메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 318-325

Role of the X2 box in activated transcription from the DRA promoter in B cells

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HLA DR ANTIGEN; MESSENGER RNA; PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 MYRISTATE; PROTEIN KINASE C; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

EID: 0030873517     PISSN: 00937711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002510050278     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (11)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0028792365 scopus 로고
    • How are MHC genes turned on and off?
    • Abdulkadir, S. A. and Ono, S. J. How are MHC genes turned on and off? FASEB J 9: 1429-1435, 1995
    • (1995) FASEB J , vol.9 , pp. 1429-1435
    • Abdulkadir, S.A.1    Ono, S.J.2
  • 2
    • 0029094903 scopus 로고
    • Functional roles of the transcription factor Oct-2A and the high mobility group protein I/Y in DRA gene expression
    • Abdulkadir, S. A., Krishna, S., Thanos, D., Maniatis, T., Strominger, J. L., and Ono, S. J. Functional roles of the transcription factor Oct-2A and the high mobility group protein I/Y in DRA gene expression. J Exp Med 182: 487-500, 1995
    • (1995) J Exp Med , vol.182 , pp. 487-500
    • Abdulkadir, S.A.1    Krishna, S.2    Thanos, D.3    Maniatis, T.4    Strominger, J.L.5    Ono, S.J.6
  • 3
    • 0025252561 scopus 로고
    • NF-X2 that binds to the DRA X2 box is activator protein 1: Expression cloning of c-Jun
    • Andersson, G. and Peterlin, B. M. NF-X2 that binds to the DRA X2 box is activator protein 1: expression cloning of c-Jun. J Immunol 145: 3456-3462, 1990
    • (1990) J Immunol , vol.145 , pp. 3456-3462
    • Andersson, G.1    Peterlin, B.M.2
  • 4
    • 0026476685 scopus 로고
    • AP-1 (Fos-Jun) regulation by IP-1: Effect of signal transduction pathways and cell growth
    • Auwerx, J. and Sassone-Corsi, P. AP-1 (Fos-Jun) regulation by IP-1: effect of signal transduction pathways and cell growth. Oncogene 7: 2271-2280, 1992
    • (1992) Oncogene , vol.7 , pp. 2271-2280
    • Auwerx, J.1    Sassone-Corsi, P.2
  • 5
    • 0019878687 scopus 로고
    • Role of MHC gene products in immune regulation
    • Benacerraf, B. Role of MHC gene products in immune regulation. Science 212: 1229-1238, 1981
    • (1981) Science , vol.212 , pp. 1229-1238
    • Benacerraf, B.1
  • 6
    • 0025257112 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II genes: X, Y and other letters of the alphabet
    • Benoist, C. and Mathis, D. Regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II genes: X, Y and other letters of the alphabet. Annu Rev Immunol 8: 681-715, 1990
    • (1990) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 681-715
    • Benoist, C.1    Mathis, D.2
  • 7
    • 0026354343 scopus 로고
    • Identification of protein-binding sequences mediating constitutive and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced VL30 transcription in cultured mouse and human keratinocytes
    • Bohm, S. Identification of protein-binding sequences mediating constitutive and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced VL30 transcription in cultured mouse and human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 266: 24834-24845, 1991
    • (1991) J Biol Chem , vol.266 , pp. 24834-24845
    • Bohm, S.1
  • 8
    • 8544228020 scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional regulation of HLA class II genes: Cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors
    • J. Silver (ed.): CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • Calman, A. F. and Peterlin, B. M. Transcriptional regulation of HLA class II genes: cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors. In J. Silver (ed.): Molecular Biology of HLA Class II Antigens, pp. 225-246, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990
    • (1990) Molecular Biology of HLA Class II Antigens , pp. 225-246
    • Calman, A.F.1    Peterlin, B.M.2
  • 9
    • 0026659126 scopus 로고
    • Surface Ig receptor-induced nuclear AP-1- dependent gene expression in B-lymphocytes
    • Chiles, T. C. and Rothstein, T. L. Surface Ig receptor-induced nuclear AP-1- dependent gene expression in B-lymphocytes. J Immunol 149: 825-831, 1992
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.149 , pp. 825-831
    • Chiles, T.C.1    Rothstein, T.L.2
  • 10
