Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists: Possible uses in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

CNS Drugs

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 244-256

  Abi Dargham, Anissa ^a   Charney, Dennis S ^b   Krystal, John H ^b  

^a NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BICUCULLINE; DIAZEPAM; FLUMAZENIL; LORAZEPAM; PICROTOXIN; SARMAZENIL; SCOPOLAMINE; TRIAZOLAM; ZOLPIDEM;

AMNESIA; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG USE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER;

EID: 0030866725     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00023210-199708030-00007     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Squires RF, Braestrup C. Benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain. Nature 1977; 266: 732-4
2. Mohler H, Okada T. Benzodiazepine receptor: demonstration in the central nervous system. Science 1977; 198: 849-51
3. Dunn SMJ, Bateson AN, Martin IL. Molecular biology of the GABAA receptor. Int Rev Neurobiol 1994; 36: 51-96
4. Tallman J. Subunit composition affects agonist/antagonist actions at GABAa/benzodiazepine receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 1994; 10 Suppl.: 586S
5. Tallman JF, Gallager DW. The GABA-ergic system: a locus of benzodiazepine action. Annu Rev Neurosci 1985; 8: 21-44
6. Luddens H, Wisden W. Function and pharmacology of multiple GABAA receptor subunits. Tends Pharmacol Sci 1991; 12: 49-51
7. Luddens H, Pritchett D, Kohler M, et al. Cerebellar GABAA receptor selective for a behavioural alcohol antagonist. Nature 1990; 346: 648-51
8. Pritchett D, Luddens H, Seeburg P. Type I and type II GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors produced in transfected cells. Science 1989; 245: 1389-92
9. Pritchett D, Seeburg P. Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor α5-subunit creates novel type II benzodiazepine receptor pharmacology. J Neurochem 1990; 54: 1802-4
10. Guidotti A, Forchetti C, Corda M, et al. Isolation, characterization and purification to homogeneity of an endogenous polypeptide with agonist action on benzodiazepine receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 3531-5
11. Hunkeler W, Mohler H, Pieri L, et al. Selective antagonists of benzodiazepine. Nature 1981; 290: 514-6
12. Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. The poisoned patient with altered consciousness. JAMA 1995; 274: 562-9
13. Mullen K, Basile A. Benzodiazepine-receptor antagonists and hepatic encephalopathy: where do we stand? Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 937-40
14. Jones E, Basile A, Mullen K, et al. Flumazenil: potential implications for hepatic encephalopathy. Pharmacol Ther 1990; 45: 331-43
15. Higgit A, Lader M, Fonagy P. The effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 on psychophysiological performance and subjective measures in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology 1986; 89: 395-403
16. Schopf J, Laurian S, Le P, et al. Intrinsic activity of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in man: an electrophysiological investigation. Pharmacopsychiatry 1984; 17: 79-83
17. Laurian S, Gaillard J, Schopf J. Effects of a benzodiazepine antagonist on the diazepam-induced electrical brain activity modifications. Neuropsychobiology 1984; 11: 55-8
18. Lupolover Y, Safran A, Desangles D, et al. Evaluation of visual function in healthy subjects after administration of Ro 15-1788. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 27: 505-7
19. Darragh A, Lambe R, O' Boyle C, et al. Absence of central effect in man of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788. Psychopharmacology 1983; 80: 192-5
20. 123I]iomazenil: kinetic and equilibrium paradigms. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 228-38
21. Enrich H, Sonderegger P, Mai N. Action of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in humans after sleep withdrawal. Neurosci Lett 1984; 47: 369-73
22. Savic I, Widen L, Stone-Elander S. Feasibility of reversing benzodiazepine tolerance with flumazenil. Lancet 1991; 337: 133-7
23. Cone A, Stott S, Flumazenil. Br J Hosp Med 1994; 51: 346-8
24. Breimer LT, Hennis PJ, Burm AG, et al. Pharmacokinetics and EEG effects of flumazenil in volunteers. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991; 20: 491-6
