Free D-aspartate and D-serine in the mammalian brain and periphery

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 325-353

  Hashimoto, Atsushi ^a   Oka, Tetsuo ^a  

^a TOKAI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; DEXTRO SERINE;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ANIMAL TISSUE; BACTERIAL FLORA; BINDING SITE; BRAIN METABOLISM; CELL MATURATION; DEAMINATION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; GENETIC CONSERVATION; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ANIMALS; ASPARTIC ACID; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; HUMANS; MAMMALS; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; SERINE;

EID: 0030850891     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00019-1     Document Type: Review

References (352)

1. Aanonen, L. M. and Wilcox, G. L. (1987) Nociceptive action of excitatory amino acids in the mouse: effects of spinally administered opioids phencyclidine and sigma agonists. J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 243, 9-19.
2. Abe, K., Xie, F., Watanabe, Y. and Saito, H. (1990) Glycine facilitates induction of long-term potentiation of evoked potential in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 117, 87-92.
3. Altman, J. (1972) Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. III. Maturation of the components of the granular layer. J. Comp. Neural. 145, 465-514.
4. Amato, A., Ballerini, L. and Attwell, D. (1994) Intracellular pH changes produced by glutamate uptake in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 1686-1696.
5. Angermüller, S. and Fahimi, H. D. (1988) Heterogeneous staining of D-amino acid oxidase in peroxisomes of rat liver and kidney: a light and electron microscopic study. Histochemistry 88, 277-285.
6. Angermüller, S. (1989) Peroxisomal oxidases: cytochemical localization and biological relevance. Progr. Histochem. Cytochem. 20, 1-63.
7. Anthony, E. W. and Nevins, M. E. (1993) Anxiolytic-like effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate-associated glycine receptor ligand in the rat potentiated startle test. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250, 317-324.
8. Arnold, G., Liscum, L. and Holtzman, E. (1979) Ultrastructural localization of D-amino acid oxidase in microperoxisomes of the rat nervous system. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 27, 735-745.
9. Arriza, J. L., Kavanaugh, M. P., Fairman, W. A., Wu, Y. N., Murdock, G. H., North, R. A. and Amara, S. G. (1993) Cloning and expression of a human neutral amino acid transporter with structural similarity to the glutamate transporter gene family. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15329-15332.
10. Artom, C., Fishman, W. H. and Morehead, R. P. (1945) The relative toxicity of L- and D,L-serine in rats. Proc. Soc. Expl Biol. Med. 60, 284-287.
11. Bada, J. L. (1984) In vivo racemization in mammalian proteins. In: Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 106, pp. 98-115. Eds F. Ward and K. Moldave. Academic Press: Orlando, FL.
12. Baker, R. F. and Hopkinson, D. A. (1977) The genetic and biochemical properties of the D-amino acid oxidases in human tissues. Ann. Hum. Genet. 41, 27-42.
13. Balcar, V. J. and Li, Y. (1992) Heterogeneity of high affinity uptake of L-glutamate and L-aspartate in the mammalian central nervous system. Life Sci. 51, 1467-1478.
14. Bashir, Z. I., Tam, B. and Collingridge, G. L. (1990) Activation of the glycine site in the NMDA receptor is necessary for the induction of LTP. Neurosci. Lett. 108, 261-266.
15. Baughman, R. W. and Gilbert, C. D. (1980) Aspartate and glutamate as possible neurotransmitters of cells in layer 6 of the visual cortex. Nature 287, 848-850.
16. Beard, M. E. (1990) D-Aspartate oxidation by rat and bovine renal peroxisomes: an electron microscopic cytochemical study. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 38, 1377-1381.
17. 3H-D-aspartate in the pigeon retino-tectal pathway. Neuroscience 6, 2021-2034.
18. Bedino, S. (1973) Chicken kidney D-serine dehydratase: an allosteric regulation mechanism. Ital. J. Biochem. 22, 232-243.
19. Berg, C. P. (1959) Utilization of D-amino acids. In: Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition, pp. 57-96. Ed. A. A. Albanese. Academic Press: New York.
20. Berry, M., Rogers, A. W. and Eayrs, J. T. (1964) Pattern of cell migration during the cortical histogenesis. Nature 203, 591-593.
21. Bonhaus, D. W., Burge, B. C. and McNamara, J. O. (1987) Biochemical evidence that glycine allosterically regulates an NMDA receptor-coupled ion channel. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 142, 489-490.
22. Bouvier, M., Szatkowski, M., Amato, A. and Attwell, D. (1992) The glial cell glutamate uptake carrier countertransports pH-changing anions. Nature 360, 471-474.
23. Bridgers, W. F. (1965) The biosynthesis of serine in mouse brain extracts. J. Biol. Chem. 240, 4591-4597.
24. 3H]strychnine binding sites in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 126, 303-307.
25. Bristow, L. J., Hutson, P. H., Thorn, L. and Tricklebank, M. D. (1993) The glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist, R(+)-HA-966, blocks activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system induced by phencyclidine and dizocilpine (MK-801) in rodents. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108, 1156-1163.
26. Bristow, L. J., Flatman, K. L., Hutson, P. H., Kulagowski, J. J., Leeson, P. D., Young, L. and Tricklebank, M. D. (1996a) The atypical neuroleptic profile of the glycine/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, L-701,324, in rodents. J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 277, 578-585.
