Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 203-219

  Anderson, Burt E ^a   Neuman, Mark A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b Naples Community Hospital Healthcare System   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BARTONELLACEAE; CAT SCRATCH DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; HUMAN; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; RICKETTSIOSIS;

BARTONELLA; BARTONELLACEAE; FELIS CATUS;

EID: 0030911826     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.10.2.203-219.1997     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Adal, K. A., C. J. Cockerell, and W. A. Petri. 1994. Cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and other infections due to Rochalimaea. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:1509-1515.
2. Adams, W. C., and S. M. Hindman. 1954. Cat scratch disease associated with an osteolytic lesion. J. Pediatr. 44:665-669.
3. Alexander, B. 1995. A review of bartonellosis in Ecuador and Colombia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52:354-359.
4. Alkan, S., M. B. Morgan, R. L. Sandin, L. C. Moscinski, and C. W. Ross. 1995. Dual role for Afipia felis and Rochalimaea henselae in cat-scratch disease. Lancet 345:385.
5. Amerein, M. P., D. De Breil, B. Jaulhac, P. Meyer, H. Monteil, and Y. Plemont. 1996. Diagnostic value of the indirect immunofluorescence assay in cat scratch disease with Bartonella henselae and Afipia felis antigens. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 3:200-204.
6. Anderson, B. 1994. Broad-range polymerase chain reaction for detection and identification of bacteria. J. Fla. Med. Assoc. 12:835-837.
7. Anderson, B., and K. Edwards. 1995. Cat-scratch disease; a mystery solved? Contemp. Pediatr. 12:17-32.
8. Anderson, B., C. Goldsmith, A. Johnson, I. Padmalayam, and B. Baumstark. 1994. Bacteriophage-like particle of Rochalimaea henselae. Mol. Microbiol. 13:67-73.
9. Anderson, B., D. Jones, and A. Burgess. 1996. Cloning, expression and sequence analysis of the Bartonella henselae gene encoding the HtrA stress-response protein. Gene 178:35-38.
10. Anderson, B., C. Kelly, R. Threlkel, and K. Edwards. 1993. Detection of Rochalimaea henselae in cat-scratch disease skin test antigens. J. Infect. Dis. 168:1034-1036.
11. Anderson, B., E. La, D. Jones, and R. Regnery. 1995. Characterization of a 17-kilodalton antigen of Bartonella henselae reactive with sera from patients with cat scratch disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2358-2365.
12. Anderson, B., K. Sims, R. Regnery, L. Robinson, M. J. Schmidt, S. Goral, C. Hager, and K. Edwards. 1994. Detection of Rochalimaea henselae DNA in specimens from cat scratch disease patients by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:942-948.
13. Angritt, P., S. M. Tuur, A. M. Macher, K. J. Smith, C. S. Park, F. P. Hobin, and C. Myrie-Williams. 1988. Epitheliod angimatosis in HIV infection: neoplasm or cat-scratch disease? Lancet i:996.
14. Angulo, F. J., C. A. Glaser, D. D. Juranek, M. R. Lappin, and R. L. Regnery. 1994. Caring for pets of immunocompromised persons. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 205:1711-1718.
15. Apalsch, A. M., B. Nour, and R. Jaffe. 1993. Systemic cat-scratch disease in a pediatric liver transplant recipient and review of the literature. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12:769-774.
16. Barka, N. E., T. Hadfield, M. Patnaik, W. A. Schwartzman, and J. B. Peter. 1993. EIA for detection of Rochalimaea henselae-reactive IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies in patients with suspected cat-scratch disease. J. Infect. Dis. 167:1503-1504.
17. Baron, A. L., L. S. Steinbach, P. E. Leboit, C. M. Mills, J. H. Gee, and T. G. Berger. 1990. Osteolytic lesions and bacillary angiomatosis in HIV infection: radiologic differentiation from AIDS related Kaposi sarcoma. Radiology 177:77-81.
18. Batterman, H. J., J. A. Peek, J. S. Loutit, S. Falkow, and L. S. Tompkins. 1995. Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana adherence to and entry into cultured human epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 63:4553-4556.
19. Bergmans, A. M. C., J.-W. Groothedde, J. F. P. Schellekens, J. D. A. vanEmden, J. M. Ossewaarde, and L. M. Schouls. 1995. Etiology of cat scratch disease: comparison of polymerase chain reaction detection of Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) ana Afipia felis DNA with serology and skin tests. J. Infect. Dis. 171:916-923.
20. Bergmans, A. M. C., J. F. P. Schellekens, J. D. A. vanEmbden. and L. M. Schouls. 1996. Predominance of two Bartonella henselae variants among cat-scratch disease patients in The Netherlands. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:254-260.
21. Bernini, P. M., J. T. Gorczyca, and J. F. Moldin. 1994. Cat scratch disease presenting as a paravertebral abscess. A case report. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. Vol. 76A:1858-1863.
22. Birtles, R. J. 1995. Differentiation of Bartonella species using restriction endonuclease analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 129:261-265.
23. Birtles, R. J., T. G. Harrison, N. K. Fry, N. A. Saunders, and A. G. Taylor. 1991. Taxonomic considerations based of Bartonella bacilliformis based on phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 67:187-191.
24. Birtles, R. J., T. G. Harrison, N. A. Saunders, and D. H. Molyneux. 1995. Proposals to unify the genera Grahamella and Bartonella, with descriptions of Bartonella talpae comb, nov., Bartonella peromysci comb. nov., and three new species, Bartonella grahamii sp. nov., Bartonella taylorii sp. nov., and Bartonella doshiae sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:1-8.