25. Amrein R, Hetzel W. Pharmacology of Dormicum (midazolam) and Anexate (flumazenil). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34 Suppl. 92: 6-15
26. Roncari G, Timm U, Zell M, et al. Flumazenil kinetics in the elderly. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45: 585-7
27. Tefakis-Karavokiros K, Tsipis G. Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist. Ann Pharmacother 1990; 24: 976-81
28. Longmire A, Seger D. Topics in clinical pharmacology: flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist. Am J Med Sci 1993; 306: 49-52
29. Brogden R, Goa K. Flumazenil: a reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy as a benzodiazepine antagonist. Drugs 1991; 42: 1061-89
30. Griffiths RR, Evans SM, Guarino JJ, et al. Intravenous flumazenil following acute and repeated exposure to lorazepam in healthy volunteers: antagonism and precipitated withdrawal. Am Soc Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 265: 1163-74
31. Bassett M, Mullen K, Skolnick P, et al. Amelioration of hepatic encephalopathy by pharmacological antagonism of the GABAa- benzodiazepine receptor complex in a rabbit model of fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 1069-77
32. Gammal S, Basile A, Geller D, et al. Reversal of the behavioral and electrophysiological abnormalities of an animal model of hepatic encephalopathy by benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Hepatology 1990; 11: 371-8
33. Bosnian D, van den Buijs C, de Haan J, et al. The effects of the benzodiazepine-receptor antagonists and partial inverse agonists on acute hepatic encephalopathy in the rat. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 772-81
34. Sterling R, Shiffman M, Schubert M. Flumazenil for hepatic coma: the elusive wake-up call? Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1204-5
35. Winkler E, Almog S, Krigr D, et al. Use of flumazenil in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with coma of unknown etiology. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 538-42
36. Hojer J, Bachrendtz S, Matell G, et al. Diagnostic utility of flumazenil in coma with suspected poisoning: a double blind, randomised controlled study. BMJ 1990; 301: 1308-11
37. Lheureux P, Vrankx M, Askenasi R. Administration of flumazenil. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 592-3
38. Birch B. Cardiac arrest associated with flumazenil. BMJ 1992; 305: 180-1
39. Hodgkinson D, Driscoll P. Diagnostic utility of flumazenil in coma with suspected poisoning [letter]. BMJ 1991; 302: 238
40. LaFleche F, Milzman D. Flumazenil and coma [letter]. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 1397
41. Ghoneim M. The reversal of benzodiazepine-induced amnesia by flumazenil: a review. Curr Ther Res 1992; 52: 757-67
42. Wesensten N, Balkin T, Davis H, et al. Reversal of triazolamand zolpidem-induced memory impairment by flumazenil. Psychopharmacology 1995; 121: 242-9
43. Birch B, Anson K, Clifford B, et al. Day-case surgery: enhanced recovery with flumazenil. J R Soc Med 1990; 83: 436-8
44. Birch B, Anson K, Kalmanovitch D, et al. Sedation for day-case urology: an assessment of patient recovery profiles after midazolam and flumazenil. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1991; 73: 373-8
45. Bigl P, Hess L, Pavek V. Our experience with midazolam and flumazenil in dentistry. Curr Ther Res 1992; 51: 92-6
46. Allan A, Baier L, Zhang X. Effects of lorazepam tolerance and withdrawal on GABAA receptor-operated chloride channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 261: 395-402
47. Nutt D, Costello M. Rapid induction of lorazepam dependence and reversal with flumazenil. Life Sci 1988; 43: 1045-53
48. Gonsalves S, Gallager D. Spontaneous and Ro15-1788 induced subsensitivity to GABA recognition site following chronic benzodiazepine. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 110: 163-70
49. Cittadini A, Lader M. Lack of effect of a small dose of flumazenil in reversing short term tolerance to benzodiazepines in normal subjects. J Psychopharmacol 1991; 5: 220-7
50. Gerra G, Marcato A, Caccavari R, et al. Effectiveness of flumazenil in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Curr Ther Res 1993; 54: 580-7
51. Lader M, Morton S. A pilot study of the effects of flumazenil on symptoms persisting after benzodiazepine withdrawal. J Psychopharmacol 1992; 6: 357-63
