Clinical relevance of transforming growth factor-β1 in the urine of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Medicine

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 213-226

  Tsai, Jung Fa ^a   Chuang, Lea Yea ^a   Jeng, Jen Eing ^a   Yang, Mei Li ^a   Chang, Wen Yu ^a   Hsieh, Min Yuh ^a   Lin, Zu Yau ^a   Tsai, Juei Hsiung ^a  

^a KAOHSIUNG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA FETOPROTEIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; SURVIVAL; URINALYSIS;

ADULT; AGED; ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROGNOSIS; REFERENCE VALUES; ROC CURVE; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 0030907636     PISSN: 00257974     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00005792-199705000-00007     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Aasland R, Aslen LA, Varhaug JE, Lillehaug JR. Co-expression of the genes encoding transforming growth factor-alpha and its receptor in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Int J Cancer 46: 382-7, 1990.
2. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Manual for staging of cancer. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1992.
3. Annoni G, Weiner FR, Zern MA. Increased transforming growth factor-β1 gene expression in human liver disease. J Hepatol 14: 259-64, 1992.
4. Arbuthnot P, Kew M, Fitschen W. c-fos and c-myc oncoprotein expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res 11: 921-4, 1991.
5. Arthur MJ. Pathogenesis, experimental manipulation and treatment of liver fibrosis. Exp Nephrol 3: 90-5, 1995.
6. Altman DJ, Schneider SL, Thompson DA, Cheng HL, Tomast TB. A transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-like immunosuppressive factor in amniotic fluid and localization of TGF-β2 mRNA in the pregnant uterus. J Exp Med 172: 1391-401, 1994.
7. Bachem MG, Sell KM, Melchior R, Kropf J, Eller T, Gressner AM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) stimulate fibronectin synthesis and the transdifferentiation of fat-storing cells in the rat liver into myofibroblasts. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 63: 123-30, 1993.
8. Baldwin GS, Zhang QX. Measurement of gastrin and transforming growth factor alpha messenger RNA levels in colon carcinoma cell lines by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 52: 2261-7, 1992.
9. Barnard JA, Beauchaamp RD, Russell WE, Dubois RN, Coffey RJ. Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their relevance to gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 108: 564-80, 1995.
10. Barnard JA, Lyons RM, Moses HL. The cell biology of transforming growth factor-β. Biochim Biophys Acta 1032: 79-87, 1990.
11. Barton CM, Hall PA, Hughes CM, Gullick WJ, Lemoine NR. Transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor in human pancreatic cancer. J Pathol 163: 111-6, 1991.
12. Bauknecht T, Kommoss F, Birmlin G, von Kleist S, Kohler M, Peleiderer A. Expression analysis of EGF-R and TGF-alpha in human ovarian carcinomas. Anticancer Res 11: 1523-8, 1991.
13. Bayly AC, French NG, Dive C, Roberts RA. Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis in vitro, the FaO hepatoma line responds to peroxisome-proliferators and retains the ability to undergo apoptosis. J Cell Sci 104: 307-15, 1993.
14. Beauchamp RD, Sheng HM, Alam T, Townsend CM, Papaconstantinou J. Posttranscriptional regulation of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein messenger RNA by transforming growth factor-beta 1 requires de novo RNA and protein synthesis. Mol Endocrinol 6: 1789-96, 1992.
15. Bedossa P, Peltier E, Terris B, Franco D, Poynard T. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and TGF-β1 receptors in normal, cirrhotic, and neoplastic human livers. Hepatology 21: 760-6, 1995.
16. Bedossa P, Paradis V. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta): A key-role in liver fibrogenesis. J Hepatol 22 (2 Suppl): 37-42, 1995.
17. Bedossa P, Poynard T, Mathurini P, Lemaigre G, Chaput JC. Transforming growth factor β1: In situ expression in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with alpha interferon. Gut 34 (2 suppl): S146-7, 1993.
18. Benedetti A, Di Sario A, Svegliati Baroni G, Jezequel AM. Transforming growth factor beta 1 increases the number of apoptotic bodies and decreases intracellular pH in isolated periportal and perivenular rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 22: 1488-98, 1995.
19. Bennett C, Paterson IM, Corbishley M, Luqmani YA. Expression of growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor encoded transcript in human gastric tissues. Cancer Res 49: 2104-11, 1989.
20. Berger MS, Greenfleld C, Gullick WJ, Haley J, Downward J, Neal DE, Harris AL, Waterfield MD. Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptors in bladder tumors. Br J Cancer 56: 533-7, 1987.
21. Berger MS, Gullick WJ, Greenfield C, Evans S, Addis BJ, Waterfield MD. Epidermal growth factor receptors in lung tumors. J Pathol 152: 297-307, 1987.
22. Bissell DM, Wang SS, Jarnagin WR, Roll FJ. Cell-specific expression of transforming growth factor-beta in rat liver. Evidence for autocrine regulation of hepatocyte proliferation. J Clin Invest 96: 447-55, 1995.
23. Border WA, Noble NA. Transforming growth factor beta in tissue fibrosis. N Engl J Med 331: 1286-92, 1994.
24. Bosch FX, Munoz N. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the world: Epidemiological questions. In: Tabor E, DiBisceglie AM, Purcell RH, eds. Etiology, pathology, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in North America. Houston: Gulf, pp 35-54, 1991.