25. Bogue, C. W., J. D. Wise, G. F. Gray, and K. M. Edwards. 1989. Antibiotic therapy for cat scratch disease. JAMA 262:813-816.
26. Boyd, G. L., and G. Craig. 1961. Etiology of cat scratch disease. J. Pediatr. 59:313-317.
27. Breitschwerdt, E. B., D. L. Kordick, D. E. Malarkey, B. Keene, T. L. Hadfield, and K. Wilson. 1995. Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:154-160.
28. Brenner, D. J., D. G. Hollis, C. W. Moss, C. K. English, G. S. Hall, J. Vincent, J. Radosevic, K. A. Birkness, W. F. Bibb, F. D. Quinn, B. Swaminathan, R. E. Weaver, M. W. Reeves, S. P. O'Connor, P. S. Hayes, F. C. Tenover, A. G. Steigerwalt, B. A. Perkins, M. I. Daneshvar, B. C. Hill, J. A. Washington, T. C. Woods, S. B. Hunter, T. L. Hadfield, G. W. Ajello, A. F. Kaufman, D. J. Wear, and J. D. Wenger. 1991. Proposal of Afipia gen. nov., with Afipia felis sp. nov. (formerly the cat-scratch disease bacillus), Afipia clevelandensis sp. nov. (formerly the Cleveland clinic foundation strain), Afipia broomeae sp. nov., and three unnamed genospecies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2450-2460.
29. Brenner, D. J., S. P. O'Connor, D. G. Hollis, R. E. Weaver, and A. G. Steigerwalt. 1991. Molecular characterization and proposal of a neotype strain for Bartonella bacilliformis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:1299-1302.
30. Brenner, D. J., S. P. O'Connor, H. H. Winkler, and A. G. Steigerwalt 1993. Proposals to unify the genera Bartonella and Rochalimaea, with descriptions of Bartonella quintana comb. nov., Bartonella vinsonii comb. nov., Bartonella henselae comb. nov., and Bartonella elizabethae comb. nov., and to remove the family Bartoneliaceae from the order Rickettsiales. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43:777-786.
31. Caceres, A. G. 1993. Geographic distribution of Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), vector of human bartonellosis in Peru. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 35:485-490. (In Spanish.)
32. Caniza, M. A., D. L. Granger, K. H. Wilson, M. K. Washington, D. L. Kordick, D. P. Frush, and R. B. Blitchington. 1995. Bartonella henselae: etiology of pulmonary nodules in a patient with depressed cell-mediated immunity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:1505-1511.
33. Carithers, H. A. 1978. Oculoglandular disease of Parinaud. A manifestation of cat scratch disease. Am. J. Dis. Child. 132:1195-1200.
34. Carithers, H. A. 1983. Cat scratch disease associated with an osteolytic lesion. Am. J. Dis. Child. 137:968-970.
35. Carithers, H. A. 1985. Cat-scratch disease: an overview based on a study of 1,200 patients. Am. J. Dis. Child. 139:1124-1133.
36. Carithers, H. A., C. M. Carithers, and R. O. Edwards. 1969. Cat-scratch disease, its natural history. JAMA 207:312-316.
37. Carithers, H. A., and A. M. Margileth. 1991. Cat-scratch disease. Acute encephalopathy and other neurologic manifestations. Am. J. Dis. Child. 145:98-101.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Encephalitis associated with cat scratch disease. Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida, 1994. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 43:909, 915-916.
39. Childs, J. E., J. A. Rooney, J. L. Cooper, J. G. Olson, and R. L. Regnery. 1994. Epidemiologic observations on infection with Rochalimaea species among cats living in Baltimore, Md. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 204:1775-1778.
40. Chomel, B. B., R. C. Abbott, R. W. Kasten, K. A. Floyd-Hawkins, P. H. Kass, C. A. Glaser, N. C. Pedersen, and J. E. Koehler. 1995. Bartonella henselae prevalence in domestic cats in California: risk factors and association between bacteremia and antibody titers. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2445-2450.
41. Chomel, B. B., R. W. Kasten, K. Floyd-Hawkins, B. Chi, K. Yamamoto, J. Roberts-Wilson, A. N. Gurfield, R. C. Abbott, N. C. Pedersen, and J. E. Koehler. 1996. Experimental transmission of Bartonella henselae by the cat flea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:1952-1956.
42. Clarridge, J. E., T. J. Raich, D. Pirwani, B. Simon, L. Tsai, M. C. Rodriguez-Barradas, R. Regnery, A. Zollo, D. C. Jones, and C. Rambo. 1995. Strategy to detect and identify Bartonella species in routine clinical laboratory yields Bartonella henselae from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient and unique Bartonella strain from his cat. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2107-2113.
43. Cockerell, C. J., P. R. Bergstresser, C. Myrie-Williams, and P. M. Tierno. 1990. Bacillary epitheliod angiomatosis occurring in an immunocompetent individual. Arch. Dermatol. 126:787-790.
44. Cockerell, C. J., P. M. Tierno, A. E. Friedman-Kien, and K. S. Kim. 1991. Clinical, histologic, microbiologic, and biochemical characterization of the causative agent of bacillary (epitheliod) angiomatosis: a rickettsial illness with features of bartonellosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97:812-817.
45. Cockerell, C. J., M. A. Whitlow, G. F. Webster, and A. E. Friedman-Kien. 1987. Epithelioid angiomatosis: a distinct vascular disorder in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS related complex. Lancet 11:654-656.
46. Collipp, P. J., and R. Koch. 1959. Cat scratch fever associated with an osteolytic lesion. N. Engl. J. Med. 260:278-280.