27. Bristow, L. J., Flatman, K. L., Young, L., Thorn, L., Hutson, P. H. and Tricklebank, M. D. (1996b) The glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist, L-701,324, blocks the neurochemical and behavioural effects of amphetamine in rodents. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114, 312P.
28. Brückner, H. and Hausch, M. (1993) Gas chromatographic characterization of free D-amino acids in the blood serum of patients with renal disorders and of healthy volunteers. J. Chromatogr. 614, 7-17.
29. Brückner, H., Haasmann, S., Langer, M., Westhauser, T. and Wittner, R. (1994a) Liquid chromatographic determination of o-phthal-dialdehyde and chiral thiols. J. Chromatogr. A666, 259-273.
30. Brückner, H., Haasmann, S. and Friedrich, A. (1994b) Quantification of D-amino acids in human urine using GC-MS and HPLC. Amino Acids 6, 205-211.
31. Brugger, F., Wicki, U., Nassenstein-Elton, D., Fagg, G. E., Ople, H.-R. and Pozza, M. F. (1990) Modulation of the NMDA receptor by D-serine in the cortex and the spinal cord, in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191, 29-38.
32. Carlsson, M. and Carlsson, A. (1990) Interactions between glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems within the basal ganglia: implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. TINS 13, 272-276.
33. Carone, F. A. and Ganote, C. E. (1975) D-Serine nephrotoxicity: the nature of proteinuria, glucosuria, and aminoaciduria in acute tubular necrosis. Arch. Pathol. 99, 658-662.
34. Carone, F. A., Nakamura, S. and Goldman, B. (1985) Urinary loss of glucose, phosphate, and protein by diffusion into proximal straight tubules injured by D-serine and maleic acid. Lab. Invest. 52, 605-610.
35. Carroll, C. B., Holloway, V., Brotchie, J. M. and Mitchell, I. J. (1995) Neurochemical and behavioural investigations of the NMDA receptor-associated glycine site in the rat striatum: functional implications for treatment of parkinsonian symptoms. Psychopharmacology 119, 55-65.
36. Carter, A. J. (1992) Glycine antagonists: regulation of the NMDA receptor-channel complex by the strychnine-insensitive glycine site. Drug Future 17, 595-613.
37. Chapman, A. G., Durmuller, N., Harrison, B. L., Baron, B. M., Parvez, N. and Meldrum, B. S. (1995) Anticonvulsant activity of a novel NMDA/glycine site antagonist, MDL104,653, against kindled and sound-induced seizures. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 274, 83-88.
38. Chen, J., Graham, S., Moroni, F. and Simon, R. (1993) A study of the dose dependency of a glycine receptor antagonist in focal ischemia. J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 267, 937-941.
39. Chiamulera, C. H., Costa, S. and Reggiani, A. (1990) Effect of NMDA- and strychnine-insensitive glycine site antagonists on NMDA-mediated convulsions and learning. Psychopharmacology 102, 551-552.
40. Chizhmakov, I. V., Kiskin, N. I., Krishtal, O. A. and Tsyndrenko, A. Y. (1989) Glycine action on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 99, 131-136.
41. Chouinard, M. L., Gaitan, D. and Wood, P. L. (1993) Presence of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-associated glycine receptor agonist, D-serine, in human temporal cortex: comparison of normal, Parkinson and Alzheimer tissues. J. Neurochem. 61, 1561-1564.
42. Coderre, T. J. and Melzack, R. (1992) The contribution of excitatory amino acids to central sensitization and persistent nociception after formalin-induced tissue injury. J. Neurosci. 12, 3665-3670.
43. Collingridge, G. L. and Bliss, T. V. (1987) NMDA receptors - their role in long-term potentiation. TINS 10, 273-280.
44. Collingridge, G. L. and Lester, R. A. J. (1989) Excitatory amino acid receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev. 40, 143-210.
45. Contreras, P. C. (1990) D-Serine antagonized phencyclidine- and MK-801-induced stereotyped behavior and ataxia. Neuropharmacology 29, 291-293.
46. Corrigan, J. J. and Srinivasan, N. G. (1966) The occurrence of certain D-amino acids in insects. Biochemistry 5, 1185-1190.
47. Corrigan, J. J. (1969) D-Amino acids in animals. Science 164, 142-149.
48. Crifo, C., Santoro, L., Rinaldi, A. and De Marco, C. (1977) Essential arginine residues in beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase (a preliminary reports). Molec. Cell Biochem. 17, 7-9.
49. Croucher, M. J. and Bradford, H. F. (1990) 7-Chlorokynurenic acid, a strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor antagonist, inhibits limbic seizure kindling. Neurosci. Lett. 118, 29-32.
50. Croucher, M. J. and Bradford, H. F. (1991) The influence of strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor agonists and antagonists on generalized seizure thresholds. Brain Res. 543, 91-96.
51. Curti, B., Ronchi, S., Branzoli, U., Ferri, G. and Williams, C. H. (1973) Improved purification, amino acid analysis and molecular weight of homogeneous D-amino acid oxidase from pig kidney. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 327, 266-273.
