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Barth A, Wanek LA, Morton DL: Prognostic factors in 1,521 melanoma patients with distant metastases. J Am Coll Surg 1995, 181:193-201. This is a retrospective analysis of a large database of patients with metastatic melanoma followed at a single institution over a 22-year period. It describes the natural history of metastatic melanoma and identifies several disease characteristics that are associated with prolonged survival. These include disease-free interval, certain initial sites of metastases, and the stage of disease preceding development of distant metastases. The authors recommend that these prognostic variables should be considered in the design of future phase III clinical trials.
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Flaherty L, Unger J, Liu PY, Albain K, Sondak V: Gender differences and independent predictors of survival in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996, 15:433. This is a retrospective analysis of a database of 649 consecutive eligible patients enrolled in 11 SWOG trials evaluating systemic treatments for metastatic melanoma. In a multivariate analysis performance status, number of organs involved, disease-free interval, and the absence or presence of liver involvement were shown to be independent predictors of survival. In contrast, to previous studies, gender was not shown to be an independent variable. As with Barth et ai [1••], they recommended that these factors be used to stratify patients in future phase III trials.
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Lee SM, Betticher DC, Thatcher N: Melanoma: chemotherapy. Br Med Bull 1995, 51:3609-630. An excellent review of the status of single-agent and combination cytotoxic chemotherapy for melanoma. It includes a discussion of potential mechanisms of resistance as well as high-dose chemotherapy trials with autologous bone marrow rescue and the use of chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting.
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Bleehen NM, Newlands SM, Thatcher LN, Selby P, Calver AH, Rustin GJ, Brampton M. Stevens MFG: Cancer research campaign phase II trial of temozolomide in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13:910-913. This is the first phase II clinical trial of the novel DTIC analogue, temozolomide, in patients with metastatic melanoma. This agent has the potential advantages of being orally absorbed and having excellent central nervous system penetration. Encouraging antitumor activity was noted, including a response in one of four patients with central nervous system metastases, with only moderate toxicity. Based on this data and its unique mode of administration, temozolomide is currently being intensively investigated in several different clinical situations, using a variety of clinical trial designs.
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7
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Bedikian A, Legha S, Jenkins J, Eton O, Buzaid A, Plager C, Papadopoulos N, Benjamin R: Phase II trial of docetaxel in patients (pts) with advanced melanoma previously untreated with chemotherapy [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995, 14:412. This abstract describes the first clinical trial of docetaxel in metastatic melanoma. Encouraging clinical activity is reported with only modest toxicity.
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Bedikian, A.1
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Olver I, Green M, Peters W, Zimet A, Toner G, Bishop J, Ketelbey W, Rastogi R, Birkhofer M: A phase III trial of zenplatin In metastatic melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol 1995, 18:56-58.
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Feun LG, Robinson WA, Savaraj N, Gonzalez R, Liebmann A, Offenhauser K, Clendeninn NJ: Phase II trial of piritrexim and DTIC using an alter-nating dose schedule in metastatic melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol (CCT) 1995, 18:488-490.
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13
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Luikart SD, Kennealey GT, Kirkwood JM: Randomized phase III trial of vinblastine, bleomycin and cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum versus dacarbazine in malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1984, 2:164-168.
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Buzaid AC, Legha S, Winn R, Belt R, Pollock T, Wiseman C, Ensign LG: Cisplatin (C), vinblastine (V), and dacarbazine (D) (CVD) versus dacarbazine alone in metastatic melanoma: preliminary results of a phase III Cancer Community Oncology Program (CCOP) trial [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1993, 12:389.
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15
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Rusthoven JJ, Quirt IC. Iscoe NA, McCulloch PB, James WK, Lohmann RC, Jensen J, Burdette-Radoux S, Bodurtha AJ, Silver HK, Verma S, Armitage GR, Zee B, Bennett K: Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial comparing the response rates of carmustine, dacarbazine, and cisplatin with and without tamoxifen in patients with metastatic melanoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:2083-2090. This study is a large multi-institutional, randomized phase III Cooperative Group trial that examines the value of adding high-dose tamoxifen to DTIC. cisplatin, and carmustine chemotherapy. Response rates were roughly equivalent for the two treatment groups and survival appeared unaffected by the addition of tamoxifen.
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Cocconi G, Bella M, Calabresi F, Tonato M, Canaletti R, Boni C, Buzzi F, Ceci G, Corgna E, Costa P, Lottich R, Papadia F, Sofra MC, Bacchi M: Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with dacarbazine plus tamoxifen. N Engl J Med 1992, 327:516-523.
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0344187668
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Lack of benefit from tamoxifen (T) added to a regimen of cisplatin (C), vinblastine (V), DTIC (D) and alpha Interferon (IFN) in patients (PT) with metastatic melanoma
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Legha S, Ring S, Bedikian A, Eton O, Plager C, Papadopoulos N, Ensign LG, Benjamin RS: Lack of benefit from tamoxifen (T) added to a regimen of cisplatin (C), vinblastine (V), DTIC (D) and alpha Interferon (IFN) in patients (PT) with metastatic melanoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1993, 12:388.
