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1
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0001633637
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F. C. Neidhart, Ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
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M. J. Mahan, J. M. Slauch, J. J. Mekalanos, in Escherichial coli and Salmonella typhimurium, F. C. Neidhart, Ed. (American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1996), vol. 2, pp. 2803-2815.
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(1996)
Escherichial Coli and Salmonella Typhimurium
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Mahan, M.J.1
Slauch, J.M.2
Mekalanos, J.J.3
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2
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0011736531
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P. I. Fields, R. V. Swanson, C. G. Haidaris, F. Heffron, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 5189 (1986).
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Fields, P.I.1
Swanson, R.V.2
Haidaris, C.G.3
Heffron, F.4
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6
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0029836110
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J. Wang, A. Mushegian, S. Lory, S. Jin, ibid. 93, 10434 (1996).
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
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Wang, J.1
Mushegian, A.2
Lory, S.3
Jin, S.4
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9
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1842283169
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P. A. Gulig, in (1), pp. 2774-2787
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P. A. Gulig, in (1), pp. 2774-2787.
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10
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1842271499
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note
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r colonies, digested with restriction enzymes, and compared with predicted S. typhimurium chromosomal DNA fragments from DNA blot hybridizations. The captured DNA downstream of each mig promoter was sequenced by subcloning restriction enzyme-digested DNA fragments into the sequencing vector pBK-CMV (Stratagene) and by primer walking. ORFs, deduced amino acid sequence, and protein motifs were determined with programs from the Wisconsin GCG package. The sequences described have been deposited with GenBank (accession numbers AF020804-AF020812).
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15
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0029913901
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J. E. Shea, M. Hensel, C. Gleeson, D. W. Holden, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 2593 (1996).
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(1996)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
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Shea, J.E.1
Hensel, M.2
Gleeson, C.3
Holden, D.W.4
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18
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0029816111
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F. C. Soncini, E. Garcia-Vescovi, F. Solomon, E. A. Groisman, J. Bacteriol. 178, 5092 (1996).
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(1996)
J. Bacteriol.
, vol.178
, pp. 5092
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Soncini, F.C.1
Garcia-Vescovi, E.2
Solomon, F.3
Groisman, E.A.4
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19
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0026498184
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Proc. Natl
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C. M. Alpuche-Aranda, J. A. Swanson, W. P. Loomis, S. I. Miller, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10079 (1992).
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(1992)
Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
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Alpuche-Aranda, C.M.1
Swanson, J.A.2
Loomis, W.P.3
Miller, S.I.4
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20
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1842396819
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B. L. Wanner, in (1), vol. 1, pp. 1357-1381
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B. L. Wanner, in (1), vol. 1, pp. 1357-1381.
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23
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1842264623
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GenBank accession number U14003
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GenBank accession number U14003.
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24
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1842321367
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note
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The mig-30::gfp fusion was isolated as a 385 - base pair (bp) DNA fragment. No ORFs were detected upstream of the gfp juncture, suggesting that the macrophage-induced transcript formed is antisense to yjsH and not the result of readthrough from an upstream gene.
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27
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1842274423
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note
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r). These constructs were mobilized into SL1343R (rpsL), followed by selection of the appropriate antibiotic resistance marker. Gene disruptions by integration at the homologous site were confirmed by DNA blot hybridization (38) and mobilized into SL1344 by P22HT phage transduction. These mutations are likely to have polar effects on genes downstream of the disrupted ORFs, and thus mig insertional mutants represent mutations in potential mig operons.
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28
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1842356218
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note
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3 organisms) of wild-type and mutant S. typhimurium strain. After 6 days, the animals were killed, and the colony-forming units present in the spleen were determined. We determined the test strain's competitive index (Cl) by calculating the ratio of mutant strain to wild-type present in the spleens. Virulence defects were scored by the ability of mig mutants to compete with wild-type S. typhimurium. A Cl of 1.0 represents equal competitive advantage of the two strains to colonize the spleens of BALB/c mice. As a control, a known attenuated S. typhimurium strain (Cl <0.001) bearing a ptoP::Tn10 insertion was included in competition experiments.
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31
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0343575172
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E. A. Groisman, E. Chiao, C. J. Lipps, F. Heffron, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 7077 (1989).
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(1989)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.86
, pp. 7077
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Groisman, E.A.1
Chiao, E.2
Lipps, C.J.3
Heffron, F.4
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34
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0026441192
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F. Garcia del Portillo, J. W. Foster, M. E. Maguire, B. B. Finlay, Mol. Microbiol. 6, 3289 (1992).
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(1992)
Mol. Microbiol.
, vol.6
, pp. 3289
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Garcia Del Portillo, F.1
Foster, J.W.2
Maguire, M.E.3
Finlay, B.B.4
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35
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0029817221
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H. Ochman, F. C. Soncini, F. Solomon, E. A. Groisman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 7800 (1996).
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(1996)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.93
, pp. 7800
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Ochman, H.1
Soncini, F.C.2
Solomon, F.3
Groisman, E.A.4
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39
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1842346389
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note
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S. typhimurium strain SL1344 total DNA was isolated, partially digested with Sau 3A, and size-fractionated on an agarose gel (0.4 to 1.6 kb). These DNA fragments were inserted at the calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP)-treated Bam HI site of the promoter trap vector pFPV25 (7). creating gene fusions to a promoterless gfpmut3 gene (8). This multicopy plasmid (<50 copies per cell) was used to increase the range of fluorescence obtained from various gfp fusions. Similar results have been obtained with the use of single-copy gfp fusions to strongly induced promoters (7) and lacZ fusions (4, 19). Eight pools of plasmids cintaining DNA inserts (3000 to 5000 thousand independent inserts per pool) were used to transform SL1344 and maintained as separate pools during selections.
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41
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1842361044
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note
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We thank L. Ramakrishnan, E. Strauss, J. Mecsas, N. Salama, A. Covacci, and D. Monack for critical reading of the manuscnpt; J. Shea and D. Holden for sharing strains and unpublished information; C. Johnson for DNA sequencing support; and L. Roitt at the Digestive Disease Center FACS facility. Supported by U.S. Public Health Service grant AI 26195 and Stanford's Digestive Disease Center grant DK38707.
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