52. Baldwin H, Hitchcott P, File S. The use of flumazenil in prevention of diazepam dependence in the rat. Hum Psychopharmacol 1990; 5: 57-61
53. Gallager D, Heninger K, Heninger G. Periodic benzodiazepine antagonist administration prevents benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in primates. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 132: 31-8
54. Lamb R, Griffiths R. Effects of repeated Ro15-1788 administration in benzodiazepine-dependent baboons. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 110: 257-61
55. Kang I, Miller L. Decreased GABAA receptor subunit mRNA concentration following lorazepam administration. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 103: 1285-7
56. Korpi ER. Role of GABA(A) receptors in the actions of alcohol and in alcoholism - recent advances. Alcohol Alcohol 1994; 29: 115-29
57. Buck K, Hahner L, Sikela J, et al. Chronic ethanol treatment alters brain levels of γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor subunit mRNAs: relationship to genetic differences in ethanol withdrawal seizure severity. J Neurochem 1991; 57: 1452-5
58. Mhatre M, Ticku M. Chronic ethanol administration alters γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor gene expression. Mol Pharmacol 1992; 42: 415-22
59. Freund G, Ballinger WJ. Decrease of benzodiazepine receptors in frontal cortex of alcoholics. Alcohol 1988; 5: 275-82
60. Freund G, Ballinger WJ. Loss of muscarinic and benzodiazepine neuroreceptors from hippocampus of alcohol abusers. Alcohol 1989; 6: 23-31
61. Gerra G, Caccavari R, Volpi R, et al. Effectiveness of flumazenil in the treatment of ethanol withdrawal. Curr Ther Res 1991; 50: 62-6
62. Clausen T, Wolff J, Carl P, et al. The effect of the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, on psychometric performance in acute ethanol intoxication in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 38: 233-6
63. Buck K, Heim H, Harris R. Reversal of alcohol dependence and tolerance by a single administration of flumazenil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 257: 984-9
64. Buck K, Harris R. Benzodiazepine agonist and inverse agonist actions on GABAA receptor operated chloride channels. II: Chronic effects of ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 253: 713-9
65. June H, Greene T, Murphy J, et al. Effects of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist RO19-4603 alone and in combination with the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists flumazenil, ZK 93426 and CGS 8216, on ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Brain Res 1996; 734: 19-34
66. Hart YM, Meinardi H, Sander JWAS, et al. The effect of intravenous flumazenil on interictal electroencephalographic epileptic activity: results of a placebo-controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 305-9
67. Sharief M, Sander J, Shorvon S. The effect of oral flumazenil on interictal epileptic activity: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Epilepsy Res 1993; 15: 53-60
68. Bruguerolle B, Emperaire N. Local anesthetics-induced toxicity may be modified by low doses of flumazenil [letter]. Life Sci 1992; 50: PL185-8
69. Spivey W. Flumazenil and seizures: an analysis of 43 cases. Clin Ther 1992; 14: 292-305
70. Escorihuela R, Fernandez-Teruel A, Zapata A, et al. Flumazenil prevents the anxiolytic effects of diazepam, alprazolam, and adinazolam on the early acquisition of two-way active avoidance. Pharmacol Res 1993; 28: 53-8
71. Kapezinski F, Curran H, Gray J, et al. Flumazenil has an anxiolytic effect in simulated stress. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114: 187-9
72. Randall P, Bremner J, Krystal J, et al. Effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil in PTSD. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 319-24
73. Woods S, Charney D, Silver J, et al. Behavioral, biochemical, and cardiovascular responses to the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 1991; 36: 115-27
74. Nutt D, Glue P, Lawson C, et al. Flumazenil provocation of panic attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 917-25
75. Ball D, Glue P, Wilson S, et al. Pharmacology of saccadic eye movements in man. 1: Effects of the benzodiazepine receptor ligands midazolam and flumazenil. Psychopharmacology 1991; 105: 361-7
76. Wilson S, Glue P, Nutt D. Flumazenil and saccadic eye movements in patients with panic disorder and normal controls. Hum Psychopharmacol 1992; 7: 45-50
