67:1-25
40. Connell JH (1961a) Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecol Monogr 31:61-104
41. Connell JH (1961b) The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42:710-723
42. Connell JH (1985) The consequences of variation in initial settlement vs. post-settlement mortality in rocky intertidal communities. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 93:11-45
43. Crothers JH (1985) Dog-whelks: an introduction to the biology of Nucella lapillus (L.). Field Stud 6:291-360
44. Davies PS (1969) Physiological ecology of Patella. III. Desiccation effects. J Mar Biol Ass UK 49:291-304
45. Davis AR (1987) Variation in recruitment of the subtidal colonial ascidian Podoclavella cylindrica (Quoy & Gaimard): the role of substratum choice and early survival. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 106:57-71
46. Davis CV, Barber BJ (1994) Size-dependent mortality in hatchery-reared populations of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Gmelin 1791, affected by juvenile oyster disease. J Shellfish Res 13:137-142
47. Dayton PK (1971) Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecol Monogr 41: 351-389
48. Dean HK (1993) A population study of the bivalve Idas argenteus Jeffreys, 1876, (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) recovered from a submerged wood block in the deep North Atlantic ocean. Malacologia 35:21-41
49. Denley EJ, Underwood AJ (1979) Experiments on factors influencing settlement, survival, and growth of two species of barnacles in New South Wales. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 36:269-293
50. Eernisse DJ (1984) Lepidochitona (Gray 1821) (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Pacific Coast of the United States: systematics and reproduction. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz
51. Eggleston DB, Armstrong DA (1995) Pre-and post-settlement determinants of estuarine dungeness crab recruitment. Ecol Monogr 65:193-216
52. Elmgren R, Ankar S, Marteleur G (1986) Adult interference with postlarvae in soft sediments: the Pontoporeia-Macoma example. Ecology 67:827-836
53. Emerson CW, Grant J (1991) The control of soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) recruitment on intertidal sandflats by bedload sediment transport. Limnol Oceanogr 36:1288-1300
54. Faller-Fritsch RJ, Emson RH (1986) Causes and patterns of mortality in Littorina rudis (Maton) in relation to intraspecific variation: a review. In: Moore PG, Seed R (eds) The ecology of rocky coasts. Essays presented to J.R. Lewis. Columbia University Press, New York, p 157-177
55. Feare CJ (1970) Aspects of the ecology of an exposed shore population of dogwhelks Nucella lapillus (L.). Oecologia 5: 1-18
56. Fernandez M, Armstrong D, Iribarne O (1993a) First cohort of young-of-the-year dungeness crab, Cancer magister, reduces abundance of subsequent cohorts in intertidal shell habitat. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:2100-2105
57. Fernandez M, Iribarne O, Armstrong D (1993b) Habitat selection by young-of-the-year Dungeness crab Cancer magister and predation risk in intertidal habitats. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92:171-177
58. Foster BA (1971) Desiccation as a factor in the intertidal zonation of barnacles. Mar Biol 8:12-29
59. Fournier DA, Breen PA (1983) Estimation of abalone mortality rates with growth analysis. Trans Am Fish Soc 112: 403-411
60. Galtsoff PS (1964) The American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. US Fish Bull Wild Serv Fish 64
61. Galinou-Mitsoudi S, Sinis AI (1994) Reproductive cycle and fecundity of the date mussel Lithophaga lithophaga (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). J Molluscan Stud 60:371-385
62. Gendron L (1992) Determination of the size at sexual maturity of the waved whelk Buccinum undatum Linnaeus, 1758, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as a basis for the establishment of a minimum catchable size. J Shellfish Res 11:1-7
63. Gleason DF, Wellington GM (1995) Variation in UVB sensitivity of planula larvae of the coral Agaricia agaricites along a depth gradient. Mar Biol 123:693-703
64. Conor JJ (1972) Gonad growth in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) and the assumptions of gonad index methods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 10:89-103
65. Gosselin LA (1993) A method for marking small juvenile gastropods. J Mar Biol Ass UK 73:963-966
66. Gosselin LA (1994) The ecology of early juvenile Nucella emarginata (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia): Are hatchling snails simply small adults? PhD dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton
67. Gosselin LA, Chia FS (1994) Feeding habits of newly hatched juveniles of an intertidal predatory gastropod, Nucella emarginata (Deshayes). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 176:1-13
68. Gosselin LA, Chia FS (1995a) Characterizing temperate rocky shores from the perspective of an early juvenile snail: the main threats to survival of newly hatched Nucella emarginata. Mar Biol 122:625-635
69. Gosselin LA, Chia FS (1995b) Distribution and dispersal of early juvenile snails: effectiveness of intertidal microhabitats as refuges and food sources. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 128: 213-223
70. Gosselin LA, Qian PY (1996) Early postsettlement mortality of an intertidal barnacle: a critical period for survival. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 135:69-75
71. Grant A, Morgan PJ, Olive PJW (1987) Use made in marine ecology of methods for estimating demographic patterns from size/frequency data. Mar Biol 95:201-208
72. Grehan AJ (1991) Demography and reproductive biology of Melinna palmata (Ampharetidae: Polychaeta) in inner Galway Bay on the west coast of Ireland. Mar Biol 109: 459-468
73. Grosberg RK (1988) Life-history variation within a population of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. I. The genetic and environmental control of seasonal variation. Evolution 42:900-920
74. Guillou J, Tartu C (1994) Post-larval and juvenile mortality in a population of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule (L.) from Northern Brittany. Neth J Sea Res 33:103-111
75. Hadfield MG, Switzer-Dunlap MF (1990) Environmental regulation of lifespan and reproduction in Aplysia juliana. Adv Invert Reprod 5:247-255
76. Hartnoll RG, Rice AL (1985) Further studies on the biology of the deep-sea spider crab Dorhynchus thomsoni: instar sequence and the annual cycle. In: Gibbs PE (ed) Proc 19th Eur Mar Biol Symp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 231-241
77. Hatton H (1938) Essais de bionomie explicative sur quelques espèces intercotidales d'algues et d'animaux. Ann Inst Oceanogr 17:241-348
78. Hawkins SJ (1983) Interactions of Patella and macroalgae with settling Semibalanus balanoides (L.). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 71:55-72
79. Heacox AE (1980) Reproduction and larval development of Typosyllis pulchra (Berkeley & Berkeley) (Polychaeta: Syllidae). Pac Sci 34:245-259
80. Heath H (1907) The gonad in certain chitons. Zool Anz 32: 10-12
81. Hermans CO (1966) The natural history and larval anatomy of Armandia brevis (Polychaeta: Opheliidae). PhD dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle
82. Highsmith RC (1982) Induced settlement and metamorphosis of sand dollar (Dendraster excentricus) larvae in predator-free sites: adult sand dollar beds. Ecology 63:329-337
83. Hill C (1992) Interactions between year classes in the benthic amphipod Monoporeia affinis: effects on juvenile survival and growth. Oecologia 91:157-162
84. Himmelman JH, Guderley H, Vignault G, Drouin G (1984) Response of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, to reduced salinities: importance of size, acclimation, and interpopulation differences. Can J Zool 62: 1015-1021
85. Hines AH (1978) Reproduction in three species of intertidal barnacles from central California. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 154:262-281
86. Hines AH, Haddon M, Wiechert L (1990) Guild structure and foraging impact of blue crabs and epibenthic fish in a subestuary of Chesapeake Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 67: 105-126
87. Holland DA, Chew KK (1974) Reproductive cycle of the Manilla clam (Venerupis japonica) from Hood Canal, Washington. Proc Natl Shellfish Ass 64:53-58
88. Hsieh HL, Simon JL (1991) Life history and population dynamics of Kinbergonuphis simoni (Polychaeta: Onuphidae). Mar Biol 110:117-125
89. Hughes RN, Roberts DJ (1980) Reproductive effort of winkles (Littorina spp.) with contrasted methods of reproduction. Oecologia 47:130-136
90. Hurlbut CJ (1991a) The effects of larval abundance, settlement and juvenile mortality on the depth distribution of a colonial ascidian. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 150:183-202
91. Hurlbut CJ (1991b) Community recruitment: settlement and juvenile survival of seven co-occurring species of sessile marine invertebrates. Mar Biol 109:507-515
92. Hutchings JA (1993) Adaptive life histories effected by age-specific survival and growth rate. Ecology 74:673-684
93. Jokiel PL (1980) Solar ultraviolet radiation and coral reef epifauna. Science 207:1069-1071