    • 0026745152 scopus 로고
    • An ATF/CREB binding motif is required for aberrant constitutive expression of the MHC class II DR alpha promoter and activation by SV40 T-antigen
    • Cox, P. M. and Goding, C. R. An ATF/CREB binding motif is required for aberrant constitutive expression of the MHC class II DR alpha promoter and activation by SV40 T-antigen. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 4881-4887, 1992
    • (1992) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.20 , pp. 4881-4887
    • Cox, P.M.1    Goding, C.R.2
  • 11
    • 0025156777 scopus 로고
    • Sequence elements required for activity of a murine major histocompatibility complex class II promoter bind common and cell-type-specific nuclear factors
    • Dedrick, R. L. and Jones, P. P. Sequence elements required for activity of a murine major histocompatibility complex class II promoter bind common and cell-type-specific nuclear factors. Mol Cell Biol 10: 593-604, 1990
    • (1990) Mol Cell Biol , vol.10 , pp. 593-604
    • Dedrick, R.L.1    Jones, P.P.2
  • 12
    • 0023890938 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of genes for HLA class II antigens in cell lines from patients with severe combined immunodeficiency
    • De Preval, C., Hadam, M. R., and Mach, B. Regulation of genes for HLA class II antigens in cell lines from patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 318: 1295-1300, 1988
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.318 , pp. 1295-1300
    • De Preval, C.1    Hadam, M.R.2    Mach, B.3
  • 13
    • 0021100690 scopus 로고
    • Accurate transcription initiated by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei
    • Dignam, J. D., Lebovitz, R. M., and Roeder, R. G. Accurate transcription initiated by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res 11: 1475-1489, 1983
    • (1983) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.11 , pp. 1475-1489
    • Dignam, J.D.1    Lebovitz, R.M.2    Roeder, R.G.3
  • 14
    • 0026734795 scopus 로고
    • Sequences and factors: A guide to MHC class II transcription
    • Glimcher, L. H. and Kara, C. J. Sequences and factors: a guide to MHC class II transcription. Annu Rev Immunol 10: 13-49, 1992
    • (1992) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.10 , pp. 13-49
    • Glimcher, L.H.1    Kara, C.J.2
  • 15
    • 0000404279 scopus 로고
    • The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection
    • Gorman, C. M., Merlino, G. T., Willingham, M. C., Pastan, I., and Howard, B. H. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 6777-6781, 1982
    • (1982) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.79 , pp. 6777-6781
    • Gorman, C.M.1    Merlino, G.T.2    Willingham, M.C.3    Pastan, I.4    Howard, B.H.5
  • 17
    • 0025938888 scopus 로고
    • Two B-cell factors hind the DRA X box region and recognize different subsets of HLA class II promoters
    • Hasegawa, S. L. and Boss, J. M. Two B-cell factors hind the DRA X box region and recognize different subsets of HLA class II promoters. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 6269-6276, 1991
    • (1991) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.19 , pp. 6269-6276
    • Hasegawa, S.L.1    Boss, J.M.2
  • 18
    • 0026665461 scopus 로고
    • The DNA-binding defect observed in major histocompatibility complex class II regulatory mutants concerns only one member of a family of complexes binding to the X boxes of class II promoters
    • Herrero Sanchez, C., Reith, W., Silacci, P., and Mach, B. The DNA-binding defect observed in major histocompatibility complex class II regulatory mutants concerns only one member of a family of complexes binding to the X boxes of class II promoters. Mol Cell Biol 12: 4076-4083, 1992
    • (1992) Mol Cell Biol , vol.12 , pp. 4076-4083
    • Herrero Sanchez, C.1    Reith, W.2    Silacci, P.3    Mach, B.4
  • 19
    • 0026636883 scopus 로고
    • The regulation of transcription by phosphorylation
    • Hunter, T. and Karin, M. The regulation of transcription by phosphorylation. Cell 70: 375-387, 1992
    • (1992) Cell , vol.70 , pp. 375-387
    • Hunter, T.1    Karin, M.2
  • 20
    • 0028924028 scopus 로고
    • Affinity enrichment and functional characterization of TRAX1, a novel transcription activator and X1-sequence-binding protein of DRA