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19
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8244247202
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Carboplatin and dacarbazine (D) ± tamoxifen (T) for metastatic melanoma
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Ferri W, Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM, Gooding W, Vlock D, Miketic L, Donnell S: Carboplatin and dacarbazine (D) ± tamoxifen (T) for metastatic melanoma. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1994, 13:394.
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Ferri, W.1
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20
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A randomized phase III trial of dacarbazine (DTIC) versus DTIC + Interferon alfa-2b (IFN) versus DTIC + tamoxifen (TMX) versus DTIC + IFN + TMX in metastatic malignant melanoma: An ECOG tTrial
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Falkson CI, Ibrahim J, Kirkwood J, Blum R: A randomized phase III trial of dacarbazine (DTIC) versus DTIC + Interferon alfa-2b (IFN) versus DTIC + tamoxifen (TMX) versus DTIC + IFN + TMX in metastatic malignant melanoma: an ECOG tTrial [abstract] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996, 15:435. This is a large four-arm Cooperative Group trial performed within ECOG. A two by two trial design was used which allowed for the examination of both the value of adding tamoxifen to either DTIC alone or DTIC plus Interferon alfa and the value of adding Interferon alfa to either DTIC alone or DTIC plus tamoxifen. The DTIC plus tamoxifen and DTIC plus Interferon schedules were based on previously reported "positive" smaller scale randomized phase III trials. This trial conclusively showed that neither tamoxifen or interferon alfa add significantly to either the response rate or median survival in patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol
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Falkson, C.I.1
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Nathan FE, Sato T, Leasure NC, Berd D, Mastrangelo MJ: Taxol and tamoxifen (T and T) for metastatic melanoma [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996, 15:432. This abstract reports encouraging second-line antitumor activity for this novel treatment combination. An alternative mechanism of action for tamoxifen. ie, modulation of drug resistance, is suggested.
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Argawala SS, Kirkwood JM: Interferons in melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 1996, 8:167-174. This is an excellent review of the role of the interferon. particularly interferon alpha, in the treatment of various stages of malignant melanoma.
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Royal RE, Steinberg SM, White D. el al:. Correlates of response to IL-2 therapy in patients treated for metastatic renal cancer and melanoma Cancer J Sci Am 1996, 6:91-98. This article reviews the vast NCI Surgery Branch experience with the use of high-dose interleukin-2 regimens to treat metastatic kidney cancer and melanoma. Tumor response in melanoma is correlated with disease restricted to subcutaneous tissue, the development of vitiligo and the amount of interleukin-2 delivered. It is notable that even in this population which all received high-dose interleukin-2, a potential dose-response relationship was observed.
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Tartour E, Blay JY, Dorval T, Escudier B, Mosserie V, Douillard JY, Deneux L, Gorin I, Negrier S, Mathiot C, Pouillart P, Fridman WH: Predictors of clinical response to interleukin-2 based immunotherapy in melanoma patients: a French multiinstitutional study. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:1697-1703. This article evaluated various potential predictors of response to interleukin-2 based therapy administered in a French multi-institutional setting. They determined that patients with high serum levels of c-reactive protein or visceral organ involvement were less likely to respond to interleukin-2 therapy. High serum interleukin-6 levels were also negatively correlated with response, but this was not an independent predictive variable.
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J Clin Oncol
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Legha SS, Gianan MA, Plager C, Eton OE, Papadopoulous NE: Evaluation of interleukin-2 administered by continuous infusion in patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer 1996, 77:89-96 This article describes the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center experience with inpatient continuous infusion interleukin-2. They report a 22% response rate for this intramediate dose regimen with toxicity generally manage able on a regular inpatient ward. The median response duration, however, was only six months, a relatively short time compared with high-dose bolus inter leukin-2 regimens.
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Prospective randomized trial of lisophylline (CT1501 R) for the modulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) toxicity
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Margolin K, Atkins M, Dutcher J, Sosman J, Weiss G, Lotze M, Singer J, Bianco J, Bakke L: Prospective randomized trial of lisophylline (CT1501 R) for the modulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) toxicity [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996, 15:725.
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Trehu EG, Mier JW, DuBois JS, Sorce D, Klempner MS, Epstein M, Dinarello CA, Shapiro L, Kappler K, Ronayne L, Atkins MB: A phase I trial of interleukin-2 in combination with the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p75 IgG chimera (TNFR:Fc). Clin Cancer Res 1996, 2:1341-1351.
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Du Bios JS, Trehu EG, Mier JW, Shapiro L, Epstein M, Klempner M, Dinarrello C, Kappler K, Ronayne L, Rand W, Atkins MB: Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) in combination with the soluble TNF receptor IgG chimera (TNFR:Fc). J Clin Oncol 1997, in press. This randomized, placebo-controlled trial showed that the TNFR:Fc did not reduce the toxicity associated with high-dose interleukm-2, despite blocking the action of circulating tumor necrosis factor in a bioassay and inhibiting several biologic processes known to be associated with high-dose interleukin-2 therapy, Antitumor effects were maintained with an excellent response rate observed in the study patients with metastatic melanoma.
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