94. Kawai K, Goshima S, Nakao S (1993) Reproductive cycle and shell growth of the tellin Nitidotellina nitidula (Dunker) in Hakodate Bay. Bull Fac Fish Hokkaido Univ 44:105-115
95. Kempf SC, Willows AOD (1977) Laboratory culture of the nudibranch Tritonia diomedea Bergh (Tritoniidae: Opisthobranchia) and some aspects of its behavioral development. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 30:261-276
96. Kennish MJ, Lutz RA (1992) The hydrothermal vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica (Boss and Turner, 1980): a review of existing literature. Rev Aquat Sci 6:29-66
97. Keough MJ (1986) The distribution of a bryozoan on seagrass blades: settlement, growth, and mortality. Ecology 67: 846-857
98. Keough MJ (1989) Dispersal of the bryozoan Bugula neritina and effects of adults on newly metamorphosed juveniles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 57:163-171
99. Keough MJ, Downes BJ (1982) Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia 54:348-352
100. King CK, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Byrne M (1994) Reproductive cycle of Centrostephanus rodgersii (Echinoidea), with recommendations for the establishment of a sea urchin fishery in New South Wales. Mar Biol 120:95-106
101. Kinne O (1970) Temperature. In: Kinne O (ed) Marine ecology, VoI I, Part 1. Wiley-Interscience, New York, p 321-514
102. Levin LA (1990) A review of methods for labelling and tracking marine invertebrate larvae. Ophelia 32:115-144
103. Lewis JR (1964) The ecology of rocky shores. English University Press Ltd, London
104. Lewis JR, Bowman RS (1975) Local habitat-induced variations in the population dynamics of Patella vulgata L. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 17:165-204
105. Lively CM (1986) Competition, comparative life histories, and maintenance of shell morphology in a barnacle. Ecology 67:858-864
106. Luckenbach MW, Sellner KG, Shumway SE, Greene K (1993) Effects of two bloom-forming dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum minium and Gyrodinium uncatenum, on the growth and survival of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791). J Shellfish Res 12:411-415
107. Luckens PA (1970) Predation and intertidal zonation at Asamushi. Bull Mar Biol Stn Asamushi 14:33-53
108. Macdonald PDM, Pitcher TJ (1979) Age-groups from size-frequency data: a versatile and efficient method of analysing distribution mixtures. J Fish Res Bd Can 36:987-1001
109. MacKenzie CL Jr (1981) Improving survival of seed oysters. In: Webster D (ed) Oyster culture in Maryland, 1980. UMSG-MAP-81-01. Maryland Sea Grant Press, College Park, p 33-41
110. MacKenzie CL Jr, Radosh DJ, Reid RN (1985) Densities, growth, and mortalities of juveniles of the surf clam (Spisula solidissima) (Dillwyn) in the New York Bight. J Shellfish Res 5:81-84
111. Martel A, Chia FS (1991a) Drifting and dispersal of small bivalves and gastropods with direct development. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 150:131-147
112. Martel A, Chia FS (1991b) Foot-raising behaviour and active participation during the initial phase of post-metamorphic drifting in the gastropod Lacuna spp. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 72:247-254
113. McBride SC (1990) The relative effects of diet and irradiance on the growth and survival of post-larval red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. MSc thesis, San Jose State University, San Jose, California
114. McShane PE (1991) Density-dependent mortality of recruits of the abalone Haliotis rubra (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Mar Biol 110:385-389
115. McShane PE, Naylor JR (1995) Depth can affect post-settlement survival of Haliotis iris (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 187:1-12
116. Menge BA (1974) Effect of wave action and competition on brooding and reproductive effort in the sea star, Leptasterias hexactis. Ecology 55:84-93
117. Miller SE, Hadfield MG (1990) Developmental arrest during larval life and life-span extension in a marine mollusc. Science 248:356-358
118. Minchinton TE, Scheibling RE (1993) Variations in sampling procedure and frequency affect estimates of recruitment of barnacles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 99:83-88
119. Miyohara M (1979) Reproduction and development of Pseudopolydora kempi japonica (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with special reference to the polar lobe formation. J Fac Sei Hokkaido Univ, Ser 6 (Zoology) 21:355-364
120. Möller P, Rosenberg R (1983) Recruitment, abundance and production of Mya arenaria and Cardium edule in marine shallow water, western Sweden. Ophelia 22:33-55