52. +-dependent 'binding' of D-aspartate in brain membranes is largely due to uptake into membrane-bounded saccules. J. Neurochem. 47, 819-824.
53. D'Aniello, A. and Giuditta, A. (1977) Identification of D-aspartic acid in the brain of Octopus vulgaris Lam. J. Neurochem. 29, 1053-1057.
54. D'Aniello, A. and Giuditta, A. (1978) Presence of D-aspartate in squid axoplasm and in other regions of the cephalopod nervous system. J. Neurochem. 31, 1107-1108.
55. D'Aniello, A., Vetere, A., Fisher, G. H., Cusano, G., Chavez, M. and Petrucelli, L. (1992) Presence of D-alanine in proteins of normal and Alzheimer human brain. Brain Res. 592, 44-48.
56. D'Aniello, A., Nardi, G., Vetere, A. and Ferguson, G. P. (1993a) Occurrence of free D-aspartic acid in the circumsoesophageal ganglia of Aplysia fasciata. Life Sci. 52, 733-736.
57. D'Aniello, A., D'Onofrio, G., Pischetola, M., D'Aniello, G., Vetere, A., Petrucelli, L. and Fisher, G. H. (1993b) Biological role of D-amino acid oxidase and D-aspartate oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 26941-26949.
58. D'Aniello, A., Vetere, A. and Petrucelli, L. (1993c) Further study on the specificity of D-amino acid oxidase and of D-aspartate oxidase and time course for complete oxidation of D-amino acids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105B, 731-734.
59. D'Aniello, A., Di Cosmo, A., Di Cristo, C., Annunziato, L., Petrucelli, L. and Fisher, G. H. (1996) Involvement of D-aspartic acid in the synthesis of testosterone in rat testes. Life Sci. 59, 97-104.
60. Danysz, W., Wroblewski, J. T., Brooker, G. and Costa, E. (1989) Modulation of glutamate receptors by phencyclidine and glycine in the rat cerebellum: cGMP increase in vivo. Brain Res. 479, 270-276.
61. 3H]D-Serine labels strychnine-insensitive glycine recognition sites of rat central nervous system. Life Sci. 46, 155-164.
62. Davies, L. P. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1975) D-Aspartate oxidase activity in extracts of mammalian central nervous tissue. J. Neurochem. 25, 299-304.
63. Davies, L. P. and Johnston, G. A. R. (1976) Uptake and release of D- and L-aspartate by rat brain slices. J. Neurochem. 26, 1007-1014.
64. Davies, J. S. (1977) Occurrence and biosynthesis of D-amino acids. In: Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptide and Proteins, pp. 1-27. Ed. B. Weinstein. Marcel Dekker: New York.
65. Davies, S., Maenz, D. D. and Cheeseman, C. I. (1987) A novel amino-acid carrier in the enterocyte basolateral membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 896, 247-255.
66. De Marco, C. and Crifo, C. (1967) D-Aspartate oxidase from pig kidney. 3. Competitive inhibition by dicarboxylic hydroxyacids. Enzymologia 33, 325-330.
67. De Sarro, G., Trimarchi, G. R., Sinopoli, S. and De Sarro, A. (1993) Anticonvulsant effects of U-54494A and U-50488H in genetically epilepsy-prone rats and DBA/2 mice: a possible involvement of glycine/NMDA receptor complex. Gen. Pharmacol. 24, 439-447.
68. Dickenson, A. H. and Aydar, E. (1991) Antagonism at the glycine site on the NMDA receptor reduces spinal nociception in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 121, 263-266.
69. Dixon, M. and Kleppe, K. (1965) D-Amino acid oxidase. II. Specificity, competitive inhibition and reaction sequence. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 96, 368-382.
70. Dixon, M. and Kenworthy, P. (1967) D-Aspartate oxidase of kidney. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 146, 54-76.
71. Dunlop, D. S., Neidle, A., MaHale, D., Dunlop, D. M. and Lajtha, A. (1986) The presence of free D-aspartic acid in rodents and man. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 141, 27-32.
72. 1A receptor agonists and NMDA receptor antagonists in the social interaction test and the elevated plus maze. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 169, 1-10.
73. Dunn, R. W., Flanagan, D. M., Martin, L. L., Kerman, L. L., Woods, A. T., Camacho, F., Wilmot, C. A., Cornfeldt, M. L., Effland, R. C., Wood, P. L. and Corbett, R. (1992) Stereoselective R(+) enantiomer of HA-966 displays anxiolytic effects in rodents. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 214, 207-214.
74. Erdö, S. L. (1991) Excitatory amino acid receptors in the mammalian periphery. TIPS 12, 426-429.
75. Fadda, E., Danysz, W., Wroblewski, J. T. and Costa, E. (1988) Glycine and D-serine increase the affinity of N-methyl-D-aspartate sensitive glutamate binding sites in rat brain synaptic membranes. Neuropharmacology 27, 1183-1185.
76. Fagg, G. E. and Matus, A. (1984) Selective association of N-methyl-D- aspartate and quisqualate types of L-glutamate receptor with brain postsynaptic densities. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 6876-6880.
77. Faiman, C. P., Viu, E., Skolnick, P. and Trullas, R. (1994) Differential effects of compounds that act at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors in a punishment procedure. J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 270, 528-533.