    • Itoh-Lindstrom, Y., Peterlin, B. M., and Ting, J. P.-Y. Affinity enrichment and functional characterization of TRAX1, a novel transcription activator and X1-sequence-binding protein of DRA. Mol Cell Biol 15: 282-289, 1995
    • (1995) Mol Cell Biol , vol.15 , pp. 282-289
    • Itoh-Lindstrom, Y.1    Peterlin, B.M.2    Ting, J.P.-Y.3
  • 21
    • 0025239414 scopus 로고
    • mXBP/CRE-BP2 and c-Jun form a complex which bind to the cyclic AMP, but not to the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, response element
    • Ivashkiv, L. B., Liou, H.-C., Kara, C. J., Lamph, W. W., Verma, I. M., and Glimcher, L. H. mXBP/CRE-BP2 and c-Jun form a complex which bind to the cyclic AMP, but not to the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, response element. Mol Cell Biol 10: 1609-1621, 1990
    • (1990) Mol Cell Biol , vol.10 , pp. 1609-1621
    • Ivashkiv, L.B.1    Liou, H.-C.2    Kara, C.J.3    Lamph, W.W.4    Verma, I.M.5    Glimcher, L.H.6
  • 22
    • 0023886025 scopus 로고
    • Human major histocompatibility complex genes and proteins
    • Kappes, D. and Strominger, J. L. Human major histocompatibility complex genes and proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 57: 991-1028, 1988
    • (1988) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.57 , pp. 991-1028
    • Kappes, D.1    Strominger, J.L.2
  • 23
    • 0030605403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases
    • Karin, M. The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351: 127-134, 1996
    • (1996) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.351 , pp. 127-134
    • Karin, M.1
  • 25
    • 0024280877 scopus 로고
    • Distinct cloned class II MHC DNA binding proteins recognize the X box transcription element
    • Liou, H. C., Boothby, M. R., and Glimcher, L. H. Distinct cloned class II MHC DNA binding proteins recognize the X box transcription element. Science 242: 69-71, 1988
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 69-71
    • Liou, H.C.1    Boothby, M.R.2    Glimcher, L.H.3
  • 27
    • 0029877668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of MHC class II genes: Lessons from a disease
    • Mach, B., Steimle, V., Martinez-Soria, E., and Reith, W. Regulation of MHC class II genes: lessons from a disease. Annu Rev Immunol 14: 301-331, 1996
    • (1996) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.14 , pp. 301-331
    • Mach, B.1    Steimle, V.2    Martinez-Soria, E.3    Reith, W.4
  • 28
    • 0028317328 scopus 로고
    • The role of vIL-10 and other EBV latency genes early during B cell growth transformation
    • Miyazaki, I., Cheung, R. K., and Dosch, H.-M. The role of vIL-10 and other EBV latency genes early during B cell growth transformation. Sem Virol 5: 405-414, 1994
    • (1994) Sem Virol , vol.5 , pp. 405-414
    • Miyazaki, I.1    Cheung, R.K.2    Dosch, H.-M.3
  • 29
    • 0021346971 scopus 로고
    • B-cell activation. IV. Induction of cell membrane depolarization and hyper-I-A expression by phorbol diesters suggests a role for protein kinase C in murine B lymphocyte activation
    • Monroe, J. G., Niedel, J. E., and Cambier, J. C. B-cell activation. IV. Induction of cell membrane depolarization and hyper-I-A expression by phorbol diesters suggests a role for protein kinase C in murine B lymphocyte activation. J Immunol 132: 1472-1478, 1984
    • (1984) J Immunol , vol.132 , pp. 1472-1478
    • Monroe, J.G.1    Niedel, J.E.2    Cambier, J.C.3
  • 30
    • 0028804166 scopus 로고
    • Purified X2 binding protein (X2BP) cooperatively binds the class II MHC X box in the presence of purified RFX, the X box factor deficient in the bare lymphocyte syndrome
    • Moreno, C. S., Emery, P., West, J. E., Durand, B., Reith, W., Mach, B., and Boss, J. M. Purified X2 binding protein (X2BP) cooperatively binds the class II MHC X box in the presence of purified RFX, the X box factor deficient in the bare lymphocyte syndrome. J Immunol 155: 4313-4321, 1995
    • (1995) J Immunol , vol.155 , pp. 4313-4321
    • Moreno, C.S.1    Emery, P.2    West, J.E.3    Durand, B.4    Reith, W.5    Mach, B.6    Boss, J.M.7
  • 31
    • 0029003943 scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of HLA-DQB1 alleles in a heterozygous cell line
    • Nepom, G. T., Chung, J., and West, K. A. Differential expression of HLA-DQB1 alleles in a heterozygous cell line. Immunogenetics 42: 143-148, 1995