121. Munday BW, Keegan BF (1992) Population dynamics of Amphiura chiajei (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in Killary Harbour, on the west coast of Ireland. Mar Biol 114: 595-605
122. Munk JE (1992) Reproduction and growth of green urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Mueller) near Kodiak, Alaska. J Shellfish Res 11:245-254
123. Muus K (1973) Settling, growth and mortality of young bivalves in the Øresund. Ophelia 12:79-116
124. Muus K (1981) Density and growth of juvenile Amphiura filiformis (Ophiuroidea) in the Øresund. Ophelia 20:153-168
125. Noda T, Nakao S, Goshima S (1995) Life history of the temperate subtidal gastropod Umbonium costatum. Mar Biol 122:73-78
126. Ojeda FP, Dearborn JH (1991) Feeding ecology of benthic mobile predators: experimental analyses of their influence in rocky subtidal communities of the Gulf of Maine. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 149:13-44
127. Ölafsson EB, Peterson CH, Ambrose WG Jr (1994) Does recruitment limitation structure populations and communities of macro-invertebrates in marine soft-sediments: the relative significance of preand post-settlement processes. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 32:65-109
128. Osman RW (1987) Interactions between the vermetid Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) and several species of encrusting bryozoans. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 111:267-284
129. Osman RW, Whitlach RB (1995) Predation on early ontogenetic life stages and its effect on recruitment into a marine epifaunal community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117:111-126
130. Osman RW, Whitlach RB, Malatesta RJ (1992) Potential role of micro-predators in determining recruitment into a marine community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 83:35-43
131. Osman RW, Whitlach RB, Malatesta RJ, Zajac RN (1990) Ontogenetic changes in trophic relationships and their effects on recruitment. In: Barnes M, Gibson RN (eds) Trophic relationships in the marine environment. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, p 117-129
132. Osman RW, Whitlach RB, Zajac RN (1989) Effects of resident species on recruitment into a community: larval settlement versus post-settlement mortality in the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 54:61-73
133. Otway NM (1994) Population ecology of the low-shore chitons Onithochiton quercinus and Plaxiphora albida. Mar Biol 121:105-116
134. Page HM (1984) Local variation in reproductive patterns of two species of intertidal barnacles, Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby and Chthamalus fissus Darwin. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 74:259-272
135. Page HM (1986) Differences in population structure and growth rate of the stalked barnacle Pollicipes polymerus between a rocky headland and an offshore oil platform. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 29:157-164
136. Pedersen SA (1994) Population parameters of the Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica (Muller)) from West Greenland. J Northwest Atl Fish Sci 16:75-87
137. Peterson CH, Black R (1994) An experimentalist's challenge: when artifacts of intervention interact with treatments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:289-297
138. Pohle DG, Bricelj VM, Garcia-Esquivel Z (1991) The eelgrass canopy: an above-bottom refuge from benthic predators for juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 74:47-59
139. Poore GCB (1973) Ecology of New Zealand abalones, Haliotis species (Mollusca: Gastropoda). NZ J Mar Freshwat Res 7: 67-84
140. Qian PY, Chia FS (1994) In situ measurement of recruitment, mortality, growth, and fecundity of Capitella sp. (Annelida: Polychaeta). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:53-62
141. Quayle DB (1955) The British Columbia shipworm. Rep BC Dept Fish (1955):92-104
142. Quayle DB (1959) The growth rate of Bankia setacea Tryon. In: Ray DL (ed) Marine boring and fouling organisms. University of Washington Press, Seattle, p 175-185
143. Raimondi PT (1990) Patterns, mechanisms, consequences of variability in settlement and recruitment of an intertidal barnacle. Ecol Monogr 60:283-309
144. Rasmussen E (1973) Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia 1:1-507
145. Rawlings TA (1996) Shields against ultraviolet radiation: an additional protective role for the egg capsules of benthic marine gastropods. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 136:81-95
146. Ray M, Stoner AW (1995) Growth, survivorship, and habitat choice in a newly settled seagrass gastropod, Strombus gigas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 123:83-94