78. Felbeck, H. and Willey, S. (1987) Free D-amino acids in the tissues of marine bivalves. Biol. Bull. 173, 225-259.
79. Ferkany, J. and Coyle, J. T. (1986) Heterogeneity of sodium-dependent excitatory amino acid uptake mechanisms in rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 16, 491-503.
80. Ferraro, T. N. and Hare, T. A. (1985) Free and conjugated amino acids in human CSF: influence of age and sex. Brain Res. 338, 53-60.
81. Fisher, G. H., D'Aniello, A., Vetere, A., Padula, L., Cusano, G. P. and Man, E. H. (1991a) Free D-aspartate and D-alanine in normal and Alzheimer brain. Brain Res. Bull. 26, 983-985.
82. Fisher, G. H., Payan, I. L., Chou, S. J., Man, E. H., Cerwinski, S., Martin, T., Emory, C. and Frey, W. H. (1991b) Racemized D-aspartate in Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. Brain Res. Bull. 28, 127-131.
83. Fisher, G. H., Petrucelli, L., Gardner, C., Emory, C., Frey, W. H., Amaducci, L., Sorbi, S., Sorrentino, G., Borghi, M. and D'Aniello, A. (1994) Free D-amino acids in human cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, and healthy control subjects. Molec. Chem. Neuropathol. 23, 115-124.
84. Fishman, W. H. and Artom, C. (1945) Serine injury. J. Biol. Chem. 145, 345-346.
85. Fitzpatrick, P. F. and Massey, V. (1982) Thiazoline-2-carboxylic acid, an adduct of cystamine and glycoxylate, as a substrate for D-amino acid oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 1166-1171.
86. Fletcher, E. J. and Lodge, D. (1988) Glycine reverses antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) by 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolidone-2 (HA-966) but not by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-AP5) on rat cortical slices. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 151, 161-162.
87. Fonnum, F. (1984) Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. J. Neurochem. 42, 1-11.
88. Foster, A. C., Willis, C. L. and Tridgett, R. (1990) Protection against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuronal degeneration in rat brain by 7-chlorokynurenate and 3-amino-1-hydroxypyrrolid2-one, antagonists at the allosteric site for glycine. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 270-277.
89. Friedman, M. (1991) Formation, nutritional value, and safety of D-amino acid. In: Nutritional and Toxicological Consequences of Food Processing, pp. 447-481. Ed. M. Friedman. Plenum Press: New York.
90. Fujii, N., Tamanoi, I., Muraoka, S., Joshima, H., Kashima, M. and Harada, K. (1987) D-Aspartic acid in aged mouse skin and lens. J. Radiat. Res. 28, 117-125.
91. Fujimoto, D. and Adams, E. (1965) D-Serine dehydratase of earthworm tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 105, 596-599.
92. Fukui, K., Watanabe, F., Shibata, T. and Miyake, Y. (1987) Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase. Biochemistry 26, 3612-3618.
93. 3H-glycine binding to cortical membranes of rat brain by amino acids. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 20, 407-408.
94. 3H]glycine binding to rat cortical membranes. Neuropharmacology 29, 145-150.
95. Ganote, C. E., Peterson, D. R. and Carone, F. A. (1974) The nature of D-serine-induced nephrotoxicity. Am. J. Pathol. 77, 269-282.
96. Garner, W. H. and Spector, A. (1978) Racemization in human lens: evidence of rapid insolubilization of specific polypeptides in cataract formation. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3618-3620.
97. Gill, R., Hargreaves, R. J. and Kemp, J. A. (1995) The neuroprotective effect of the glycine site antagonists 3R(+)-cis-4-methyl-HA966 (L-687,414) in a rat model of focal ischaemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 197-204.
98. Globus, M. Y. T., Busto, R., Martinez, E., Valdes, I., Dietrich, W. D. and Ginsberg, M. D. (1991) Comparative effect of transient global ischaemia on extracellular levels of glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in vulnerable and nonvulnerable brain regions in the rat. J. Neurochem. 57, 470-478.
99. Goldstein, D. B. (1966) D-Amino acid oxidase in brain: distribution in several species and inhibition by pentobarbitone. J. Neurochem. 13, 1011-1016.
100. Goodnough, D. B., Lutz, M. P. and Wood, P. L. (1995) Separation and quantification of D- and L-phosphoserine in rat brain using Nα-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-L-alaninamide (Marfey's reagent) by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J. Chromatogr. 672, 290-294.
101. Gould, S. J., Keller, G.-A. and Subramani, S. (1988) Identification of peroxisomal targeting signals located at the carboxyl terminus of four peroxisomal proteins. J. Cell Biol. 107, 897-905.
102. Graham, C. E., Hier, S. W., Waitkoff, H. K., Saper, S. M., Bibler, W. G. and Pentz, E. I. (1950) Studies on natural and racemic amino acids with rats. J. Biol. Chem. 185, 97-102.
103. Greenamyre, J. T., Higgins, D. S. and Young, A. B. (1990) Sodium-dependent D-aspartate 'binding' is not a measure of presynaptic neuronal uptake sites in an autoradiographic assay. Brain Res. 511, 310-318.
104. Greenamyre, J. T. (1993) Glutamate-dopamine interactions in the basal ganglia: relationship to Parkinson's disease. J. Neur. Transm. 91, 255-269.
