A new look at dietary carbohydrate: Chemistry, physiology and health

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 51, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 417-423

  Cummings, J H ^a   Roberfroid, M B ^a   Andersson, H ^a   Barth, C ^a   Ferro Luzzi, A ^a   Ghoos, Y ^a   Gibney, M ^a   Hermonsen, K ^a   James, W P T ^a   Korver, O ^a   Lairon, D ^a   Pascal, G ^a   Voragen, A G S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Carbohydrates; Diet; Fibre; Health; Starch; Sugars

Indexed keywords

BILE ACID; CARBOHYDRATE; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; LIPID; MONOSACCHARIDE; OLIGOSACCHARIDE; POLYSACCHARIDE; PROTEIN; SUGAR;

CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CHEMISTRY; DIGESTION; FOOD ANALYSIS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; MOLECULAR SIZE; POLYMERIZATION; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; REVIEW; SATIETY; SMALL INTESTINE ABSORPTION;

EID: 0030860777     PISSN: 09543007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600427     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Asp N-G (1995): Classification and methodology of food carbohydrates as related to nutritional effects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, Suppl. 4, 980S-987S.
2. Asp NG (1992): Resistant Starch. Physiological implications of the consumption of resistant starch in man. Proceedings from the 2nd plenary meeting of EURESTA: European FLAIR Concerted Action No. 11 (COST 911). Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46, Suppl. 2, 1-148.
3. Asp NG (1994): Carbohydrates in human nutrition: The importance of food choice, especially in a high carbohydrate diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, Suppl. 3, 679S-794S.
4. Bach-Knudsen KE & Hessov I (1995): Recovery of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the small intestine of man. Br. J. Nutr. 74, 101-103.
5. Blundell JE, Green S & Burley VJ (1994): Carbohydrates and human appetite. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, Suppl. 3, 728S-734S.
6. British Nutrition Foundation (1990): Complex Carbohydrates in Foods: Report of the British Nutrition Foundation 's Task Force. London: Chapman & Hall.
7. Brownlee M, Cerami A & Vlassara H (1988): Advanced glycosylation endproducts in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications. New Eng. J Med. 318, 1315-1321.
8. Buller HA & Grand RJ (1990): Lactose intolerance. Ann. Rev. Med. 41, 141-148.
9. Burkitt DP & Trowell HS (1975): Refined Carbohydrate Foods and Disease: Some Implications of Dietary Fibre. London: Academic Press.
10. Clydesdale FM (1995): Nutritional and health aspects of sugars. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, Suppl. 1, 161S-296S.
11. Crapo PA, Reaven G & Olefsky J (1976): Plasma glucose and insulin responses to orally administered simple and complex carbohydrates. Diabetes 25, 741-747.
12. Cummings JH (1983): Fermentation in the human large intestine: evidence and implications for health. Lancet 1, 1206-1209.
13. Cummings JH (1993): The effect of dietary fiber on fecal weight and composition. In CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition, ed. GA Spiller, pp 263-349. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
14. Cummings JH (1995): Short chain fatty acids. In Human Colonie Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology, eds. GR Gibson & GT Macfarlane, pp 101-130. Florida: CRC Press.
15. Cummings JH, Beatty ER, Kingman SM, Bingham SA & Englyst HN (1996): Digestion and physiological properties of resistant starch in the human large bowel. Br. J. Nutr. 75, 733-747.
16. Cummings JH & Englyst HN (1995): Gastrointestinal effects of food carbohydrate. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 938S-945S.
17. Cummings JH & Frolich W (1993): Dietary fibre intakes in Europe: a survey conducted by members of the Management Committee of COST 92. Metabolic and Physiological Aspects of Dietary Fibre in Food, ECSP-EEC-EAEC, Brussels, pp 1-89.
18. Cummings JH, Rombeau JL & Livesey G (1987): Food energy values of dietary fibre components and decreased deposition of body fat. Int. J. Obes. 11, Suppl. 1, 101-105.
19. Delzenne N & Roberfroid M (1994): Physiological effects of non digestible oligosaccharides. Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol. 27, 1-6.