    • (1995) Immunogenetics , vol.42 , pp. 143-148
    • Nepom, G.T.1    Chung, J.2    West, K.A.3
  • 32
    • 0025891832 scopus 로고
    • Transcription of a subset of human class II major histocompatibility complex genes is regulated by a nucleoprotein complex that contains c-Fos or an antigenically related protein
    • Ono, S. J., Bazil, B.-Z., Ozato, K., and Strominger, J. L. Transcription of a subset of human class II major histocompatibility complex genes is regulated by a nucleoprotein complex that contains c-Fos or an antigenically related protein. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4304-4308, 1991a
    • (1991) Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 4304-4308
    • Ono, S.J.1    Bazil, B.-Z.2    Ozato, K.3    Strominger, J.L.4
  • 33
    • 0025810510 scopus 로고
    • Human X box-binding protein 1 is required for the transcription of a subset of human class II major histocompatibility genes and forms a heterodimer with c-Fos
    • Ono, S. J., Liou, H.-C., Davidon, R., Strominger, J. L., and Glimcher, L. H. Human X box-binding protein 1 is required for the transcription of a subset of human class II major histocompatibility genes and forms a heterodimer with c-Fos. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4309-4312, 1991b
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 4309-4312
    • Ono, S.J.1    Liou, H.-C.2    Davidon, R.3    Strominger, J.L.4    Glimcher, L.H.5
  • 34
    • 0028917649 scopus 로고
    • Mapping of the interaction site of the defective transcription factor in the class II major histocompatibility complex mutant cell line clone-13 to the divergent X2 box
    • Ono, S. J. and Song, Z. Mapping of the interaction site of the defective transcription factor in the class II major histocompatibility complex mutant cell line clone-13 to the divergent X2 box. J Biol Chem 270: 6396-6402, 1995
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 6396-6402
    • Ono, S.J.1    Song, Z.2
  • 36
    • 50549195640 scopus 로고
    • Cytology of Burkitt's lymphoma
    • Pulverast, R. J. V. Cytology of Burkitt's lymphoma. Lancet I: 238-240, 1964
    • (1964) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 238-240
    • Pulverast, R.J.V.1
  • 38
    • 0025258893 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear proto-oncogenes fos and jun
    • Ransone, L. J. and Verma, I. M. Nuclear proto-oncogenes fos and jun. Annu Rev Cell Biol 6: 539-557, 1990
    • (1990) Annu Rev Cell Biol , vol.6 , pp. 539-557
    • Ransone, L.J.1    Verma, I.M.2
  • 40
    • 0346225767 scopus 로고
    • Cloning of the major histocompatibility complex class II promoter binding protein affected in a hereditary defect in class II gene regulation
    • Reith, W., Barras, E., Satola, S., Kobr, M., Reinhart, D., Herrero Sanchez, C., and Mach, B. Cloning of the major histocompatibility complex class II promoter binding protein affected in a hereditary defect in class II gene regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 4200-4204, 1989
    • (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.86 , pp. 4200-4204
    • Reith, W.1    Barras, E.2    Satola, S.3    Kobr, M.4    Reinhart, D.5    Herrero Sanchez, C.6    Mach, B.7
  • 41
    • 0027998318 scopus 로고
    • Cooperative binding factors RFX and X2BP to the X and X2 boxes of MHC class II promoters
    • Reith, W., Kobr, M., Emery, P., Durand, B., Siegrist, C.-A., and Mach, B. Cooperative binding factors RFX and X2BP to the X and X2 boxes of MHC class II promoters. J Biol Chem 269: 20020-20025, 1994
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 20020-20025
    • Reith, W.1    Kobr, M.2    Emery, P.3    Durand, B.4    Siegrist, C.-A.5    Mach, B.6
  • 42
    • 0028876195 scopus 로고
    • Molecular defects in the bare lymphocyte syndrome and regulation of MHC class II genes
    • Reith, W., Steimle, V., and Mach, B. Molecular defects in the bare lymphocyte syndrome and regulation of MHC class II genes. Immunol Today 16: 539-546, 1995
    • (1995) Immunol Today , vol.16 , pp. 539-546
    • Reith, W.1    Steimle, V.2    Mach, B.3
  • 43
    • 0023255684 scopus 로고
    • Upstream DNA sequences required for tissue-specific expression of the DRA gene
    • Sherman, P. A., Basta, P. V., and Ting, J. P.-Y. Upstream DNA sequences required for tissue-specific expression of the DRA gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 4254-4258, 1987