105. Grillo, M. A., Fossa, T. and Coghe, M. (1965) D-Serine dehydratase of chicken kidney. Enzymologia 28, 377-388.
106. Grillo, M. A., Fossa, T. and Coghe, M. (1970) Effect of dietary and hormonal factors on L-serine dehydratase and D-serine dehydratase activities of chicken liver and kidney. Enzymologia 39, 248-254.
107. Grillo, M. A. and Fossa, T. (1971) Allosteric interactions in D-serine dehydratase of chicken kidney. Hoppe. Seylers. Z. Physiol. Chem. 352, 791-796.
108. Guastella, J., Brecha, N., Weigmann, C. and Lester, H. A. (1992) Cloning, expression, and localization of a rat brain high-affinity glycine transporter. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 7189-7193.
109. Gundersen, V., Danbolt, N. C., Ottersen, O. P. and Storm-Mathisen, J. (1993) Demonstration of glutamate/aspartate uptake activity in never endings by use of antibodies recognizing exogenous D-aspartate. Neuroscience 57, 97-111.
110. Hamilton, G. A., Buckthal, D. J., Mortensen, R. M. and Zerby, K. W. (1979) Reactions of cystamine and other amine metabolites with glycoxylate and oxygen catalyzed by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 2625-2629.
111. Hamilton, G. A. (1985) Peroxisomal oxidases and suggestions for the mechanism of action of insulin and other hormones. Adv. Enzymol. 57, 85-178.
112. Hargreaves, R. J., Rigby, M., Smith, D. and Hill, R. G. (1993) Lack of effect of L-687,414 ((+)-cis-4-methyl-HA966), an NMDA receptor antagonist acting at the glycine site on cerebral glucose metabolism and cortical neuronal morphology. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110, 36-42.
113. Hartley, D. M., Monyer, H., Colamarino, S. A. and Choi, D. W. (1990) 7-Chlorokynurenate blocks NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in murine cortical culture. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 291-295.
114. Hashimoto, A., Nishikawa, T., Oka, T. and Takahashi, K. (1991) D-Alanine inhibits methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 202, 105-107.
115. Hashimoto, A., Nishikawa, T., Hayashi, T., Fujii, N., Harada, K., Oka, T. and Takahashi, K. (1992a) The presence of free D-serine in rat brain. FEBS Lett. 296, 33-36.
116. Hashimoto, A., Nishikawa, T., Oka, T., Takahashi, K. and Hayashi, T. (1992b) Determination of free amino acid enantiomers in rat brain and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with N-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl-L-cysteine and o-phthaldialdehyde. J. Chromatogr. 582, 41-48.
117. Hashimoto, A., Nishikawa, T., Oka, T. and Takahashi, K. (1993a) Endogenous D-serine in rat brain: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-related distribution and aging. J. Neurochem. 60, 783-786.
118. Hashimoto, A., Nishikawa, T., Konno, R., Niwa, A., Yasumura, Y., Oka, T. and Takahashi, K. (1993b) Free D-serine, D-aspartate and D-alanine in central nervous system and serum in mutant mice lacking D-amino acid oxidase. Neurosci. Lett. 152, 33-36.
119. Hashimoto, A., Kumashiro, S., Nishikawa, T., Oka, T., Takahashi, K., Mito, T., Takashima, S., Doi, N., Mizutani, Y., Yamazaki, T., Kaneko, T. and Ootomo, E. (1993c) Embryonic development and postnatal changes in free D-aspartate and D-serine in the human prefrontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 61, 348-351.
120. Hashimoto, A., Nishikawa, T., Oka, T., Hayashi, T. and Takahashi, K. (1993d) Widespread distribution of free D-aspartate in rat periphery. FEBS Lett. 331, 4-8.
121. Hashimoto, A., Oka, T. and Nishikawa, T. (1995a) Extracellular concentration of endogenous free D-serine in the rat brain as revealed by in vivo microdialysis. Neuroscience 66, 635-643.
122. Hashimoto, A., Oka, T. and Nishikawa, T. (1995b) Anatomical distribution and postnatal changes in endogenous free D-aspartate and D-serine in rat brain and periphery. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1657-1663.
123. Helfman, P. M. and Bada, J. L. (1975) Aspartic acid racemization in tooth enamel from living humans. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 2891-2894.
124. Helfman, P. M. and Bada, J. L. (1976) Aspartic acid racemization in dentine as a measure of aging. Nature 262, 279-281.
125. Henderson, G., Johnson, J. W. and Ascher, P. (1990) Competitive antagonists and partial agonists at the glycine modulatory site of the mouse N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. J. Physiol. Lond. 430, 189-212.
126. Hiasa, Y., Enoki, N., Kitahori, Y., Konishi, N. and Shimoyama, T. (1984) D,L-Serine: promoting activity on renal tumorigenesis by N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine in rats. J. natn. Cancer Inst. 73, 297-299.
127. Hohenegger, M., Raab, W. and Kaiser, E. (1969) Nephrotoxic action of D-serine determined by renal enzyme excretion in rats. Pharmacology 2, 82-88.