47. Conley, T., L. Slater, and K. Hamilton. 1994. Rochalimaea species stimulate human endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 124:521-528.
48. Dalton, M. J., L. E. Robinson, J. Cooper, R. L. Regnery, J. G. Olson, and J. E. Childs. 1995. Use of Bartonella antigens for serologic diagnosis of cat-scratch disease at a national reference center. Arch. Intern. Med. 155:1670-1676.
49. Daly, J. S., M. G. Worthington, D. J. Brenner, C. W. Moss, D. G. Hollis, R. S. Weyant, A. G. Steigerwalt, R. E. Weaver, M. I. Daneshvar, and S. P. O'Connor. 1993. Rochalimaea elizabethae sp. nov. isolated from a patient with endocarditis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:872-881.
50. Daniels, W. B., and F. G. MacMurray. 1954. Cat scratch disease. Report of one hundred sixty cases. JAMA 154:1247-1251.
51. Debré, R., M. Lamy, M.-L. Jammet, L. Costil, and P. Mozziconacci. 1950. La maladie des griffes de chat. Bull. Mem. Soc. Med. Hop. Paris 66:76-79.
52. Delahoussaye, P. M., and B. M. Osborne. 1990. Cat scratch disease presenting as abdominal visceral granuloma. J. Infect. Dis. 161:71-78.
53. Demers, D. M., J. W. Bass, J. M. Vincent, D. A. Person, D. K. Noyes, C. M. Staege, C. P. Samlaska, N. H. Lockwood, R. L. Regnery, and B. E. Anderson. 1995. Cat-scratch disease in Hawaii: etiology and seroepidemiology. J. Pediatr. 127:23-26.
54. Dolan, M. J., M. T. Wong, R. L. Regnery, J. H. Jorgensen, M. Garcia, J. Peters, and D. Drehner. 1993. Syndrome of Rochalimaea henselae adenitis suggesting cat-scratch disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 118:331-336.
55. Drancourt, M., A. Donnet, J. Pelletier, and D. Raoult. 1992. Acute encephalitis associated with seroconversion to Afipia felis. Lancet 340:558. (Letter.)
56. Drancourt, M., J. L. Mainardi, P. Brouqui, F. Vandenesch, A. Carta, F. Lehnert, J. Etienne, F. Goldstein, J. Acar, and D. Raoult. 1995. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana endocarditis in three homeless men. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:419-423.
57. Drancourt, M., and D. Raoult. 1993. Proposed test for the routine identification of Rochalimaea species. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12:710-713.
58. Emmons, R. W., J. L. Riggs, and J. Schachter. 1976. Continuing the search for the etiology of cat scratch disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4:112-114.
59. English, C. K., D. J. Wear, A. M. Margileth, C. R. Lissner, and G. P. Welsh. 1988. Cat-scratch disease; isolation and culture of the bacterial agent. JAMA 259:1347-1352.
60. Flexman, J. P., N. J. Lavis, I. D. Kay, M. Watson, C. Metcalf, and J. W. Pearman. 1995. Bartonella henselae is a causative agent of cat scratch disease in Australia. J. Infect. 31:241-245.
61. Folkman, J., C. Hauderschild, and B. R. Zetter. 1979. Long-term culture of capillary endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:5217-5221.
62. Fredricks, D. N., and D. A. Relman. 1996. Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9:18-33.
63. Fumarola, D., S. Pece, R. Fumarola, R. Petruzzelll, B. Greco, G. Giuliani, A. B. Maffione, and E. Jirillo. 1994. Downregulation of human polymorphonuclear cell activities exerted by microorganisms belonging to the alpha-2 subgroup of Proteobacteria (Afipia felts and Rochalimaea henselae). Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 16:449-461.
64. Fumarola, D., R. Petruzzelll, G. Giuliani, M. R. Partipilo, and S. Pece. 1994. Cat-scratch disease in Italy: a serological approach. Microbiologica 17:255-258.
65. Garcia, F. U., J. Wojta, K. N. Bradley, J. M. Davidson, and R. L. Hoover. 1990. Bartonella bacilliformis stimulates endothelial cells in vitro and is angiogenic in vivo. Am. J. Pathol. 136:1125-1135.
66. Garcia, F. U., J. Wojta, and R. L. Hoover. 1992. Interactions between live Bartonella bacilliformis and endothelial cells. J. Infect. Dis. 165:1138-1141.
67. Garcia-Tsao, G., L. Panzini, M. Yoselevitz, and A. B. West 1992. Bacillary peliosis hepatis as a cause of acute anemia in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 102:1065-1070.
68. Genetics Computer Group. 1994. Program manual for the Wisconsin package, version 8. Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.
69. Gerber, M. A., T. J. MacAllster, M. Ballow, A. K. Sedgwick, K. B. Gustafson, and R. C. Tilton. 1985. The aetiologic agent of cat scratch disease. Lancet 1:1236-1239.
70. Gerber, M. A., P. Rapacz, S. S. Kalter, and M. Ballow. 1986. Cell-mediated immunity in cat-scratch disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 78:887-890.
71. Gimenez, D. F. 1964. Staining rickettsiae in yolk-sac cultures. Stain Technol. 39:135-140.
72. Glaser, B. M., P. A. D'Amore, H. Seppa, S. Seppa, and E. Schiffman. 1980. Adult tissues contain chemoattractants for vascular endothelial cells. Nature 288:483-484.
73. Golden, S. E. 1993. Hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease associated with elevated anti-Rochalimaea antibody titers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12:868-871.