25. Bouzahzah B, Nishikawa Y, Simon D, Carr BI. Growth control and gene expression in a new hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Hep40: Inhibitory actions of vitamin K. J Cell Physiol 165: 459-67, 1995.
26. Braun L, Gruppuso P, Mikumo R, Fausto N. Transforming growth factor beta 1 in liver carcinogenesis: Messenger RNA expression and growth effects. Cell Growth Differ 1: 103-11, 1990.
27. Bursch W, Oberhammer F, Jirtle RL, Askari M, Sedivy R, Grasl-Kraupp B, Purchio AF, Schulte-Hermann R. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 as a signal for induction of cell death by apoptosis. Br J Cancer 67: 531-6, 1993.
28. Cariani E, Lasserre C, Kemeny F, Franco D, Brechot C. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-II, α-fetoprotein and hepatitis B virus transcripts in human primary liver cancer. Hepatology 13: 644-9, 1991.
29. Cariani E, Lasserre C, Seurin D, Hamelin B, Kemeny F, Franco D, Czech MP, Ulrich A, Brechot C. Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA in human primary liver cancers, benign liver tumors, and liver cirrhosis. Cancer Res 48: 6844-9, 1988.
30. Cariani E, Seurin D, Lasserre C, Franco D, Binoux M, Brechot C. Expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) in human primary liver cancer: mRNA and protein analysis. J Hepatol 11: 226-31, 1990.
31. Caro JF, Poulos J, Ittoop O, Pories WJ, Flickinger EG, Sinha MK. Insulin-like growth factor I binding in hepatocytes from human liver, human hepatoma, and normal, regenerating, and fatal rat liver. J Clin Invest 81: 976-81, 1988.
32. Carpenter G, Wahl MI. The epidermal growth factor family. In: Sporn MB, Roberts AB, eds. Peptide growth factors and their receptors. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp 69-171, 1990.
33. Carr BI, Hayashi I, Branum EL, Moses HL. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes by platelet-derived type B transforming growth factor. Cancer Res 46: 2330-4, 1986.
34. Carr BI, Hung TH, Itakura K, Noel M, Marceau N. TGF-β gene transcription in normal and neoplastic liver growth. J Cell Biochem 39: 477-87. 1989.
35. Castilla A, Prieto J, Fausto N. Transforming growth factor β1 and α in chronic liver disease: Effects of interferon alpha therapy. N Engl J Med 324: 933-40, 1991.
36. Chen DS, Sung JL. Serum alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 40: 779-83, 1977.
37. Chuang LY, Hon WC, Yang ML, Chang CC, Tsai JF. Urinary epidermal growth factor receptor-binding growth factors in the tumors of the digestive tract. Clin Biochem 27: 485-9, 1994.
38. Chuang LY, Hung WC, Chang CC, Tsai JH. Characterization of apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor TGF-β1 in human hepatoma cells. Anticancer Res 14: 147-52, 1994.
39. Chuang LY, Tsai JH, Yeh YH, Chang CC, Yeh HW, Guh JY, Tsai JF. Epidermal growth factor-related transforming growth factors in the urine of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 13: 1112-6, 1991.
40. Clementi M, Festa A, Testa I, Bagnarelli P, Devescovi G, Carloni G. Expression of high- and low-affinity epidermal growth factor receptors in human hepatoma cell lines. FEBS Lett 249: 297-301, 1989.
41. Coffey RJ, McCutchen CM, Graves-Deal R, William HP. Transforming growth factors and related peptides in gastrointestinal neoplasia. J Cell Biochem (Suppl) 16G: 111-8, 1992.
42. Collier JD, Guo K, Gullick WJ, Bassendine MF, Burt AD. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver 13: 151-5, 1993.
43. Coupes BM, Newstead CG, Short CD, Brenchley PEC. Transforming growth factor-β1 in renal allograft recipients. Transplanatation 57: 1727-31, 1994.
44. Cousins SW, McCabe MM, Donielpour D, Reilein JW. Identification of transforming growth factor-beta as an immunosuppressive factor in aqueous humor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32: 2201-11, 1991.
45. Cowley GP, Smith JA, Gusterson BA. Increased EGF receptors on human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Br J Cancer 53: 223-9, 1986.
46. Cross MC, Dexter TM. Growth factors in development, transformation and tumorigenesis. Cell 64: 271-80, 1991.
47. D'Arville CN, Nouri-Aria KT, Johnson P, Williams R. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor II gene expression by hepatitis B virus in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 13: 310-5, 1991.
48. D'Errico A, Grigioni WF, Fiorentino M, Baccarini P, Lamas E, De Mitri S, Gozzetti G, Mancini AM, Brechot C. Expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) in human hepatocellular carcinomas: An immunohistochemical study. Pathol Int 44: 131-7, 1994.
49. Derynck R, Goedel DV, Ulrich A, Gutterman JU, Williams RD, Bringham TS, Berger WH. Synthesis of messenger RNAs for transforming growth factors alpha and beta and the epidermal growth factor receptor by human tumors. Cancer Res 47: 707-12, 1987.
50. 4,-exposed rat fat-storing cells and facilitates activation of latent transforming growth factor-β in cocultures with sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 21: 1429-37, 1995.
51. De Souza AT, Hankins GR, Washington MK, Fine RL, Orton TC, Jirtle RL. Frequent loss of heterozygosity on 6q at the mannose 6-phosphate/ insulin-like growth factor II receptor locus in human hepatocellular tumors. Oncogene 10: 1725-9, 1995.