128. Hollmann, M. and Heinemann, S. (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 31-108.
129. Horiike, K., Arai, R., Tojo, H., Yamano, T., Nozaki, M. and Maeda, T. (1985) Histochemical staining of cells containing flavo-enzyme D-amino acid oxidase based on its enzymatic activity: application of a coupled peroxidation method. Acta Histochem. Cytochem. 18, 539-550.
130. Horiike, K., Tojo, H., Arai, R., Yamano, T., Nozaki, M. and Maeda, T. (1987) Localization of D-amino acid oxidase in Bergmann glial cells and astrocytes of rat cerebellum. Brain Res. Bull. 19, 587-596.
131. Horiike, K., Tojo, H., Arai, R., Nozaki, M. and Maeda, T. (1994) D-Amino-acid oxidase is confined to the lower brain stem and cerebellum in rat brain: regional differentiation of astrocytes. Brain Res. 652, 297-303.
132. Huettner, J. E. (1989) Indole-2-carboxylic acid: a competitive antagonist of potentiation by glycine at the NMDA receptor. Science 243, 1611-1613.
133. Huettner, J. E. (1991) Competitive antagonism of glycine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41, 9-16.
134. Hunter, J. C., Atwal, P., Woodruff, G. N. and Singh, L. (1994) Differential modulation of κ and μ opioid antinociception by the glycine/NMDA receptor agonist D-serine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112, 1002-1003.
135. Hutson, P. H., Bristow, L. J., Thorn, L. and Tricklebank, M. D. (1991) R(+)-HA-966, a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist, selectively blocks the activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by amphetamine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 103, 2037-2044.
136. Hutson, P. H., Thorn, L., Bristow, L. J. and Tricklebank, M. D. (1995) L-701,324, A glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist, attenuates activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by phencyclidine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114, 322P.
137. Ikeda, K., Nagasawa, M., Mori, H., Araki, K., Sakimura, K., Watanabe, M., Inoue, Y. and Mishina, M. (1992) Cloning and expression of the ∈4 subunit of the NMDA receptor channel. FEBS Lett. 313, 34-38.
138. Inoue, Y., Zama, Y. and Suzuki, M. (1981) D-Amino acids as immunosuppressive agents. Jpn J. Expl Med. 51, 363-366.
139. Ishii, T., Moriyoshi, K., Sugihara, H., Sakurada, K., Kadotani, H., Yokoi, M., Akazawa, C., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N., Masu, M. and Nakanishi, S. (1993) Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2836-2843.
140. Izumi, Y., Clifford, D. B. and Zorumski, C. F. (1990) Glycine antagonists block the induction of long-term potentiation in CA1 of rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 112, 251-256.
141. Jane, D. E., Olverman, H. J. and Watkins, J. C. (1994) Agonists and competitive antagonists: structure-activity and molecular modelling studies. In: The NMDA Receptor, pp. 31-104. Eds G. L. Collingridge and J. C. Watkins. Oxford: New York.
142. Javitt, D. C. and Zukin, S. R. (1990) The role of excitatory amino acids in neuropsychiatrie illness. J. Neuropsychiatr. 2, 44-52.
143. Johnson, J. W. and Ascher, P. (1987) Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons. Nature 325, 529-531.
144. Johnson, K. M. and Jones, S. M. (1990) Neuropharmacology of phencyclidine: basic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30, 707-750.
145. Kaltenbach, J. P., Ganote, C. E. and Carone, F. A. (1979) Renal tubular necrosis induced by compounds structurally related to D-serine. Expl Molec. Pathol. 30, 209-214.
146. Kanai, Y. and Hediger, M. A. (1992) Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter. Nature 360, 467-471.
147. Kanai, Y., Smith, C. P. and Hediger, M. A. (1993) The elusive transporters with a high affinity for glutamate. TINS 16, 365-370.
148. Kehne, J. H., McCloskey, T. C., Baron, M. B., Chi, E. M., Harrison, B. L., Whitten, J. P. and Palfreyman, M. G. (1991) NMDA receptor complex antagonists have potential anxiolytic effects as measured with separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 193, 283-292.
149. Kehne, J. H., Baron, M. B., Harrison, B. L., McCloskey, T. C., Palfreyman, M. G., Poirot, M., Salituro, F. G., Siegel, B. W., Slone, A. L., Van Giersbergen, P. L. M. and White, H. S. (1995) MDL100,458 and MDL102,288: two potent and selective glycine receptor antagonists with different functional profiles. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 284, 109-118.
150. Keith, R. A., Mangano, T. J., Meiners, B. A., Stumpo, R. J., Klika, A. B., Patel, J. and Samala, A. I. (1989) HA-966 acts at a modulatory glycine site to inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate evoked neurotransmitter release. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 166, 393-400.
151. Kemp, J. A., Foster, A. C., Leeson, P. D., Priestley, T., Tridgett, R., Iversen, L. L. and Woodruff, G. N. (1988) 7-Chlorokynurenic acid is a selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 6547-6550.
152. Kemp, J. A. and Leeson, P. D. (1993) The glycine site of the NMDA receptor - five years on. TIPS 14, 20-25.
153. Kenessey, A., Yen, S. H., Liu, W. K., Yang, X. R. and Dunlop, D. S. (1995) Detection of D-aspartate in tau proteins associated with Alzheimer paired helical filaments. Brain Res. 675, 183-189.