74. Golnik, K. C., M. E. Marotto, M. M. Fanous, D. Heiter, L. P. King, J. I. Halpern, and P. H. Holley, Jr. 1994. Ophthalmic manifestations of Rochalimaea species. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 118:145-151.
75. Goral, S., B. Anderson, C. Hager, and K. M. Edwards. 1994. Detection of Rochalimaea henselae DNA by polymerase chain reaction from suppurative nodes of children with cat scratch disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13:994-997.
76. Groves, M. G., and K. S. Harrington. 1994. Rochalimaea henselae infections: newly recognized zoonoses transmitted by domestic cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 204:267-271.
77. Hadfield, T. L., R. Warren, M. Kass, E. Brun, and C. Levy. 1993. Endocarditis caused by Rochalimaea henselae. Hum. Pathol. 24:1140-1141.
78. Hadley, S., A. M. Albrecht, and D. Tarsy. 1995. Cat-scratch encephalopathy: a cause of status epilepticus and coma in a healthy young adult. Neurology 45:196.
79. Hall, A. V., C. M. Roberts, P. D. Maurice, K. A. McLean, and S. Shousha. 1988. Cat-scratch disease in patients with AIDS: atypical skin manifestation. Lancet 11:453-454.
80. Harris, P. J. 1992. Intracerebral bacillary angiomatosis in HIV. Ann. Intern. Med. 117:795.
81. Herrman, J. E., M. R. Hollingdale, M. F. Collins, and J. W. Vinson. 1977. Enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoprecipitation tests for the detection of antibodies to Rochalimaea (Rickettsia) quintana. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 154:285-288.
82. Higgins, J. A., S. Radulovic, D. C. Jaworski, and A. F. Abdu. 1996. Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 33:490-495.
83. Hill, E. M., A. Raji, M. S. Valenzuela, F. Garcia, and R. Hoover. 1992. Adhesion to and invasion of cultured human cells by Bartonella bacilliformis. Infect. Immun. 60:4051-4058.
84. Hollingdale, M. R., J. E. Herrmann, and J. W. Vinson. 1978. Enzyme immunoassay of antibody to Rochalimaea quintana: diagnosis of trench fever and serologic cross-reactions among other rickettsiae. J. Infect. Dis. 137:578-582.
85. Holmes, A., T. Greenough, G. Balady, R. Regnery, B. Anderson, J. C. O'Keane, J. Fonger, and E. McCrone. 1995. Bartonella henselae endocarditis in an immunocompetent adult. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:1004-1007.
86. Huang, K.-Y. 1967. Metabolic activities of the trench fever rickettsia, Rickettsia quintana. J. Bacteriol. 93:853-859.
87. Jackson, L. A., B. A. Ferkins, and J. D. Wenger. 1993. Cat scratch disease in the United States: an analysis of three national databases. Am. J. Public Health 83:1707-1711.
88. Jalava, J., P. Kotilainen, S. Nikkari, M. Skurnik, E. Vanttinen, O.-P. Lehtonen, E. Eerola, and P. Toivanen. 1995. Use of polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing for the detection of Bartonella quintana in the aortic valve of a patient with culture-negative infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:891-896.
89. Jameson, P., C. Greene, R. Regnery, M. Dryden, A. Marks, J. Brown, J. Cooper, B. Glaus, and R. Greene. 1995. Prevalence of Bartonella henselae antibodies in pet cats throughout regions of North America. J. Infect. Dis. 172:1145-1149.
90. Joblet, C., V. Roux, M. Drancourt, J. Gouvernet, and D. Raoult. 1995. Identification of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species among fastidious gram-negative bacteria on the basis of the partial sequence of the citrate-synthase gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1879-1883.
91. Kalter, S. S., C. S. Kim, and R. L. Heberling. 1969. Herpes-like virus particles associated with cat scratch disease. Nature 224:190.
92. Kemper, C. A., C. M. Lombard, S. C. Deresinski, and L. S. Tompkins. 1990. Visceral bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis; possible manifestations of disseminated cat scratch disease in the immunocompromised host. A report of two cases. Am. J. Med. 89:216-222.
93. Klein, J. D. 1994. Cat scratch disease. Pediatr. Rev. 15:348-353.
94. Knobloch, J. 1988. Analysis and preparation of Bartonella bacilliformis antigens. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39:173-178.
95. Knobloch, J., R. Bialek, G. Muller, and P. Asmus. 1988. Common surface epitope of Bartonella bacilliformis and Chlamydia psittaci. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39:427-433.
96. Knobloch, J., and M. Schreiber. 1990. Bb65, a major immunoreactive protein of Bartonella bacilliformis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 32:373-379.
97. Knobloch, J., L. Solano, O. Alvarez, and E. Delgado. 1985. Antibodies to Bartonella bacilliformis as determined by fluorescent test, indirect hemagglutination and ELISA. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 36:183-185.
98. Koehler, J. E., C. E. Glaser, and J. W. Tappero. 1994. Rochalimaea henselae infection: new zoonosis with the domestic cat as reservoir. JAMA 271:531-535.
99. Koehler, J. E., P. E. LeBoit, B. M. Egbert, and T. G. Berger. 1988. Cutaneous vascular lesions and disseminated cat-scratch disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Ann. Intern. Med. 109:449-455.
100. Koehler, J. E., F. D. Quinn, T. G. Berger, P. E. LeBoit, and J. W. Tappero. 1992. Isolation of Rochalimaea species from cutaneous and osseous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1625-1631.
101. Koranyi, K. 1994. Fever, back pain and pleural effusion in a four-year old boy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13:657-672.
102. Kordick, D. L., and E. B. Breitschwerdt. 1995. Intraerythrocytic presence of Bartonella henselae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1655-1656.