20. Department of Health (1989): Dietary Sugars and Human Health. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
21. Dills WL (1993): Protein fructosylation: fructose and the Maillard reaction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, Suppl. 5, 779S-787S.
22. Englyst HN & Hudson GJ (1996): The classification and measurement of dietary carbohydrates. Food Chemistry 57 (1), 15-21.
23. Englyst H, Wiggins HS & Cummings JH (1982): Determination of the non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods by gas liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates. Analyst 107, 307-318.
24. Englyst HN, Kingman SM & Cummings JH (1992): Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46, S33-S50.
25. Englyst HN, Quigley ME & Hudson GJ (1994): Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides with gas-liquid Chromatographic, high-performance liquid Chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars. Analyst 119, 1497-1509.
26. Englyst HN, Veenstra J & Hudson GJ (1996): Measurement of rapidly available glucose (RAG) in plant foods: a potential in vitro predictor of the glycaemic response. Br. J. Nutr. 75, 327-337.
27. Fiordaliso M, Kok N, Desager JP, Goethals S, Deboyser D, Roberfroid M & Delzenne N (1995): Dietary oligofructose lowers triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol in serum and very low density lipoproteins of rats. Lipids 30, 163-167.
28. Food and Drug Administration (1993): Food labelling: mandatory status of nutrition labelling and nutrient content revision, format for nutrition label. Federal Register 58 (3), 2079-2228.
29. Forbes AL, Bowman BA & (Editors) (1993): Health effects of dietary fructose. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, Suppl. 5, 721S-823S.
30. Gibson GR, Beatty ER, Wang X & Cummings JH (1995): Selective stimulation of Bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterol. 108, 975-982.
31. Gibson GR & Roberfroid M (1995): Dietary modulation of the human colonie microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J. Nutr. 125, 1401-1412.
32. Giovanucci E (1995): Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes and Control 6, 164-179.
33. Glore SR, Treeck DV, Knehans AW & Guild M (1994): Soluble fiber and serum lipids: A literature review. J. Am. Dietet. Assoc. 94 (4), 425-436.
34. Goranzon H & Forsam E (1987): Metabolizable energy in humans in two diets: calculation and analysis. J. Nutr. 117, 267-273.
35. Greenberg RE (1995): New dimensions in carbohydrates. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, Suppl. 4, 915S-1011S.
36. Haber GB, Heaton KW, Murphy D & Burroughs LF (1977): Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre: effects on satiety, plasma-glucose and serum insulin. Lancet ii, 679-682.
37. Hermansen K (1994): Research methodologies in the evaluation of intestinal glucose absorption and the concept of the glycemic index. In Research Methodologies in Human Diabetes, eds. CE Mogesen & E Standl, pp 205-218. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter.
38. Hermansen K, Rasmussen O, Arnfred J, Winther E & Schmitz O (1986): Differential glycaemic effects of potato, rice and spaghetti in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetic patients at constant insulinaemia. Diabetologia 29, 358-361.
39. Hidaka H, Eida T, Takizawa T, Tokunaga T & Tashiro Y (1986): Effects of fructooligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifidobacteria Microflora 5, 37-50.
40. Hiele M, Ghoos Y, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G & DeBuyser K (1990): 13CO2 breath test to measure the hydrolysis of various starch formulations in healthy subjects. Gut 31, 175-178.
41. Hill JO & Prentice AM (1995): Sugar and body weight regulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, Suppl. 1, 264S-274S.
42. Holland B, Welch AA, Unwin ID, Buss DH, Paul AA & Southgate DAT (1991): McCance & Widdowson's The Composition of Foods. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
43. IUB-IUPAC, Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature & (JCBN) (1982): Abbreviated Terminology of Oligosaccharide Chains. Recommendations 1980. J. Biol. Chem. 257 (7), 3347-3351.
44. Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Taylor RH, Barker HM, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, Bowling AC, Newman HC, Jenkins AL & Goff DV (1981): Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 362-366.
45. Kok N, Roberfroid M & Delzenne N (1996): Involvement of lipogenesis in the lower VLDL secretion induced by oligofructose in rats. Br. J. Nutr. 76, 881-890.
46. Konig KG & Navia JM (1995): Nutritional role of sugars in oral health. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, Suppl. 1, 275S-283S.
47. Lairon D (Editor) (1994): Mechanisms of Action of Dietary Fibre on Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism. CEC Luxembourg.
48. Livesey G & Elia M (1995): Short chain fatty acids as an energy source in the colon: metabolism and clinical implications. In Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids, eds. JH Cummings, JL Rombeau & T Sakata, pp 427-482. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. Loo Jv, Coussement P, Leenheer Ld, Hoebregs H & Smits G (1995): On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the Western diet. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35 (6), 525-552.
50. McCance RA & Lawrence RD (1929): The Carbohydrate Content of Foods. London: HMSO.
51. McDonald RB (1995): Influence of dietary sucrose on biological ageing. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, Suppl. 1, 284S-293S.
52. Munster IPv, Tangerman A & Nagengast FM (1994): The effect of resistant starch on colonie fermentation, bile acid and metabolism and mucosal proliferation. Dig. Dis. Sci. 39, 834-842.
53. Phillips J, Muir JG, Birkett A, Lu ZX, Jones GP, O'Dea K & Young GP (1995): Effect of resistant starch on fecal bulk and fermentation-dependent events in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 121-130.
54. Prosky L, Asp N-G, Schweizer TF, DeVries JW & Furda I (1992): Determination of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. J. AOAC Internat. 75, 360-367.
55. Roberfroid M (1993): Dietary fiber, inulin and oligofructose: a review comparing their physiological effects. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 33 (2), 103-148.
56. Roberfroid M, Gibson GR & Delzenne N (1993): The biochemistry of oligofructose, a non-digestible fiber: an approach to calculate its caloric value. Nutr. Rev. 51, 137-146.
57. Roediger WEW (1980): Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonie mucosa in man. Gut 21, 793-798.
58. Rumessen JJ, Bode S, Hamberg O & Gudmand-Hoyer E (1990): Fructans of Jerusalem artichokes: intestinal transport, absorption, fermentation and influence on blood glucose, insulin and C-peptide responses in healthy subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 675-681.
59. Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs (1977): Dietary Goals for the United States. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
60. Southgate DAT (1991): Determination of Food Carbohydrates. Barking: Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.
61. Southgate DAT (1995): Digestion and metabolism of sugars. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, Suppl. 1, 203S-211S.
62. Southgate DAT & Durin JVGA (1970): Calorie conversion factors. An experimental reassessment of the factors used in the calculation of the energy value of human diets. Br. J. Nutr. 24, 517-535.
63. Stephen AM (1991): Starch in human nutrition. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. 69 (Symposium Proceedings), 53-136.
64. Stephen AM & Cummings JH (1980): Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon. Nature 284, 283-284.
65. Stewart JE & Tamaki JA (1992): Composition of Foods: Baked Products. Hyattsville, Maryland: USDA.
66. 2) and methane (CH4) excretion patterns in normal man and in clinical practice. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 65, 85-97.
67. Trowell H (1972): Dietary fibre and coronary heart disease. Eur. J. Clin. Biol. Res. 17, 345-349.
68. Wolever TMS & Miller JB (1995): Sugars and blood glucose control. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, Suppl. 1, 212S-227S.
69. Yamashita K, Kawai K. & Itakura M (1984): Effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on blood glucose and serum lipids in diabetic subjects. Nutr. Res. 4, 961-966.