154. Kera, Y., Nagasaki, H., Iwashima, A. and Yamada, R. (1993) Gender dependence of D-aspartate oxidase activity in rat tissues. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104B, 739-742.
155. Kera, Y., Aoyama, H., Matsumura, H., Hasegawa, A., Nagasaki, H. and Yamada, R. (1995) Presence of free D-glutamate and D-aspartate in rat tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1243, 282-286.
156. Kessler, M., Terramani, T., Lynch, G. and Baudry, M. (1989) A glycine site associated with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors: characterization and identification of a new class of antagonists. J. Neurochem. 52, 1319-1328.
157. Kishimoto, H., Simon, J. R. and Aprison, M. H. (1981) Determination of the equilibrium dissociation constants and number of glycine binding sites in several areas of the rat central nervous system, using a sodium-independent system. J. Neurochem. 37, 1015-1024.
158. Kleckner, N. W. and Dingledine, R. (1988) Requirement for glycine in activation of NMDA-receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Science 241, 835-837.
159. Koek, W. and Colpaert, F. C. (1990) Selective blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced convulsions by NMDA antagonists and putative glycine antagonists: relationship with phencyclidine-like behavioral effects. J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 252, 349-357.
160. Kolhekar, R., Meller, S. T. and Gebhart, G. F. (1994) N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated changes in thermal nociception: allosteric modulation at glycine and polyamine recognition sites. Neuroscience 63, 925-936.
161. Komuro, H. and Rakic, P. (1993) Modulation of neuronal migration by NMDA receptors. Science 260, 95-97.
162. +/glucose cotranspoters. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 1509-1512.
163. Konno, R. and Yasumura, Y. (1983) Mouse mutant deficient in D-amino acid oxidase activity. Genetics 103, 277-285.
164. Konno, R. and Yasumura, Y. (1984) Involvement of D-amino acid oxidase in D-amino acid utilization in the mouse. J. Nutr. 114, 1617-1621.
165. Konno, R., Nagata, Y., Niwa, A. and Yasumura, Y. (1989) Spontaneous excretion of D-alanine in urine in mutant mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase. Biochem. J. 261, 285-287.
166. Konno, R., Ikeda, M., Niwa, A. and Yasumura, Y. (1991) D-Aminoaciduria in mutant mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase activity. Amino Acids 1, 239-246.
167. Konno, R. and Yasumura, Y. (1992) D-Amino-acid oxidase and its physiological function. Intl J. Biochem. 24, 519-524.
168. Konno, R., Oowada, T., Ozaki, A., Iida, T., Niwa, A., Yasumura, Y. and Mizutani, T. (1993) Origin of D-alanine present in urine of mutant mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase activity. Am. J. Physiol. 265, G699-G703.
169. Kragh-Hansen, U. and Sheikh, M. I. (1984) Serine uptake by luminal and basolateral membrane vesicles from rabbit kidney. J. Physiol. Lond. 354, 55-67.
170. Krebs, H. A. (1935) CXCVII. Metabolism of amino acids. III. Deamination of amino acids. Biochem. J. 29, 1620-1644.
171. Kubo, H., Yamano, T., Iwatsubo, M., Watari, H., Shiga, T. and Isomoto, A. (1960) Crystallization and purification of the D-amino acid oxidase. Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 42, 569-582.
172. Kulagowski, J. J., Baker, R., Curtis, N. R., Leeson, P. D., Mawer, I. M., Moseley, A. M., Ridgill, M. P., Rowley, M., Stansfield, I., Foster, A. C., Grimwood, S., Hill, R. G., Kemp, J. A., Marshall, G. R., Saywell, K. L. and Tricklebank, M. D. (1994) 3″-(Arylmethyl- and 3″-(aryloxy)-3-phenyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones: orally active antagonists of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor. J. Med. Chem. 37, 1402-1405.
173. Kumashiro, S., Hashimoto, A. and Nishikawa, T. (1995) Free D-serine in post-mortem brains and spinal cords of individuals with and without neuropsychiatrie diseases. Brain Res. 681, 117-125.
174. Kuryatov, A., Laube, B., Betz, H. and Kuhse, J. (1994) Mutational analysis of the glycine-binding site of the NMDA receptor: structural similarity with bacterial amino acid-binding proteins. Neuron 12, 1291-1300.
175. Kutsuwada, T., Kashiwabuchi, N., Mori, H., Sakimura, K., Kushiya, E., Araki, K., Meguro, H., Masaki, H., Kumanishi, T., Arakawa, M. and Mishina, M. (1992) Molecular diversity of the NMDA receptor channel. Nature 358, 36-41.
176. Larson, A. A. and Beitz, A. J. (1988) Glycine potentiates strychnine-induced convulsions: role of NMDA receptors. J. Neurosci. 8, 3822-3826.
177. Lazarewicz, J. W., Wroblewski, J. T., Palmer, M. E. and Costa, E. (1988) Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive glutamate receptors stimulates arachidonic acid release in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacology 27, 765-769.
178. Leeson, P. D. and Iversen, L. L. (1994) The glycine site on the NMDA receptor: structure-activity relationships and therapeutic potential. J. Med. Chem. 37, 4053-4067.