103. Kordick, D. L., B. Swaminathan, C. E. Greene, K. H. Wilson, A. M. Whitney, S. O'Connor, D. G. Hollis, G. M. Matar, A. G. Steigerwalt, G. B. Malcolm, P. S. Hayes, T. L. Hadfield, E. B. Breitschwerdt, and D. J. Brenner. 1996. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov., isolated from dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii; and emended description of Bartonella vinsonii. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:704-709.
104. Kordick, D. L., K. H. Wilson, D. J. Sexton, T. L. Hadfield, H. A. Berkhoff, and E. B. Breitschwerdt 1995. Prolonged Bartonella bacteremia in cats associated with cat-scratch disease patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3245-3251.
105. Kreuger, C. M., K. L. Marks, and G. M. Ihler. 1995. Physical map of the Bartonella bacilliformis genome. J. Bacteriol. 177:7271-7274.
106. Larson, A. M., M. J. Dougherty, D. J. Nowowiejski, D. F. Welch, G. M. Matar, B. Swaminathan, and M. B. Coyle. 1994. Detection of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana by routine acridine orange staining of broth blood cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1492-1496.
107. Lawson, P. A., and M. D. Collins. 1996. Description of Bartonella clarridgeiae sp. nov. isolated from the cat of a patient with Bartonella henselae septicemia. Med. Microbiol. Lett. 5:64-73.
108. Le, H. H., D. A. Palay, B. Anderson, and J. P. Stein berg. 1994. Conjunctival swab to diagnose ocular cat-scratch disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 118:249-250.
109. LeBoit, P. E., T. G. Berger, B. M. Egbert, J. H. Beckstead, T. S. Yen, and M. H. Stoler. 1989. Bacillary angiomatosis: the histopathology and differential diagnosis of a pseudoneuplastic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 13:909-920.
110. LeBoit, P. E., T. G. Berger, B. M. Egbert, S. B. Yen, M. H. Stoler, T. A. Bonfiglio, J. A. Strauchen, C. K. English, and D. J. Wear. 1988. Epithelioid haemangioma-like vascular proliferation in AIDS: manifestation of cat scratch disease bacillus infection. Lancet 1:960-963.
111. Lenoir, A. A., G. A. Storch, K. DeSchryver-Kecskemeti, G. S. Shackelford, R. J. Rothbaum, D. J. Wear, and J. L. Rosenblum. 1988. Granulomatous hepatitis associated with cat scratch disease. Lancet 1:1132-1136.
112. Lewis, D. W., and S. H. Tucker. 1986. Centrat nervous system involvement in cat scratch disease. Pediatrics 77:714-721.
113. Lucey, D., M. J. Dolan, C. W. Moss, M. Garcia, D. G. Hollis, S. Wenger, G. Morgan, R. Almeida, D. Leong, K. S. Greisen, D. F. Welch, and L. N. Slater. 1992. Relapsing illness due to Rochalimaea henselae in immunocompetent hosts: implication for therapy and new epidemiological associations. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:683-688.
114. Maass, M., M. Schreiber, and J. Knobloch. 1992. Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in cultures, blood, and formalin preserved skin biopsies by use of the polymerase chain reaction. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 43:191-194.
115. Malatack, J. J., H. A. Altman, J. A. Nard, E. S. Wiener, A. H. Urbach, and R. S. McGregor. 1989. Cat scratch disease without adenopathy. J. Pediatr. 114:104.
116. Margileth, A. M. 1957. Cat scratch disease as a cause of the oculoglandular syndrome of Parinaud. Pediatrics 20:1000-1005.
117. Margileth, A. M. 1992. Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11:474-478.
118. Margileth, A. M. 1993. Cat scratch disease. Adv. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 8:1-21.
119. Margileth, A. M. 1995. Sorting out the causes of lymphadenopathy. Contemp. Pediatr. 12:23-40.
120. Margileth, A. M. 1995. Lymphadenopathy: when to diagnose and treat. Contemp. Pediatr. 12:71-91.
121. Margileth, A. M., D. J. Wear, and C. K. English. 1987. Systemic cat scratch disease: report of 23 patients with prolonged or recurrent severe bacterial infection. J. Infect. Dis. 155:390-402.
122. Margileth, A. M., D. J. Wear, T. L. Hadfield, C. J. Schlagel, G. T. Spigel, and J. E. Muhlbauer. 1984. Cat scratch disease: bacteria in skin at the primary inoculation site. JAMA 252:928-931.
123. Matar, G. M., B. Swaminathan, S. B. Hunter, L. N. Slater, and D. F. Welch. 1993. Polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a fragment of the ribosomal operon from Rochalimaea species for subtyping. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1730-1740.
124. Matteelli, A., F. Castelli, A. Spinetti, F. Bonetti, S. Gralfenberghi, and G. Carosl. 1994. Short report: verruga peruana in an Italian traveler from Peru. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50:143-144.
125. Maurin, M., and D. Raoult. 1993. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Rochalimaea quintana, Rochalimaea vinsonii, and the newly recognized Rochalimaea henselae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 32:587-594.
126. Maurin, M., V. Roux, S. Stein, F. Ferrier, R. Viraben, and D. Raoult. 1994. Isolation and characterization by immunofluorescence, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Rochalimaea quintana from a patient with bacillary angiomatosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1166-1171.
127. Mernaugh, G., and G. M. Ihler. 1992. Deformation factor: an extracellular protein synthesized by Bartonella bacilliformis that deforms erythrocytic membranes. Infect. Immun, 60:937-943.