52. Dickson K, Philip A, Warshawsky H, O'Connor-McCourt M, Bergeron JJ. Specific binding of endocrine transforming growth factor-beta 1 to vascular endothelium. J Clin Invest 95: 2539-54, 1995.
53. Eghbali-Fatourechi G, Sieck GC, Prakash YS, Maercklein P, Gores GJ, Fitzpatrick LA. Type I procollagen production and cell proliferation is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta in a model of hepatic fibrosis. Endocrinology 137: 1894-903, 1996.
54. Fausto N. Multifunctional roles of transforming growth factor beta 1. Lab Invest 65: 497-9, 1991.
55. Fausto N. Growth factors in liver development, regeneration and carcinogenesis. Prog Growth Factors Res 3: 219-34, 1991.
56. Fausto N. Hepatocyte apoptosis: Is transforming growth factor-β1 the kiss of death? Hepatology 18: 1536-7, 1993.
57. Fausto N, Mead JE, Gruppuso PA, Braun L. TGF-beta in liver development, regeneration and carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 593: 231-42, 1991.
58. Fiorentino M, Grigioni WF, Baccarini P, D'Errico A, De Mitri MS, Pisi E, Mancini AM. Different in situ expression of insulin-like growth factor type II in hepatocellular carcinoma. An in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study. Diagn Mol Pathol 3: 59-65, 1994.
59. Fontana A, Frei K, Bodmer S, Hofer E, Sghreier MH, Palladino MA. Transforming growth factor-β inhibits the generation of cytotoxic T cells in virus infected mice. J Immunol 143: 3230-4, 1989.
60. Fourel G, Trepo C, Bougueleret L, Henglein B, Ponzetto A, Tiollais P, Buendia M. Frequent activation of N-myc genes by hepadnaviruses insertion in woodchuck liver tumors. Nature 347: 294-8, 1990.
61. Frei A, Zimmermann A, Weigand K. The N-terminal propeptide of collagen type III in serum reflects activity and degree of fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 4: 830-4, 1984.
62. Friedman SL. The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis: Mechanisms and treatment strategies. N Engl J Med 328: 1828-35, 1993.
63. Fu XX, Su CY, Lee Y, Hintz R, Biempica L, Snyder R, Rogler CE. Insulin-like growth factor II expression and oval cell proliferation associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in woodchuck hepatitis virus carriers. J Virol 62: 3422-30, 1988.
64. Gorgoulis V, Aninos D, Mikou P, Kanavaros P, Karameris A, Joardanoglou J, Rasidakis A, Veslemes M, Ozanne B, Spandidos DA. Expression of EGF, TGF-alpha, EGF-R in squamous cell lung carcinomas. Anticancer Res 12: 1183-8, 1992.
65. Goustin AS, Leof EB, Shipley GD, Moses HL. Growth factors and cancer. Cancer Res 46: 1015-29, 1986.
66. Gressner AM, Polzar B, Lahme B, Mannherz HG. Induction of rat liver parenchymal cell apoptosis by hepatic myofibroblasts via transforming growth factor beta Hepatology 23: 571-81, 1996.
67. Gu JR. Commentary: Molecular aspects of human hepatic carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 9: 697-703, 1988.
68. Gupta S, Shafritz DA. Viral mechanisms in hepatic oncogenesis. In: Arias M, Boyer JL, Fausto N, Jakoby WB, Schachter DA, Schafritz DA, eds. The liver: Biology and pathobiology. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press, pp 1429-53, 1994.
69. Haeder M, Rotsch M, Bepler G, Hennig C, Havemann K, Heimann B, Moelling K. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 48: 1132-6, 1988.
70. Hasegawa K, Wang Z, Inagaki M, Carr BI. Characterization of a human hepatoma cell line with acquired resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 31: 55-61, 1995.
71. Hirayama D, Fujimori T, Satonaka K, Nakamura T, Kitazawa S, Horio M, Maeda S, Nagasako K. Immunohistochemical study of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β in the penetrating type of early gastric cancer. Hum Pathol 23: 681-5, 1992.
72. Houck KA, Michalopoulos GK, Strom SC. Introduction of a Ha-ras oncogene into rat liver epithelial cells and parenchymal hepatocytes confers resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-β. Oncogene 4: 19-25, 1989.
73. Hsia CC, Axiotis CA, Di Bisceglie AM, Tabor E. Transforming growth factor-alpha in human hepatocellular carcinoma and coexpression with hepatitis B surface antigen in adjacent liver. Cancer 70: 1049-56, 1992.
74. Hsia CC, Thorgeirsson SS, Tabor E. Expression of hepatitis B surface and core antigens and transforming growth factor-α in "oval cells" of the liver in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 3: 216-21, 1994.
75. Humphrey PA, Wong AJ, Vogelstein B, Friedman HS, Werner MH, Bigner DD, Bigner SH. Amplification and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human glioma xenografts. Cancer Res 48: 2231-8, 1988.
76. Hung WC, Chuang LY, Tsai JH, Chang CC. Effects of epidermal growth factor on growth control and signal transduction pathways in different human hepatoma cell lines. Biochem Mol Biol Int 30: 319-28, 1993.
77. Hung WC, Yang ML, Chang CC, Tsai JH, Chuang LY. Differential regulation of EGF production, EGF receptor binding, and cellular growth by sodium butyrate in Hep 3B and PLC/PRF/5 human hepatoma cells. Int J Oncol 7: 1089-93, 1995.