77. Steiger A, Guldner J, Lauer C, et al. Flumazenil exerts intrinsic activity on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in normal controls. Psychopharmacology 1994; 113: 334-8
78. Lloyd K, Hornykiewicz O. L-glutamic acid decarboxylase in Parkinson's disease. Nature 1973; 243: 521-3
79. Seifritz E, Hemmeter U, Trachsel L, et al. Effects of flumazenil on recovery sleep and hormonal secretion after sleep de- privation in male controls. Psychopharmacology 1995; 120: 449-56
80. Duka T, Goerke D, Fichte K. Effects of ZK 93426, a B-carboline benzodiazepine receptor antagonist on night sleep pattern in healthy male volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1995; 117: 178-85
81. Tinuper P, Montagna P, Corelli P, et al. Idiopathic recurring stupor: a case with possible involvement of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system. Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 503-6
82. Rothstein J, Guidotti A, Tinuper P, et al. Endogenous benzodiazepine ligands in idiopathic recurring stupor. Lancet 1992; 340: 1002-4
83. Trifiletti R, Snowman A, Whitehouse P, et al. Huntington's disease: increased number and altered regulation of benzodiazepine receptor complexes in frontal cerebral cortex. Neurology 1987; 37: 916-22
84. McGeer P, McGeer E. Enzymes associated with the metabolism of catecholamines, acetylcholine and GABA in human controls and patients with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. J Neurochem 1976; 26: 65-76
85. Kulisevsky J, Avila A. Berthier M, et al. Double-blind trial of flumazenil in hemiaballismus. Clin Neuropharmacol 1994; 17: 470-2
86. Ghoneim M, Mewaldt S. Benzodiazepines and human memory: a review. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 926-38
87. Lal H, Kumar B, Forster M. Enhancement of learning and memory in mice by a benzodiazepine antagonist. FASEB J 1988; 2: 2707-11
88. Prather P, Forster M, Lal H. Learning and memory-enhancing effects of Ro15-4513: a comparison with flumazenil. Neuropharmacology 1992; 31: 299-306
89. Duka T, Ott H, Rohloff A, et al. The effects of a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist β-carboline ZK-93426 on scopolamine-induced impairment on attention, memory and psychomotor skills. Psychopharmacology 1996; 123: 361-73
90. Imperato A, Dazzi L, Obinu M, et al. Inhibition of hippocampal acetylcholine release by benzodiazepines: antagonism by flumazenil. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 238: 135-7
91. Sarter M, Bruno J, Dudchenko P. Activating the damaged basal forebrain cholinergic system: tonic stimulation versus signal amplification. Psychopharmacology 1990; 101: 1-17
92. Kapczinski F, Sherman D, Williams R, et al. Differential effects of flumazenil in alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients. Psychopharmacology 1995; 120: 220-6
93. Zacny J, Yajnik S, Coalson D, et al. Flumazenil may attenuate some subjective effects of nitrous oxide in humans: a preliminary report. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 51: 815-9
94. Bradwejn J, Koszycki D. Couetoux du Tertre A, et al. Effects of flumazenil on cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114: 257-61
95. Unseld E, Ziegler G, Gemeinhardt A, et al. Possible interaction of fluoroquinolones with the benzodiazepine-GABAa-receptor complex. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30: 63-70
96. 11C] Ro 15-1788, a benzodiazepine antagonist, studied in human brain in vivo by positron tomography. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 110: 247-51
97. Maziere M, Hantraye P, Prenant C, et al. Synthesis of ethyl 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-[11C]methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo] [5-a][1.4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate (Ro 15-1788-11C): a specific radioligand for the in vivo study of central benzo- diazepine receptors by positron emission tomography. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1984; 35: 973-6
98. Hantraye P, Kaijima M, Prenant C, et al. Central type benzodiazepine binding sites: a position emission tomography study in the baboon's brain. Neurosci Lett 1984; 48: 115-20
99. Shinotoh H, Iyo M, Yamada T, et al. Detection of benzodiazepine receptor occupancy in the human brain by positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99: 202-7