128. Milam, M. W., M. J. Balerdi, J. F. Toney, P. R. Foulis, C. P. Milam, and R. H. Behnke. 1990. Epithelioid angiomatosis secondary to disseminated cat scratch disease involving the bone marrow and skin in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a case report. Am. J. Med. 88:180-183.
129. Min, K.-W., J. A. Reed, D. F. Welch, and L. N. Slater. 1994. Morphologically variable bacilli of cat scratch disease are identified by immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies to Rochalimaea henselae. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 101:607-410.
130. Minnick, M. F. 1994. Identification of outer membrane proteins of Bartonella bacilliformis. Infect. Immun. 62:2644-2648.
131. Minnick, M. F., and G. L. Steigler. 1993. Nucleotide sequence and comparison of the 5S ribosomal RNA genes of Rochalimaea henselae, R. quintana, and Brucella abortus. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:2518.
132. Minnick, M. F., J. C. Strange, and K. F. Wllimas. 1994. Characterization of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer of Bartonella bacilliformis. Gene 143:149-150.
133. Mitchell, S. J., and M. F. Minnick. 1995. Characterization of a two-gene locus from Bartonella bacilliformis associated with the ability to invade human erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 63:1552-1562.
134. Moriarity, R. A., and A. M. Margileth. 1987. Cat scratch disease. Infect. Dis. North Am. 1:575-592.
135. Mui, B. S. K., M. E. Mulligan, and W. L. George. 1990. Response of HIV-associated disseminated cat-scratch disease to treatment with doxycycline. Am. J. Med. 89:229-231.
136. Muszynski, M J., S. Eppes, and H. D. Riley. 1987. Granulomatous osteo- lytic lesion of the skull associated with cat scratch disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6:199-201.
137. Myers, S. A., N. S. Prose, J. A. Garcia, K. H. Wilson, K. P. Dunsmore, and H. Kamino. 1992. Bacillary angiomatosis in a child undergoing chemotherapy. J. Pediatr. 121:574-578.
138. Myers, W. F., and C. L. Wisseman, Jr. 1980. Genetic relatedness among the typhus group of rickettsiae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:143-150.
139. Myers, W. F., C. L. Wisseman, Jr., P. Flset, E. V. Oaks, and J. F. Smith. 1979. Taxonomic relationship of the vole agent to Rochalimaea quintana. Infect. Immun. 26:976-983.
140. Noah, D. L., J. S. Bresee, M. J. Gorensek, J. A. Rooney, J. L. Cresanta, R. L. Regnery, J. Wong, J. del Toro, J. G. Olson, and J. E. Childs. 1995. Cluster of five children with acute encephalopathy associated with cat-scratch disease in south Florida. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14:866-869.
141. Norman, A. F., R. Regnery, P. Jameson, C. Greene, and D. C. Krause. 1995. Differentiation of Bartonella-like isolates at the species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in the citrate synthase gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1797-1803.
142. O'Connor, S. P., M. Dorsch, A. G. Steigerwalt, D. J. Brenner, and E. Stackebrandt. 1991. 16S rRNA sequences of Bartonella bacilliformis and cat scratch disease bacillus reveal phylogenetic relationships with the alpha-2 subgroup of the class Proteobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2144-2150.
143. O'Laughlin, S., M. Braverman, M. Smith-Jefferies, and P. Buckley. 1992. Macrophages (histiocytes) in various reactive and inflammatory conditions express different antigenic phenotypes. Hum. Pathol. 23:1410-1418.
144. Patnaik, M., and J. B. Peter. 1995. Cat-scratch disease, Bartonella henselae, and the usefulness of routine serological testing for Afipia felis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:1064.
145. Patnaik, M., W. A. Schwartzman, N. E. Barka, and J. B. Peter. 1992. Possible role of Rochalimaea henselae in pathogenesis of AIDS encephalopathy. Lancet 340:971.
146. Paxon, E. M., and R. J. McKay. 1957. Neurologic symptoms associated with cat scratch disease. Pediatrics 20:18-22.
147. Pece, S., A. B. Maffione, R. Petruzzelli, B. Greco, G. Glulianl, M. R. Partipilo, S. Amarri, F. Schettini, E. Jirillo, and D. Fumarola. 1994. Rochalimaea henselae organisms possess an elevated capacity of binding to peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with cat scratch disease. Microbios 77:95-100.
148. Perkins, B. A., B. Swaminathan, L. A. Jackson, D. J. Brenner, J. D. Wenger, and R. L. Regnery. 1992. Case 22-1992-pathogenesis of cat-scratch disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 327:1599-1600. (Letter.)
149. Perkocha, L. A., S. M. Geaghan, T. S. Benedict Yen, S. L. Nishimura, S. P. Chan, R. Garcia-Kennedy, G. Honda, A. C. Stoloff, H. Z. Klein, R. L. Goldman, S. Van Meter, L. D. Ferrell, and P. E. LeBoit. 1990. Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 323:1581-1586.
150. Pilon, V. A., and R. M. Echols. 1989. Cat-scratch disease in a patient with AIDS. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 92:236-240.
151. Raoult, D., H. T. Dupont, and M. Enea-Mutillod. 1994. Positive predictive value of Rochalimaea henselae antibodies in the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:335.
152. Reed, J. A., D. J. Brigati, S. D. Flynn, N. S. McNutt, K.-W. Min, D. F. Welch, and L. N. Slater. 1992. Immunocytochemical identification of Rochalimaea henselae in bacillary (epithelioid) angiomatosis, parenchymal bacillary peliosis, and persistent fever with bacteremia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 16:650-657.