78. Hunts J, Ueda M, Ozawa S, Abe O, Pastan I, Shimizu N. Hyperproduction and gene amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor in squamous cell carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 76: 663-6, 1985.
79. Inagaki M, Moustakas A, Lin HY, Lodish HF, Carr BI. Growth inhibition by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type 1 is restored in TGF-beta-resistant hepatoma cells after expression of TGF-beta receptor type II cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 5359-63, 1993.
80. International Group. Acute and chronic hepatitis revisited. Lancet 2: 914-9, 1977.
81. Inuzuka S, Ueno T, Tanikawa K. Fibrogenesis in acute liver injuries. Pathol Res Practice 190: 903-9, 1994.
82. Ismail T, Howl J, Wheatley M, McMaster P, Neuberger JM, Strain AJ. Growth of normal human hepatocytes in primary culture: Effect of hormones and growth factors on DNA synthesis. Hepatology 14:1076-82, 1991.
83. Ito M, Yoshida K, Kyo E, Ayhan Nakayama H, Yasui W, Ito H, Tahara E. Expression of several growth factors and their receptor genes in human colon carcinomas. Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathol 59: 173-8, 1990.
84. Ito N, Kawata S, Tamura S, Takaishi K, Saitoh R, Tarui S. Modulation of c-myc expression by transforming growth factor-β1 in human hepatoma cell lines. Jpn J Cancer Res 81: 216-9, 1990.
85. Ito N, Kawata S, Tamura S, Takaishi K, Shirai Y, Kiso S, Yabuuchi I, Matsuda Y, Nishioka M, Tarui S. Elevated levels of transforming growth factor-beta and its polypeptide in human hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer Res 15: 4080-3, 1991.
86. Ito N, Kawata S, Tamura S, Takaishi K, Yabuuchi I, Matsuda Y, Nishioka M, Tarui S. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 81: 1202-5, 1990.
87. Ito N, Kawata S, Tamura S, Shirai Y, Kiso S, Tsushima H, Matsuzawa Y. Positive correlation of plasma transforming growth factor-beta 1 levels with tumor vascularity in hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer Lett 89: 45-8, 1995.
88. Jasani B, Wyllie FS, Wright PA, Lemoine NR, Williams ED, Wynford-Thomas D. Immunocytochemically detectable TGF-β associated with malignancy in thyroid epithelial neoplasia. Growth Factors 2: 149-55, 1990.
89. Jeng JE, Tsai JF. Hepatitis C virus antibody in hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. J Med Virol 34: 74-7, 1991.
90. Jhappan C, Stahle C, Harkins RN, Fausto N, Smith GH, Merlino GT. TGF-alpha overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 61: 1137-46, 1990.
91. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observation. Am Stat Assoc 53: 457-8, 1958.
92. Kaufmann WK, Zhang YC, Kaufman DG. Association between expression of transforming growth factor alpha and progression of hepato-cellular foci to neoplasms. Carcinogenesis 13: 1481-3, 1992.
93. Kawata S, Tamura S, Ito N, Takaishi K, Matsuzawa Y. Alterations in cell growth regulatory system by transforming growth factor-β in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gann Monogr Cancer Res 40: 41-52, 1993.
94. Kehrl JH, Wakefield LM, Roberts AB, Jakowlew SB, Alvarez-Mon M, Derynck R, Sporn MB, Fauci AS. Production of transforming growth factor beta by human T lymphocytes and its potential role in the regulation of T cell growth. J Exp Med 163: 1037-50, 1986.
95. Kew MC. Tumors of the liver. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds. Hepatology: A textbook of liver disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 1513-47, 1996.
96. Kimchi A, Wang XF, Weinberg RA, Cheifetz S, Massague J. Absence of TGF-β receptors and growth inhibitory responses in retinoblastoma cells. Science 240: 196-9, 1988.
97. Kiso S, Kawata S, Tamura S, Ito N, Takaishi K, Shirai Y, Tsushima H, Matsuzawa Y. Alteration in growth regulation of hepatocytes in primary culture obtained from cirrhotic rat: Poor response to transforming growth factor-β1 and interferons. Hepatology 20: 1303-8, 1994.
98. Koff RS. Transforming growth factors in human chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis: Correlations with fibrogenesis and hepatic regeneration. Gastroenterology 101: 1445-6, 1991.
99. Korc M, Chandrasekar B, Yamanaka Y, Freiss H, Buchler M, Beger HG. Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human pancreatic cancer is associated with concomitant increase in the levels of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha J Clin Invest 90: 1352-60, 1992.
100. Laiho M, DeCaprio JA, Ludlow JW, Livingston DM, Massague J. Inhibition by TGF-β linked to suppression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Cell 62: 175-85, 1990.
101. Lamas E, Le Bail B, Housset C, Boucher O, Brechot C. Localization of insulin-like growth factor-II and hepatitis B virus mRNAs and proteins in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Lab Invest 64: 98-104, 1991.
102. Lee GH, Merlino G, Fausto N. Development of liver tumors in transforming growth factor α transgenic mice. Cancer Res 52: 5162-70, 1992.
103. Lin JK, Chou CK. In vitro apoptosis in the human hepatoma cell line induced by transforming growth factor-β1. Cancer Res 52: 385-8, 1992.
104. Lissoos TW, Davis BH. Pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and the role of cytokines. J Clin Gastroenterol 15: 63-7, 1992.