100. Hantraye P, Chavoix C, Guibert B, et al. Benzodiazepine receptors studied in living primates by positron emission tomography: inverse agonist interactions. Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 138: 239-47
101. Savic I, Roland P, Sedvall G, et al. In-vivo demonstration of reduced benzodiazepine receptor binding in human epileptic foci. Lancet 1988; 2: 863-6
102. 11C]-labelled Ro 15-1788 to benzodiazepine receptors in the human brain by positron emission tomography. J Psychiatr Res 1985; 19: 609-22
103. Beer H-F, Blauenstein PA, Hasler PH, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of iodine-123 Ro 16-0154: a new imaging agent for SPECT investigations of benzodiazepine receptors. J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 1007-14
104. Iyo M, Itoh T, Yamasaki T, et al. Quantitative in vivo analysis of benzodiazepine binding sites in the human brain using positron emission tomography. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30: 207-15
105. Abi-Dargham A, Gandelman M, Zoghbi SS, et al. Reproducibility of SPECT measurement of benzodiazepine receptors in human brain with iodine-123-iomazenil. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 167-75
106. 11C]Ro 15-1788 to central type benzodiazepine receptors in human brain: quantitative evaluation by PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988; 8: 304-13
107. 11C]flumazenil kinetics for the estimation of ligand transport rate and receptor distribution using positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 735-44
108. 11]flumazenil. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991; 11: 745-52
109. Delforge J, Pappata S, Millet P, et al. Quantification of benzodiazepine receptors in human brain using PET, [C-11]flumazenil, and a single-experiment protocol. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995; 15: 284-300
110. 11C]-flumazenil. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 656-67
111. 11C]flumazenil and PET: application of the steady-state principle. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995; 15: 152-65
112. Onishi Y, Yonekura Y, Mukai T, et al. Simple quantification of benzodiazepine receptor binding and ligand transport using iodine-123-iomazenil and two SPECT scans. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 1201-10
113. Abadie P, Baron JC, Bisserbe JC, et al. Central benzodiazepine receptors in human brain: estimation of regional Bmax and KD values with positron emission tomography. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 213: 107-15
114. 11C]flumazenil kinetics studied by PET: application to a critical study of the equilibrium approaches. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 454-68
115. Brouillet E, Chavoix C, Khalili-Varasten M, et al. Quantitative evaluation of benzodiazepine receptors in live Papio Anubis baboons using positron emission tomography. Mol Pharmacol 1990; 38: 445-51
116. 123I]iomazenil binding to benzodiazepine receptors in nonhuman primates. I: Kinetic modeling of single bolus experiments. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 439-52
117. 123]iomazenil binding to benzodiazepine receptors in nonhuman primates. II: equilibrium analysis of constant infusion experiments and correlation with in vitro parameters. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 453-65
118. Baldwin RM, Horti AG, Bremner JD, et al. Synthesis and PET imaging of the benzodiazepine receptor tracer [N-methyl-11C]iomazenil. Nucl Med Biol 1995; 22: 659-65
119. Westera G, Buck A, Burger C, et al. Carbon-11 and iodine-123 labelled iomazenil: a direct PET-SPET comparison. Eur J Nucl Med 1996; 23: 5-12
120. 11C]fluimazenil. Psychopharmacology 1992; 107: 180-5
121. 11C]flumazenil binding to benzodiazepine receptors in chronic alcohol-dependent men and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 1992; 50: 1-13
122. Farde L, Pauli S, Litton JE, et al. PET-determination of benzodiazepine receptor binding in studies on alcoholism: toward a molecular basis of alcohol use and abuse. Basel: Birk Hauser Verlag, 1994: 143-53
123. Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Adams K, et al. Positron emission tomographic studies of cerebral benzodiazepine-receptor binding in chronic alcoholics. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 163-71
