DNA as a Material for Nanotechnology

Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English)

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 585-587

  Niemeyer, Christof M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

DNA hybridization; Nanostructures; Supramolecular chemistry

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030899627     PISSN: 05700833     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.199705851     Document Type: Review

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19. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
20. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
21. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
22. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
23. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
24. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
25. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
26. Supramolecular assemblies of nanocrystals: A. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359; P. V. Braun, P. Osenar, S. I. Stupp, Nature 1996, 380, 325; M. J. Hosteller, S. J. Green, J. J. Stokes, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4212; R. L. Whetten, J. T. Khoury, M. M. Alvarez, S. Murthy, I. Vezmer, Z. L. Wang, P. W. Stephens, C. L. Cleveland, W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 428; T. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476; C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, ibid. 1995, 270, 1335; chemical synthesis of coupled nanocrystals: D. Bethell, M. Brust, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 409, 137; M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795; X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 113; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 145.
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39. The oligonucleotides used for construction were designed with an individual restriction site such that each double helical edge can be identified by specific endonuclease cleavage. Digestion of breakdown products by exonuclease and electrophoretic analysis allows verification of the integrity and connectivity of intermediate and final products. The actual three-dimensional shape of the molecule is currently unknown.
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44. Recent reviews: P. E. Nielsen, Annu. Rev. Bhiophys. Biomol. Struct. 1995, 24, 167; M. Egli, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2020; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1894; peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have been tested recently as biosensors: J. Wang, E. Palecek, P. E. Nielsen, G. Rivas, X. Cai, H. Shiraishi, N. Dontha, D. Luo, P. A. M. Farias, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7667.
45. Recent reviews: P. E. Nielsen, Annu. Rev. Bhiophys. Biomol. Struct. 1995, 24, 167; M. Egli, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2020; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 1894; peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have been tested recently as biosensors: J. Wang, E. Palecek, P. E. Nielsen, G. Rivas, X. Cai, H. Shiraishi, N. Dontha, D. Luo, P. A. M. Farias, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7667.
46. Examples: polyamides: M. E. Parks, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6153; J. W. Trauger, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, Nature 1996, 382, 559; polysaccharides: K. C. Nicolaou, K. Ajito, H. Komatsu, B. M. Smith, T. Li, M. G. Egan, L. Gomez-Paloma, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 614; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 576; synthetic DNA-binding peptides: M. Pellegrini, R. H. Ebright, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5831.
47. Examples: polyamides: M. E. Parks, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6153; J. W. Trauger, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, Nature 1996, 382, 559; polysaccharides: K. C. Nicolaou, K. Ajito, H. Komatsu, B. M. Smith, T. Li, M. G. Egan, L. Gomez-Paloma, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 614; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 576; synthetic DNA-binding peptides: M. Pellegrini, R. H. Ebright, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5831.
48. Examples: polyamides: M. E. Parks, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6153; J. W. Trauger, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, Nature 1996, 382, 559; polysaccharides: K. C. Nicolaou, K. Ajito, H. Komatsu, B. M. Smith, T. Li, M. G. Egan, L. Gomez-Paloma, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 614; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 576; synthetic DNA-binding peptides: M. Pellegrini, R. H. Ebright, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5831.
49. Examples: polyamides: M. E. Parks, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6153; J. W. Trauger, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, Nature 1996, 382, 559; polysaccharides: K. C. Nicolaou, K. Ajito, H. Komatsu, B. M. Smith, T. Li, M. G. Egan, L. Gomez-Paloma, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 614; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 576; synthetic DNA-binding peptides: M. Pellegrini, R. H. Ebright, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5831.
50. Examples: polyamides: M. E. Parks, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6153; J. W. Trauger, E. E. Baird, P. B. Dervan, Nature 1996, 382, 559; polysaccharides: K. C. Nicolaou, K. Ajito, H. Komatsu, B. M. Smith, T. Li, M. G. Egan, L. Gomez-Paloma, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 614; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 576; synthetic DNA-binding peptides: M. Pellegrini, R. H. Ebright, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5831.
51. Reviews on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM): H. G. Hansma, J. H. Hoh, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 1994, 23, 115; Y. L. Lyubchenko, B. L. Jacobs, S. M. Lindsay, A. Stasiak, Scanning Microsc. 1995, 9, 705; micromanipulation of nucleic acids using AFM: D. M. Jondle, L. Ambrosio, J. Vesenka, E. Henderson, Chromosome Res. 1995, 3, 239; W.-L. Shaiu, D. D. Larson, J. Vesenka, E. Henderson, Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21, 99.
52. Reviews on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM): H. G. Hansma, J. H. Hoh, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 1994, 23, 115; Y. L. Lyubchenko, B. L. Jacobs, S. M. Lindsay, A. Stasiak, Scanning Microsc. 1995, 9, 705; micromanipulation of nucleic acids using AFM: D. M. Jondle, L. Ambrosio, J. Vesenka, E. Henderson, Chromosome Res. 1995, 3, 239; W.-L. Shaiu, D. D. Larson, J. Vesenka, E. Henderson, Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21, 99.
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