105. Liu C, Tsao MS, Grisham JW. Transforming growth factors produced by normal and neoplastically transformed rat liver epithelial cells in culture. Cancer Res 48: 850-5, 1988.
106. Luetteke NC, Michalopoulos GK, Teixido J, Gilmore R, Massague J, Lee DC. Characterization of high molecular weight transforming growth factor a produced by rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem 27: 6487-94, 1988.
107. Macaulay VM. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Br J Cancer 65: 311-20, 1992.
108. Malizia G, Brunt EM, Peters MG, Rizzo A, Broekelmann TJ, McDonald JA. Growth factor and procollagen type I gene expression in human liver disease. Gastroenterology 108: 145-56, 1995.
109. Markowitz SD, Mollentin K, Gerbic C, Jackson J, Steliato T, Wilson JKV. Growth stimulation by coexpression of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor-receptor in normal and adenomatous human colon epithelium. J Clin Invest 86: 356-62, 1990.
110. Massague J. The transforming growth factor-β family. Ann Rev Cell Biol 6: 597-641, 1990.
111. Maussier ML, Valenza V, Schinco G, Galli G. AFP, CEA, CA19-9 and TPA in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 5: 121-6, 1990.
112. McCune BK, Patterson K, Chandra RS, Kapur S, Sporn, Tsokos M. Expression of transforming growth factor-β isoforms in small round cell tumors of childhood: An immunohistochemical study. Am J Pathol 142: 49-59, 1993.
113. McMahon JB, Richards WL, del Campo AA, Song MKH. Differential effects of transforming growth factor-β on proliferation of normal and malignant rat liver epithelial cells in culture. Cancer Res 46: 4665-71, 1986.
114. Michalopoulos GK. Liver regeneration: Molecular mechanism of growth control. FASEB J 4: 176-87, 1990.
115. Mizoi T, Ohtani H, Miyazono K, Miyazawa M, Matsuno S, Nagura H. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of transforming growth factor-β1 and latent transforming growth factor-β1 binding protein in human gastrointestinal carcinomas: Qualitative differences between cancer cells and stromal cells. Cancer Res 53: 183-90, 1993.
116. Moradpour D, Wands JR. Hepatic oncogenesis. In: Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds. Hepatology: A textbook of liver disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 1490-512, 1996.
117. Motoo Y, Sawabu N, Nakanuma Y. Expression of epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study. Liver 11: 272-7, 1991.
118. Motoo Y, Shimizu N, Izumi R, Unoura M, Kobayashi K, Hattori N. Immunohistochemical analysis of EGF receptor and myc product in human hepatoma cell lines. Acta Hepatol Jpn 30: 261-2, 1989.
119. Murakami H, Sanderson ND, Nagy P, Marino PA, Merlino G, Thorgeirsson SS. Transgenic mouse model for synergistic effects of nuclear oncogenes and growth factors in tumorigenesis: Interaction of c-myc and transforming growth factor α in hepatic oncogenesis. Cancer Res 53: 1719-23, 1993.
120. Nagy P, Evarts RP, McMahon JB, Thorgeirsson S. Role of TGF-beta in normal differentiation and oncogenesis in rat liver. Mol Carcinog 2: 345-54, 1989.
121. Nakao K, Nakata K, Mitsuoka S, Ohtsuru A, Ido A, Hatano M, Sato Y, Nakayama T, Shima M, Kusumoto Y, Koji T, Tamaoki T, Nagataki S. Transforming growth factor-β1 differentially regulates α-fetoprotein and albumin in HuH-7 human hepatoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 174: 1294-9, 1991.
122. Nakatsukasa H, Ebarts RP, Hsia CC, Thorgeirsson S. Transforming growth factor-β1 and type I procollagen transcripts during regeneration and early fibrosis of rat liver. Lab Invest 63: 171-80, 1990.
123. Nakatsukasa H, Evarts RP, Hsia C, Marsden E, Thorgeirsson S. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta during chemical hepato-carcinogenesis in the rat. Lab Invest 65: 511-7, 1991.
124. Nishimura R, Okumura H, Noda K, Yasumitsu H, Umeda M. High level of β type transforming growth factor activity in human urine obtained from cancer patients. Jpn J Cancer Res 77: 560-7, 1986.
125. Noh JW, Wiggins RC, Phan SH. Urinary transforming growth factor-beta activity is related to the degree of scarring in crescentic nephritis in the rabbit. Nephron 63: 73-8, 1993.
126. Oberhammer FA, Roberts RA. Apoptosis: A widespread process involved in liver adaptation and carcinogenesis. In: Arias IM, Boyer JL, Fausto N, Jakoby WB, Schachter DA, Schafritz DA, eds. The liver Biology and pathobiology. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press, pp 1547-56, 1994.
127. Okuda K, Kondo Y. Primary carcinoma of the liver. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berk JE, eds. Bockus gastroenterology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 2444-87, 1995.
128. Olsen PS, Boesby S, Kirkegaard P, Thekelsen K, Almdal T, Poulsen SS, Nexo E. Influence of epidermal growth factor on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Hepatology 8: 992-6, 1988.
129. Ozawa S, Ueda M, Ando N, Abe O, Hirai M, Shimizu N. Stimulation by EGF of the growth of EGF receptor-hyperproducing tumor cells in athymic mice. Int J Cancer 40: 706-10, 1987.
130. Ozawa S, Ueda M, Ando N, Abe O, Shimizu N. High incidence of EGF receptor-hyperproduction in esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 39: 333-7, 1987.