124. Abi-Dargham A, Krystal J, Webb E, et al. SPECT imaging of benzodiazepine receptors in alcoholics and healthy controls [abstract]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 10A
125. 11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography visualizes frontal epileptogenic regions. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 1225-32
126. Henry TR, Frey KA, Sackellares JC, et al. In vivo cerebral metabolism and central benzodiazepine-receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 1993; 43: 1998-2006
127. Prevett MC, Lammertsma AA, Brooks DJ, et al. Benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor binding during absence seizures. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 592-9
128. 11C]flumazenil and positron emission tomography. Epilepsia 1995; 36: 113-21
129. Kuwert T, Stodieck SR, Puskas C, et al. Reduced GABAA receptor density contralateral to a potentially epileptogenic MRI abnormality in a patient with complex partial seizures. Eur J Nucl Med 1996; 23: 95-8
130. Sjoholm H, Rosen I, Elmqvist D. Role of I-123-iomazenil SPECT imaging in drug resistant epilepsy with complex partial seizures. Acta Neurol Scand 1995; 92: 41-8
131. Staedt J, Stoppe G, Kogler A, et al. Changes of central benzodiazepine receptor density in the course of anticonvulsant treatment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 1995; 4: 49-52
132. Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Junck L, et al. Benzodiazepine receptor binding in cerebellar degenerations studied with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 176-85
133. Holthoff VA, Koeppe RA, Frey KA, et al. Positron emission tomography measures of benzodiazepine receptors in Huntington's disease. Ann Neurol 1993; 34: 76-81
134. Meyer M, Koeppe RA, Frey KA, et al. Positron emission tomography measures of benzodiazepine binding in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 314-7
135. Sette G, Baron JC, Young AR, et al. In vivo mapping of brain benzodiazepine receptor changes by positron emission tomography after focal ischemia in the anesthetized baboon. Stroke 1993; 24: 2046-57
136. Hatazawa J, Satoh T, Shimosegawa E, et al. Evaluation of cerebral infarction with iodine 123-iomazenil SPECT. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 2154-61
137. Hatazawa J, Shimosegawa E, Satoh T, et al. Central benzodiazepine receptor distribution after subcortical hemorrhage evaluated by means of [123I]iomazenil and SPECT. Stroke 1995; 26: 2267-71
138. Schlegel S, Steinert H, Bockisch A, et al. Decreased benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorder measured by iomazenil-SPECT: a preliminary report. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 244: 49-51
139. Kuikka JT, Pitkanen A, Lepola U, et al. Abnormal regional benzodiazepine receptor uptake in the prefrontal cortex in patients with panic disorder. Nucl Med Commun 1995; 16: 273-80
140. Videbaek C, Friberg L, Holm S, et al. Benzodiazepine receptor equilibrium constants for flumazenil and midazolam determined in humans with the single photon emission computer tomography tracer [123I]iomazenil. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 249: 43-51
141. Sybirska E, Seibyl JP, Bremner JD, et al. [123I]iomazenil SPECT imaging demonstrates significant benzodiazepine receptor reserve in human and nonhuman primate brain. Neuropharmacology 1993; 32: 671-80
142. Schmid L, Bottlaender M, Fuseau C, et al. Zolpidem displays heterogeneity in its binding to the nonhuman primate benzodiazepine receptor in vivo. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 1880-6
143. Bottlaender M, Brouillet E, Varastet M, et al. In vivo high intrinsic efficacy of triazolam: a positron emission tomography study in nonhuman primates. J Neurochem 1994; 62: 1102-11
144. Ochs MW, Tucker MR, Owsley TG, et al. The effectiveness of flumazenil in reversing the sedation and amnesia produced by intravenous midazolam. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990; 48: 240-5
145. Hart Y, Sander J, Meinardi H, et al. Flumazenil as an anti-epileptic agent [letter]. Lancet 1991; 337: 744
146. Nave R, Herer P, Lavie P. The intrinsic effects of sarmazenil on sleep propensity and performance level of sleep-deprived subjects. Psychopharmacology 1994; 115: 366-70
147. Glue P, Nutt D. Benzodiazepine receptor sensitivity in panic disorder [letter]. Lancet 1991; 337: 563