153. Regnery, R., and J. Tappero. 1995. Unraveling mysteries associated with cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and related syndromes. Emerging Infect. Dis. 1:16-21.
154. Regnery, R. L., B. E. Anderson, J. E. Clarridge III, M. Rodriguez-Barradas, D. C. Jones, and J. H. Carr. 1992. Characterization of a novel Rochalimaea species, R. henselae sp. nov., isolated from blood of a febrile, human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:265-274.
155. Regnery, R. L., M. Martin, and J. Olson. 1992. Naturally occurring "Rochalimaea henselae" infection in domestic cat. Lancet 340:557-558.
156. Regnery, R. L., J. G. Olson, B. A. Perkins, and W. Bibb. 1992. Serologic response to "Rochalimaea henselae" antigen in suspected cat scratch disease. Lancet 339:1443-1445.
157. Relman, D. A. 1993. The identification of uncultured microbial pathogens. J. Infect. Dis. 168:1-8.
158. Relman, D. A. 1995. Has trench fever returned? N. Engl. J. Med. 332:463-464.
159. Relman, D. A., P. W. Lepp, K. N. Sadler, and T. M. Schmidt. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships among the agent of bacillary angiomatosis. Bartonella bacilliformis, and other alpha-proteobacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 6:1801-1807.
160. Relman, D. A., J. S. Loutit, T. M. Schmidt, S. Falkow, and L. S. Tompkins. 1990. The agent of bacillary angiomatosis: an approach to the identification of uncultured pathogens. N. Engl. J. Med. 23:1573-1580.
161. Rizkallah, M. F., L. Meyer, and E. M. Ayoub. 1988. Hepatic and splenic abscesses in cat scratch disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7:191-195.
162. Rodriguez-Barradas, M. C., J. C. Bandres, R. J. Hamill, J. Trial, J. E. Clarriage III, R. E. Baughn, and R. D. Rosen. 1995. In vitro evaluation of the role of humoral immunity against Bartonella henselae. Infect. Immun. 63:2367-2370.
163. Rodriguez-Barradas, M. C. R. J. Hamill, E. D. Houston, P. R. Georghiou, J. E. Clarridge, R. L. Regnery, and J. E. Koehler. 1995. Genomic fingerprints of Bartonella species using repetitive element PCR: distinction between and within species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1089-1093.
164. Roux, V., and D. Raoult. 1995. Inter- and intraspecies identification of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1573-1579.
165. Rudikoff, D., R. G. Phelps, R. E. Gordon, and E. J. Bottone. 1989. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related bacillary vascular proliferation (epithelioid angiomatosis): rapid response to erythromycin therapy. Arch. Dermatol. 125:706-707.
166. Scherer, D. C., I. DeBuron-Connors, and M. F. Minnick. 1993. Characterization of Bartonella bacilliformis flagella and effect of antiflagellin antibodies on invasion of human erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 61:4962-4971.
167. Schlossberg, D., Y. Morad, T. B. Krouse, D. J. Wear, C. K. English, and M. Littman. 1989. Culture proved disseminated cat scratch disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 149:1437-1439.
168. Schwartzman, W. A. 1992. Infections due to Rochalimaea: the expanding clinical spectrum. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:893-902.
169. Schwartzman, W. A., C. A. Nesbit, and E. J. Baron. 1993. Development and evaluation of blood-free medium for determining growth curves and optimizing growth of Rochalimaea henselae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1882-1885.
170. Schwartzman, W. A., M. Patnaik, N. Barka, and J. B. Peter. 1994. Rochalimaea antibodies in HIV-associated neurologic disease. Neurology 44:1312-1316.
171. Selby, G., and L. W. Grant. 1979. Cerebral arteritis in cat-scratch disease. Neurology 29:1413-1418.
172. Shanon, A. B., J. H. Marchessault, and P. McDonald. 1989. Cat scratch disease associated with a vertebral osteolytic lesion. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8:51-52.
173. Slater, L. N., D. W. Coody, L. K. Woolridge, and D. F. Welch. 1992. Murine antibody responses distinguish Rochalimaea henselae from Rochalimaea quintana. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1722-1727.
174. Slater, L. N., D. F. Welch, D. Hensel, and D. W. Coody. 1990. A newly recognized fastidious gram-negative pathogen as a cause of fever and bacteremia. N. Engl. J. Med. 23:1587-1593.
175. Slater, L. N., D. F. Welch, and K.-W. Min. 1992. Rochalimaea henselae causes bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatis. Arch. Intern. Med. 152:602-606.
176. Spach, D. H., K. P. Callis, D. S. Paauw, Y. B. Houze, F. D. Schoenknecht, D. F. Welch, H. Rosen, and D. J. Brenner. 1993. Endocarditis caused by Rochalimaea quintana in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:692-694.
177. Spach, D. H., A. S. Kanter, N. A. Daniels, D. J. Nowowiejski, A. M. Larson, R. A. Schmidt, B. Swaminathan, and D. J. Brenner. 1995. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species as a cause of apparent "culture negative" endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:1044-1047.
178. Spach, D. H., A. S. Kanter, M. J. Dougherty, A. M. Larson, M. B. Coyle, D. J. Brenner, B. Swaminathan, G. M. Matar, D. F. Welch, R. K. Root, and W. E. Stamm. 1995. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana bacteremia in innercity patients with chronic alcoholism. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:424-428.
179. Spaulding, W. B., and J. N. Hennessy. 1960. Cat scratch disease. A study of eighty-three cases. Am. J. Med. 28:504-509.