    • (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.84 , pp. 4254-4258
    • Sherman, P.A.1    Basta, P.V.2    Ting, J.P.-Y.3
  • 44
    • 0024729867 scopus 로고
    • The octamer motif is a B-lymphocyte-specific regulatory element of the HLA-DR alpha gene promoter
    • Sherman, P. A., Basta, P. V., Heguy, A., Wloch, M. K., Roeder, R. G., and Ting, J. P.-Y. The octamer motif is a B-lymphocyte-specific regulatory element of the HLA-DR alpha gene promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6739-6743, 1989
    • (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.86 , pp. 6739-6743
    • Sherman, P.A.1    Basta, P.V.2    Heguy, A.3    Wloch, M.K.4    Roeder, R.G.5    Ting, J.P.-Y.6
  • 45
    • 0026587777 scopus 로고
    • Single base pair substitutions within the DRA gene promoter separate the functions of the X1 and X2 boxes
    • Sloan, J. H., Hasegawa, S. L., and Boss, J. M. Single base pair substitutions within the DRA gene promoter separate the functions of the X1 and X2 boxes. J Immunol 148: 2591-2599, 1992
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.148 , pp. 2591-2599
    • Sloan, J.H.1    Hasegawa, S.L.2    Boss, J.M.3
  • 46
    • 0026653153 scopus 로고
    • Components of the protein kinase C pathway induce Ia expression after injection into macrophages
    • Smith, M. R., Ramsburg, E. A., Kung, H. F., and Durum, S. K. Components of the protein kinase C pathway induce Ia expression after injection into macrophages. J Immunol 149: 1304-1310, 1992
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.149 , pp. 1304-1310
    • Smith, M.R.1    Ramsburg, E.A.2    Kung, H.F.3    Durum, S.K.4
  • 47
    • 11944266638 scopus 로고
    • A novel DNA binding regulatory factor is mutated in primary MHC class II deficiency (Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome)
    • Steimle, V., Durand, B., Barras, E., Zufferey, M., Hadam, M. R., Mach, B., and Reith, W. A novel DNA binding regulatory factor is mutated in primary MHC class II deficiency (Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome). Genes Dev 9: 1021-1032, 1995
    • (1995) Genes Dev , vol.9 , pp. 1021-1032
    • Steimle, V.1    Durand, B.2    Barras, E.3    Zufferey, M.4    Hadam, M.R.5    Mach, B.6    Reith, W.7
  • 49
    • 0024204095 scopus 로고
    • B-cell-specific and interferon-γ-inducible regulation of the DRA gene
    • Tsang, S. Y., Nakanishi, M., and Peterlin, B. M. B-cell-specific and interferon-γ-inducible regulation of the DRA gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8598-8602, 1988
    • (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.85 , pp. 8598-8602
    • Tsang, S.Y.1    Nakanishi, M.2    Peterlin, B.M.3
  • 50
    • 0025120331 scopus 로고
    • Mutational analysis of the DRA promoter: Cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors
    • Tsang, S. Y., Nakanishi, M., and Peterlin, B. M. Mutational analysis of the DRA promoter: cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors. Mol Cell Biol 10: 711-719, 1990
    • (1990) Mol Cell Biol , vol.10 , pp. 711-719
    • Tsang, S.Y.1    Nakanishi, M.2    Peterlin, B.M.3
  • 51
    • 0024535960 scopus 로고
    • Leucine repeats and an adjacent DNA binding domain mediate the formation of functional cFos-cJun heterodimers
    • Turner, R. and Tjian, R. Leucine repeats and an adjacent DNA binding domain mediate the formation of functional cFos-cJun heterodimers. Science 243: 1689-1694, 1989
    • (1989) Science , vol.243 , pp. 1689-1694
    • Turner, R.1    Tjian, R.2
  • 53
    • 0026655167 scopus 로고
    • B-cell factor 1 is required for optimal expression of the DRA promoter in B-cells
    • Voliva, C. F., Aronheim, A., Walker, M. D., and Peterlin, B. M. B-cell factor 1 is required for optimal expression of the DRA promoter in B-cells. Mol Cell Biol 12: 2383-2390, 1992
    • (1992) Mol Cell Biol , vol.12 , pp. 2383-2390
    • Voliva, C.F.1    Aronheim, A.2    Walker, M.D.3    Peterlin, B.M.4
  • 54
    • 0029656184 scopus 로고
    • The function of the octamer-binding site in the DRA promoter
    • Voliva, C.F., Jabrane-Ferrat, N., and Peterlin, B. M. The function of the octamer-binding site in the DRA promoter. Immunogenetics 43: 20-26, 1995
    • (1995) Immunogenetics , vol.43 , pp. 20-26
    • Voliva, C.F.1    Jabrane-Ferrat, N.2    Peterlin, B.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.