147. Rittschof D, Williams LG, Brown B, Carriker MR (1983) Chemical attraction of newly hatched oyster drills. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 164:493-505
148. Robilliard GA (1971) Range extensions of some Northeast Pacific nudibranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) to Washington and British Columbia, with notes on their biology. Veliger 14:162-165
149. Roe P (1975) Aspects of life history and territorial behaviour in young individuals of Platynereis bicaniliculata and Nereis vexillosa (Annelida, Polychaeta). Pac Sci 29:341-348
150. Roegner GC, Mann R (1995) Early recruitment and growth of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) with respect to tidal zonation and season. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117:91-101
151. Roff DA (1984) The evolution of life history parameters in teleosts. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:989-1000
152. Ropes JW (1979) Shell length at sexual maturity of surf clams, Spisula solidissima, from an inshore habitat. Proc Natl Shellfish Ass 69: 85-91
153. Rowell TW, Chaisson DR, McLane JT (1990) Size and age of sexual maturity and annual gametogenetic cycle in the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767), from coastal waters in Nova Scotia, Canada. J Shellfish Res 9: 195-204
154. Rowley RJ (1989) Settlement and recruitment of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp.) in a sea-urchin barren ground and a kelp bed: are populations regulated by settlement or post-settlement processes? Mar Biol 100:485-494
155. Rowley RJ (1990) Newly settled sea urchins in a kelp bed and urchin barren ground: a comparison of growth and mortality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 62:229-240
156. Rutherford JC (1973) Reproduction, growth and mortality of the holothurian Cucumaria pseudocurata. Mar Biol 22: 167-176
157. Sakai S (1962) Ecological studies on the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino - IV. Studies on the growth. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish 28:899-904
158. Sandt VJ, Stoner AW (1993) Ontogenetic shift in habitat by early juvenile queen conch, Strombus gigas: patterns and potential mechanisms. Fish Bull US 91:516-525
159. Sarver DJ (1979) Recruitment and juvenile survival in the sea hare Aplysia juliana (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Mar Biol 54:353-361
160. Sato S (1994) Analysis of the relationship between growth and sexual maturation in Phacosoma japonicum (Bivalvia: Veneridae). Mar Biol 118:663-672
161. Schiel DR (1993) Experimental evaluation of commercial-scale enhancement of abalone Haliotis iris populations in New Zealand. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 97:167-181
162. Seager JR (1983) Population dynamics of the antarctic opisthobranch Philine gibba Strebel. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 60:163-179
163. Sebens KP, Lewis JR (1985) Rare events and population structure of the barnacle Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas, 1788). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 87:55-65
164. Seed R, Brown RA (1977) A comparison of the reproductive cycles of Modiolus modiolus (L.), Cerastoderma (=Cardium) edule (L.), and Mytilus edulis L. in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Oecologia 30:173-188
165. Seeleman U (1967) Rearing experiments on the amphibian slug Alderia modesta. Helgol Meeresunters 20:576-593
166. Sephton TW, Bryan CF (1990) Age and growth rate determinations for the Atlantic surf clam, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817), in Prince Edward Island, Canada. J Shellfish Res 9:177-186
167. Sewell MA, Watson JC (1993) A 'source' for asteroid larvae?: recruitment of Pisaster ochraceus, Pycnopodia helianthoides and Dermasterias imbricata in Nootka Sound, British Columbia. Mar Biol 117:387-398
168. Shepherd SA, Laws HM (1974) Studies on southern Australian abalone (Genus Haliotis). II. Reproduction of five species. Aust J Mar Freshwat Res 25:49-62
169. Sigurdsson JB, Titman CW, Davies PA (1976) The dispersal of young post-larval bivalve molluscs by byssus threads. Nature 262:386-387
170. Smith DAS (1973) The population biology of Lacuna pallidula (Da Costa) and Lacuna vincta (Montagu) in North-East England. J Mar Biol Ass UK 53:493-520
171. Smith KN, Herrnkind WF (1992) Predation on early juvenile spiny lobsters Panulirus argus (Latreille): influence of size and shelter. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 157:3-18
172. Southgate T (1982) A comparative study of Lacuna vincta and Lacuna pallidula (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in littoral algal turfs. J Molluscan Stud 48:302-309