180. Steeper, T. A., H. Rosenstine, J. Weiser, S. Inampudi, and D. C. Snover. 1992. Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis involving the liver, spleen and skin in an AIDS patient with concurrent Kaposi's sarcoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 97:713-718.
181. Steiner, M. M., D. Vuckovitch, and S. A. Hadani. 1963. Cat-scratch disease with encephalopathy. J. Pediatr. 62:514-520.
182. Stoler, M. H., T. A. Bonfiglio, R. T. Steigblgel, and M. Pereira. 1983. An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 80:714-718.
183. Szaniawski, W. K., P. C. Don, S. R. Bitlerman, and J. R. Schachner. 1990. Epithelioid angiomatosis in patients with AIDS: report of seven cases and review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 23:41-48.
184. Szelc-Kelly, C. M., S. Goral, G. I. Perez-Perez, B. Ferkins. R. L. Regnery, and K. M. Edwards. 1995. Serologic response to Bartonella and Afipia antigens in patients with cat stratch disease. Pediatrics 96:1137-1142.
185. Tappero, J. W., J. E. Koehler, T. G. Berger, C. J. Cockerell, T.-H. Lee, M. P. Busch, D. P. Sites, J. Mohle-Boetani, A. L. Reingold, and F. E. Le Boit. 1993. Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary splenitis in immunocompetent adults. Ann. Intern. Med. 118:363-365.
186. Tappero, J. W., J. Mohle-Boetani, J. E. Koehler, B. Swaminathan, T. G. Berger, P. E. LeBoit, L. L. Smith, J. D. Wenger, R. W. Pinner, C. A. Kemper, and A. L. Reingold. 1993. The epidemiology of bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. JAMA 269:770-775.
187. Turner, W., N. J. Bigley, M. C. Dodd, and G. Anderson. 1960. Hemagglutinating virus isolated from cat scratch disease. J. Bacteriol. 80:430-435.
188. Tyeryar, F. J., Jr., E. Weiss, D. B. Millar, F. M. Bozeman, and R. A. Ormsbee. 1973. DNA composition of rickettsiae. Science 180:415-417.
189. Ueno, H., Y. Muramatsu, B. B. Chornel, T. Hohdatsu, H. Koyama, and C. Morita. 1995. Seroepidemiological survey of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae in domestic cats in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol. 39:339-341.
190. Umemori, E., Y. Sasaki, K. Amano, and Y. Amano. 1992. A phage in Bartonella bacilliformis. Microbiol. Immunol. 36:731-736.
191. Vinson, J. W. 1966. In vitro cultivation of the rickettsial agent of trench fever. Bull. W. H. O. 35:155-164.
192. Vinson, J. W., G. Varela, and C. Molina-Pasquel. 1969. Trench fever. III. Induction of clinical disease in volunteers inoculated with Ricketisia quintana propagated on blood agar. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18:713-722.
193. Waldvogel, K., R. L. Regnery, B. E. Anderson, R. Caduff, J. Caduff, and D. Nadal. 1995. Disseminated cat-scratch disease; detection of Rochalimaea henselae in affected tissue. Eur. J. Pediatr. 153:23-27.
194. Walker, T. S., and H. H. Winkler. 1981. Bartonella bacilliformis: colonial types and erythrocyte adherence. Infect. Immun. 31:480-486.
195. Warwick, W. J. 1967. The cat scratch syndromes. Many diseases or one disease? Prog. Med. Virol. 9:256-301.
196. Wear, D. J., A. M. Margileth, T. L. Hadfield, G. W. Fischer, C. J. Schlagel, and F. M. King. 1983. Cat scratch disease: a bacterial infection. Science 221:1403-1404.
197. Weisburg, W. G., C. R. Woese, M. E. Dobson, and E. Weiss. 1985. A common origin of rickettsiae and certain plant pathogens. Science 230:556-558.
198. Weiss, E., and G. A. Dasch. 1982. Differential characteristics of strains of Rochalimaea: Rochalimaea vinsonii sp. nov., the Canadian vole agent. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32:305-314.
199. Weiss, E., G. A. Dasch, D. R. Woodman, and J. C. Williams. 1978. Vole agent identified as a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, Rochalimaea quintana. Infect. Immun. 19:1013-1020.
200. Weiss, E., and J. W. Moulder. 1984. Order I. Rickettsiales, p. 687-701. In N. R. Krieg and J. G. Huit (ed.), Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 1. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.
201. Welch, D. F., D. M. Hensel, D. A. Pickett, V. H. San Joaquin, A. Robinson, and L. N. Slater. 1993. Bacteremia due to Rochalimaea henselae in a child: practical identification of isolates in a clinical laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2381-2386.
202. Welch, D. F., D. A. Pickett, L. N. Slater, A. G. Steigerwalt, and D. J. Brenner. 1992. Rochalimaea henselae sp. nov., a cause of septicemia, bacillary angiomatosis, and parenchymal bacillary peliosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:275-280.
203. Wong, M. T., D. C. Thorton, R. C. Kennedy, and M. J. Dolan. 1995. A chemically defined liquid medium that supports primary isolation of Rochalimaea (Bartonella) henselae from blood and tissue specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:742-744.
204. Zangwill, K. M., D. H. Hamilton, B. A. Perkins, R. L. Regnery, B. D. Plikaytis, J. L. Hadler, M. L. Cartter, and J. D. Wenger. 1993. Cat scratch disease in Connecticut: epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation of a new diagnostic test. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:8-13.
205. Zbinden, R., M. Hochli, and D. Nadal. 1995. Intracellular location of Bartonella henselae cocultivated with Vero cells and used for an indirect fluorescent-antibody test. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2:693-695.