131. Palladino MA, Morris RE, Starnes HF, Levinson AD. The transforming growth factor-betas: A new family of immunoregulatory molecules. Ann N Y Acad Sci 593: 231-42, 1991.
132. Park BC, Huh MH, Seo JH. Differential expression of transforming growth factor alpha and insulin-like growth factor II in chronic active hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 22: 286-94, 1995.
133. Perez-Tomas R, Mayol X, Cullere X, Ruiz CD, Domingo J. Transforming growth factor-α expression in rat experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Histol Histopathol 7: 457-62, 1992.
134. Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, Breslow NE, Cox DR, Howard SV, Mantel N, McPherson K, Peto J, Smith PG. Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. Br J Cancer 34: 585-612, 1974.
135. Pietenpol JA, Stein RW, Moran E, Yaciuk P, Schlegel E, Lyons RM, Pieelkow MR, Munger K, Howley PM, Moses HL. TGF-β1 inhibition of c-myc transportation and growth in keratinocytes is abrogated by viral transforming proteins with pRB binding domains. Cell 61: 777-85, 1990.
136. Pike LJ, Marquart H, Todaro GJ, Gallis B, Casnellie JE, Bornstein P, Krebs EG. Transforming growth factor and epidermal growth factor stimulate the phosphorylation of a synthetic tyrosine-containing peptide in a similar manner. J Biol Chem 257: 14628-31, 1982.
137. Pitot HC, Dragan YP. Chemical induction of hepatic neoplasia. In: Arias IM, Boyer JL, Fausto N, Jakoby WB, Schachter DA, Schafritz DA, eds. The liver: Biology and pathobiology. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press, pp 1467-95, 1994.
138. Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Peitroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the esophagus for bleeding esophageal varicose. Br J Surg 60: 646-9, 1973.
139. Ranganathan G, Lyons R, Jiang NS, Moses H. Transforming growth factor-β in normal human urine. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 148: 1503-12, 1987.
140. Rizzino A. Understanding the roles of growth factors in carcinogenesis: Modulation of autocrine growth control by differentiation. Int J Dev Biol 37: 61-5, 1993.
141. Roberts AB, Sporn MB. The transforming growth factor betas. In: Sporn MB, Roberts AB, eds. Peptide growth factors and their receptors. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp 419-72, 1990.
142. Roberts AB, Thompson NL, Heine U, Flanders C, Sporn MB. Transforming growth factor-beta: Possible roles in carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 57: 594-600, 1988.
143. Rogler CE, Chisari FV. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepato-carcinogenesis. Semin Liver Dis 12: 265-78, 1992.
144. Rosenthal A, Lindquist PB, Bringman TS, Goeddel DV, Derynck R. Expression in rat fibrosis of a human transforming growth factor-α cDNA results in transformation. Cell 46: 301-9, 1986.
145. Roulot D, Durand H, Coste T, Rautureau J, Strosberg AD, Benarous R, Marullo S. Quantitative analysis of transforming growth factor-β1 messenger RNA in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C: Absence of correlation between high levels and severity of disease. Hepatology 21: 298-304, 1995.
146. Ruderman N, Moses AC, Moller DE. Insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and their receptors. In: Arias IM, Boyer JL, Fausto N, Jakoby WB, Schachter DA, Schafritz DA, eds. The liver: Biology and pathobiology. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press, pp 969-96, 1994.
147. Salomon DS, Kim N, Saeki T, Ciardiello F. Transforming growth factor-α: An oncodevelopmental growth factor. Cancer Cells 2: 389-97, 1990.
148. Sanchez A, Alvarez AM, Benito M, Fabregat I. Transforming growth factor beta modulates growth and differentiation of fetal hepatocytes in primary culture. J Cell Physiol 165: 398-405, 1995.
149. Sandgren EP, Luetteke NC, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Lee DC. Overexpression of TGF-alpha in transgenic mice: Induction of epithelial hyperplasia, pancreatic metaplasia, and carcinoma of the breast. Cell 61: 1121-35, 1990.
150. Schaff Z, Hsia CC, Sarosi I, Tabor E. Over-expression of transforming growth factor-α in hepatocellular carcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia from European patients. Hum Pathol 25: 644-51, 1994.
151. Schirmacher P, Rogler CE, Dienes HP. Current pathogenetic and molecular concepts in viral liver carcinogenesis. Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathol 63: 71-89, 1993.
152. Schulte-Hermann R, Bursch W, Kraupp-Grasl B, Oberhammer F, Wagner A, Jirtle R. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in normal liver and preneoplastic foci. Environ Health Persp 101 Suppl 5: 87-90, 1993.
153. Sherwin SA, Twardzik DR, Bohn WH, Cockley KD, Todaro GJ. High-molecular-weight transforming growth factor activity in the urine of patients with disseminated cancer. Cancer Res 43: 403-7, 1983.
154. Shipley GD, Pittelkow MR, Wille JJ, Scott RE, Moses HL. Reversible inhibition of normal human prokeratinocyte proliferation by type β transforming growth factor-growth inhibitor in serum-free medium. Cancer Res 46: 2068-71, 1986.
155. Shirai Y, Kawata S, Ito N, Tamura S, Takaishi K, Kiso S, Tsushima H, Matsuzawa Y. Elevated levels of plasma transforming growth factor-β in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 83: 676-9, 1992.