173. Spight TM (1975) On a snail's chances of becoming a year old. Oikos 26:9-14
174. Spight TM (1976) Ecology of hatching size for marine snails. Oecologia 24:283-294
175. Spight TM (1982) Population sizes of two marine snails with a changing food supply. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 57:195-217
176. Stearns SC (1992) The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford
177. Stearns SC, Koella JC (1986) The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits: predictions of reaction norms for age and size at maturity. Evolution 40:893-913
178. Stoner DS (1990) Recruitment of a tropical colonial ascidian: relative importance of pre-settlement vs. post-settlement processes. Ecology 71:1682-1690
179. Strathmann MF (1987) Reproduction and development of marine invertebrates of the Northern Pacific coast. University of Washington Press, Seattle
180. Suchanek TH (1981) The role of disturbance in the evolution of life history strategies in the intertidal mussels Mytilus edulis and Mytilus californianus. Oecologia 50:143-152
181. Sutherland JP (1990) Recruitment regulates demographic variation in a tropical intertidal barnacle. Ecology 71: 955-972
182. Switzer-Dunlap M, Hadfield MG (1979) Reproductive patterns of Hawaiian aplysiid gastropods. In: Stancyk SE (ed) Reproductive ecology of marine invertebrates. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, p 199-210
183. Thorson G (1966) Some factors influencing the recruitment and establishment of marine benthic communities. Neth J Sea Res 3:267-293
184. Underwood AJ (1975) Comparative studies on the biology of Nerita atramentosa Reeve, Bembicium nanum (Lamarck) and Cellana tramoserica (Sowerby) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) in S.E. Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 18: 153-172
185. Vadas RL, Johnson S, Norton TA (1992) Recruitment and mortality of early post-settlement stages of benthic algae. Br Phycol J 27:331-351
186. Vahl O (1983) Mucus drifting in the limpet Helcion (=Patina) pellucidus (Prosobranchia, Patellidae). Sarsia 68:209-211
187. Wahle RA, Steneck RS (1991) Recruitment habitats and nursery grounds of the American lobster Homarus americanus: a demographic bottleneck? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 69:231-243
188. Wahle RA, Steneck RS (1992) Habitat restrictions in early benthic Life: experiments on habitat selection and in situ predation with the American lobster. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 157:91-114
189. Werner EE, Gilliam JF (1984) The ontogenetic niche and species interactions in size-structured populations. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 15:393-425
190. Wethey DS (1984) Spatial pattern in barnacle settlement: day to day changes during the settlement season. J Mar Biol Ass UK 64:687-698
191. Whyte JNC, Bourne N, Ginther NG, Hodgson CA (1992) Compositional changes in the larva to juvenile development of the scallop Crassadoma gigantea (Gray). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 163:13-29
192. Wolcott TG (1973) Physiological ecology and intertidal zonation in limpets (Acmaea): a critical look at 'limiting factors'. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 145:389-422
193. Wright M, Bakus GJ, Ortiz A, Ormsby B, Barnes DM (1991) Computer image processing and automatic counting and measuring of fouling organisms. Comp Biol Med 21: 173-180
194. Yonge CM (1962) On the biology of the mesogastropod Tnchotropsis cancellata Hinds, a benthic indicator species. Biol Bull (Woods Hole) 122:160-181
195. Young BL (1991) Spartina axil zones: preferred settlement sites of barnacles. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 151:71-82
196. Young CM, Chia FS (1984) Microhabitat-associated variability in survival and growth of subtidal solitary ascidians during the first 21 days after settlement. Mar Biol 81: 61-68
197. Yund PO, Cunningham CW, Buss LW (1987) Recruitment and postrecruitment interactions in a colonial hydroid. Ecology 68:971-982
198. Zajac RN, Whitlatch RB, Osman RW (1989) Effects of interspecific density and food supply on survivorship and growth of newly settled benthos. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 56: 127-132
199. Zann L, Brodie J, Berryman C, Naqasima M (1987) Recruitment, ecology, growth and behaviour of juvenile Acanthaster planci (L.) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Bull Mar Sci 41:561-575
200. Zimmer-Faust RK, Fielder DR, Heck KL, Coen LD, Morgan SG (1994) Effects of tethering on predatory escape by juvenile blue crabs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:299-303