156. Shirai Y, Kawata S, Tamura S, Ito N, Tsushima H, Takaishi K, Kiso S, Matsuzawa Y. Plasma transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 73: 2275-9, 1994.
157. Sox HC, Blatt M, Higgins MC, Marton K. Medical decision making. London: Butterworth, pp 67-146, 1989.
158. Spitzer E, Koepke K, Kunde D, Grosse R. EGF binding is quantitatively related to growth in node-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 12: 45-9, 1988.
159. Sporn MB, Roberts AB. Autocrine growth factors and cancer. Nature 313: 745-7, 1985.
160. Stenius U. Different inhibition of DNA synthesis by transforming growth factor-β and phenobarbital on GST-P-positive and GST-P-negative hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 14: 159-61, 1993.
161. Su Q, Liu YF, Zhang JF, Zhang SX, Li DF, Yang JJ. Expression of insulin-like growth factor II in hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Its relationship with hepatitis B virus antigen expression. Hepatology 20: 788-99, 1994.
162. Su TS, Liu WY, Han SH, Jansen M, Yang-Fen TL, P'eng FK, Chou CK. Transcripts of the insulin-like growth factors I and II in human hepatoma. Cancer Res 49: 1773-7, 1989.
163. Sugiyama K, Yonemura Y, Miyazaki I. Immunohistochemical study of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor in gastric carcinoma. Cancer 63: 1557-61, 1989.
164. Sweats JA. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 240: 1285-93, 1988.
165. Tabor E, Farshid M, Di Bisceglie A, Hsia CC. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-α after transfection of a human hepatoblastoma cell line with the hepatitis B virus. J Med Virol 34: 271-3, 1992.
166. Tabor E. Tumor suppressor genes, growth factor genes, and oncogenes in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 42: 357-65, 1994.
167. Takagi H, Sharp R, Hammermeister C, Goodrow T, Bradley MO, Fausto N, Merlino G. Molecular and genetic analysis of liver oncogenesis in transforming growth factor-α transgenic mice. Cancer Res 52: 5171-7, 1992.
168. Takaishi K, Kawata S, Ito N, Tamura S, Shirai Y, Tarui S. Effects of phorbol ester on cell growth inhibition by transforming growth factor β1 in human hepatoma cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 171: 91-6, 1990.
169. Takiya S, Tagaya T, Takahashi K, Kawashima H, Kamiya M, Fukuzawa Y, Kobayashi S, Fukatsu A, Katoh K, Kakumu S. Role of transforming growth factor beta 1 on hepatic regeneration and apoptosis in liver diseases. J Clin Pathol
170. Tateishi M, Ishida T, Mitsudomi T, Kaneko S, Cavenee WK, Seliger B, Sugimachi K. Immunohistochemical evidence of autocrine growth factors in adenocarcinoma of the human lung. Cancer Res 50: 7077-80, 1990.
171. Tiollais P, Hsu TY, Moroy T, Etiemble J, Fourel G, De The H, Marchio A, Dejean A, Buendia MA. Hepadnavirus as an insertional mutagen in hepatocellular carcinoma. in: Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HS, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp 541-6, 1991.
172. Tsai JF, Chang WY, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Wang LY, Hsieh MY, Chen SC, Chuang WL, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Hepatitis C virus infection as a risk factor for non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis in Taiwan. J Med Virol 41: 296-300, 1993.
173. Tsai JF, Chang WY, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Hepatitis B and C virus infection as risk factors for liver cirrhosis and cirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study. Liver 14: 98-102, 1994.
174. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Chang WY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Hepatitis B and C virus infection as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese: A case-control study. Int J Cancer 56: 619-21, 1994.
175. Tsai JF, Chang WY, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Effects of hepatitis C and B viruses infection on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 44: 92-5, 1994.
176. Tsai JF, Chang WY, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Frequency of raised α-fetoprotein level among Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma related to hepatitis B and C. Br J Cancer 69: 1157-9, 1994.
177. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chang WY, Ho MS, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Additive effect modification of hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 73: 1498-502, 1996.
178. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chang WY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Hepatitis C virus infection among patients with chronic liver disease in an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B. Scand J Gastroenterol 29: 550-2, 1994.
179. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Chang WY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Clinical evaluation of serum α-fetoprotein and circulating immune complexes as tumor markers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 72: 442-6, 1995.
180. Tsai JF, Tsai JH, Chang WY. Relationship of serum α-fetoprotein to circulating immune complexes and complements in patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Jpn 25: 388-93, 1990.
181. Tsai JF, Tsai JH, Chang WY, Ton TC. Elevation of circulating immune complexes and its relationship to α-fetoprotein levels in patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Invest 9: 137-43, 1991.
182. Tsai JF, Margolis HS, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Ko YC, Chang WY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Association between hepatitis B and C virus infection and Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study. In: Nishioka K, Suzuki H, Mishiro S, Oda T, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, pp 697-700, 1994.
183. Tsai JF, Margolis HS, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Chang WY, Wang LY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Additive and independent effect modification between hepatitis B and C virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective study. In: Rizzette M, ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Barcelona: Springer-Verlag, (in press), 1997.
184. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chang WY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus among Chinese patients with acute hepatitis in Taiwan. J Med Virol 43: 341-4, 1994.
185. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chang WY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Antibodies to hepatitis E and A viruses among patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease in Taiwan. Scand J Gastroenterol 29: 674-6, 1994.
186. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chang WY, Ho MS, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Circulating immune complexes in chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 46: 12-7, 1995.
187. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chang WY, Ho MS, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Increased IgM-containing circulating immune complexes in patients co-infected with hepatitis C and hepatitis B. Medicine (Baltimore) 74: 136-43, 1995.
188. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chang WY, Ho MS, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Independent and additive effect modification of hepatitis C and B viruses infection on the development of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 24: 271-6, 1996.
189. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Wang CS, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Serum alanine aminotransferase level in relation to hepatitis B and C viruses infection among blood donors. Liver 17: 24-29, 1997.
190. Tsai JF, Margolis HS, Fields HA, Chang WY, Tsai JH. Hepatitis delta virus superinfection among patients with chronic hepatitis B in southern Taiwan. Scand J Infect Dis 22: 403-5, 1990.
191. Tsai JF, Margolis HS, Fields HA, Nainan OV, Chang WY, Tsai JH. Immunoglobulin and hepatitis B surface antigen-specific circulating immune complexes in chronic hepatitis with hepatitis delta virus infection. J Med Virol 30: 25-26, 1990.
192. Tsai JF, Margolis HS, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Chang WY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Circulating immune complexes in chronic hepatitis related to hepatitis C and B viruses infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 75: 39-44, 1995.
193. Tsai JF, Margolis HS, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Increased IgM class circulating immune complexes in acute hepatitis A virus infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 78: 291-5, 1996.
194. Tsai JF, Margolis HS, Jeng JE, Ho MS, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Hepatitis B surface antigen- and immunoglobulin-specific circulating immune complexes in acute hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 80:278-82, 1996.
195. Tsai JF, Jeng, JE, Chuang LY, Yang ML, Ho MS, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Clinical evaluation of urinary transforming growth factor-β1 and serum α-fetoprotein as tumor markers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer (in press) 1997.
196. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chuang LY, Ho MS, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Urinary transforming growth factor-β1 in relation to serum α-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 32: 254-60, 1997.
197. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chuang LY, Yang ML, Ho MS, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Urinary transforming growth factor-β1 as a tumor marker and predictor of poor survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer (in press) 1997.
198. Tsai JF, Jeng JE, Chuang LY, Chang WY, Tsai JH. Urinary transforming growth factor-β1 as a predictor of hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease: Correlation between high levels and severity of disease. Hepatology (in press) 1997.
199. Tsai WH, DeAngelo AB. Responsiveness of hepatocytes from dichloroacetic acid or phenobarbital treated mice to growth factors in primary culture. Cancer Lett 99: 177-83, 1996.
200. Tsao MS, Zhang XY, Liu C, Grisham JW. Regulation by epidermal growth factor of the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA in cultured rat liver epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 195: 214-7, 1991.
201. Umekita Y, Enokizono N, Sagara Y, Kuriwaki K, Takasaki T, Yoshida A, Yoshida H. Immunohistochemical studies on oncogene products (EGF-R, c-erB2) and growth factors (EGF, TGF-alpha) in human breast cancer: Their relationship to oestrogen receptor status, histological grade, mitotic index and nodal status. Virchows Archiv A Pathol Anat 420: 345-351, 1992.
202. Wollenberg GK, Semple E, Quinn BA, Hayes MA. Inhibition of proliferation of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic rat hepatocytes by transforming growth factor-β. Cancer Res 47: 6595-9, 1987.
203. Wu JC, Merlino G, Cveklova K, Mosinger B, Fausto N. Autonomous growth in serum-free medium and production of hepatocellular carcinomas by differentiated hepatocyte lines that over-express transforming growth factor-α. Cancer Res 54: 5964-73, 1994.
204. Yamaguchi K, Carr B, Nalesnik MA. Concomitant and isolated expression of TGF-alpha and EGF-R in human hepatoma cells supports the hypothesis of autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine growth of human hepatoma. J Surg Oncol 58: 240-5, 1995.
205. Yamamoto T, Kamata N, Kawano H, Shimizu S, Kuroki T, Toyoshima K, Rikimaru K, Nomura N, Ishizaki R, Pastan I, Gamou S, Shimizu N. High incidence of amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human squamous carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 46: 414-6, 1986.
206. Yang D, Schirmacher P, Held WA, Rogler CE. Growth factors, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and carcinogenic mechanisms in the liver. In: Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HS, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp 547-56, 1991.
207. Yeh YC, Tsai JF, Chuang LY, Yeh HW, Tsai JH, Florine DL, Tam JP. Elevation of transforming growth factor α and its relationship to the epidermal growth factor and α-fetoprotein levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 47: 896-901, 1987.
208. Yoo YD, Ueda H, Park K, Flanders KC, Lee YL, Jay G, Kim SJ. Regulation of transforming growth factor-β1 expression by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X transactivator: Role in HBV pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 97: 388-95, 1996.
209. Yoshida K, Yokozaki H, Niimoto M, Ito H, Tahara E. Expression of TGF-β and procollagen type I and type III in human gastric carcinomas. Int J Cancer 44: 394-8, 1989.
210. Zhang JF, Liu YF, Su Q. Comparative study of the expression of IGF-2 and HBxAg in human hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. Chinese J Pathol 23: 282-4, 1994.
211. Zhang X, Huang D, Qiu D, Chiu J. The expression of c-myc and c-N-ras in human cirrhotic liver, hepatocellular carcinomas and liver tissue surrounding the tumors. Oncogene 5: 909-14, 1990.