179. Lehmann, J. C., Procureur, D. and Wood, P. L. (1993) 7-Chlorokynurenate prevents NMDA-induced and kainate-induced striatal lesions. Brain Res. 620, 1-6.
180. Levi, G., Gordon, R. D., Gallo, V., Wilkin, G. P. and Balazs, R. (1982) Putative acidic amino acid transmitters in the cerebellum I. Depolarization-induced release. Brain Res. 239, 425-445.
181. Liu, Q. R., Nelson, H., Mandiyan, S., López-Corcuera, B. and Nelson, N. (1992) Cloning and expression of a glycine transporter from mouse brain. FEBS Lett. 305, 110-114.
182. Löscher, W., Wlaz, P., Rundfeldt, C., Baran, H. and Hönack, D. (1994) Anticonvulsant effects of the glycine/NMDA receptor ligands D-cycloserine and D-serine but not R(+)-HA-966 in amygdala-kindled rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112, 97-106.
183. 3H]aspartate evoked by selective electrical stimulation of excitatory afferent fibers to hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro. Neuroscience 4, 1255-1263.
184. Man, E. H., Sandhouse, M. E., Burg, J. and Fisher, G. E. (1983) Accumulation of D-aspartic acid in the human brain. Science 220, 1407-1408.
185. Man, E. H. and Bada, J. L. (1987) Dietary D-amino acid. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 7, 209-225.
186. Martinez-Carrion, M. and Jenkins. W. T. (1970) D-Alanine-D-glutamate aminotransferase. In: Methods in Enzymology, pp. 167-171. Eds H. Tabor and C. W. Tabor. Academic Press: New York.
187. Maruyama. K., Sunde, M. L. and Harper, A. E. (1972) Effect of D-alanine and D-aspartic acid on the chick. J. Nutr. 102, 1441-1452.
188. Masters, P. M., Bada, J. L. and Zigler, J. S. (1977) Aspartic acid racemisation in the human lens during ageing and in cataract formation. Nature 268, 71-73.
189. Matsui, T., Sekiguchi, M., Hashimoto, A., Tomita, U., Nishikawa, T. and Wada, K. (1995) Functional comparison of D-serine and glycine in rodents: the effect on cloned NMDA receptors and the extracellular concentration. J. Neurochem. 65, 454-458.
190. Mayer, M. L. and Westbrook, G. L. (1987) The physiology and excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system. Progr. Neurobiol. 28, 197-276.
191. Mayer, M. L., Vyklicky, L. and Clements, J. (1989) Regulation of NMDA receptor desensitization in mouse hippocampal neurons by glycine. Nature 338, 425-427.
192. McBain, C. J., Kleckner, N. W., Wyrick, S. and Dingledine, R. (1989) Structural requirements for activation of the glycine coagonist site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Molec. Pharmacol. 36, 556-565.
193. McDonald, J. W., Uckele, J., Silverstein, F. S. and Johnston, M. V. (1989) HA-966 (1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolidone-2) selectively reduces N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated brain damage. Neurosci. Lett. 104, 167-170.
194. 3H] glycine binding sites in rat brain by quantitative receptor autoradiography. Neuroscience 35, 653-668.
195. McGale, E. H., Pye, I. F., Stonier, C., Hutchinson, E. C. and Aber, G. M. (1977) Studies of the interrelationship between cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino acid concentrations in normal individuals. J. Neurochem. 29, 291-297.
196. Meguro, H., Mori, H., Araki, K., Kushiya, E., Kutsuwada, T., Yamazaki, M., Kumanishi, T., Arakawa, M., Sakimura, K. and Mishina, M. (1992) Functional characterization of a heteromeric NMDA receptor channel expressed from cloned cDNAs. Nature 357, 70-74.
197. Meister, A. and Wellner, D. (1963) D-Amino acid oxidases. In: The Enzymes, 2nd edn, Vol. 7, pp. 634-648. Ed. P. D. Boyer. Academic Press: New York.
198. Meldrum, B. S. (1985) Possible therapeutic applications of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters. Clin. Sci. 68, 113-122.
199. Meldrum, B. S. and Garthwaite, J. (1990) Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. TIPS 11, 379-387.
200. Millan, M. J. and Seguin, L. (1994) Chemically diverse ligands at the glycine B site coupled to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors selectively block the late phase of formalin-induced pain in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 178, 139-143.
201. Minami, H., Miyamoto, K., Fujii, T., Nakabou, Y. and Hagihira, H. (1985) Induction of intestinal ornithine decarboxylase by single amino acid feeding. J. Biochem. Tokyo 98, 133-139.
202. Minota, S., Miyazaki, T., Wang, M. Y., Read, H. L. and Dun, N. J. (1989) Glycine potentiates NMDA responses in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 100, 237-242.
203. Miyamoto, K., Oka, T., Fujii, T., Matsubara, T., Minami, H., Nakabou, Y., Natori, Y. and Hagihira, H. (1992) Differential mechanisms of induction of ornithine decarboxylase in rat intestine by L- and D-amino acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1129, 195-198.
204. Miyano, M., Fukui, K., Watanabe, F., Takahashi, S., Tada, M., Kanashiro, M. and Miyake, Y. (1991) Studies on Phe-228 and Leu-307 recombinant mutants of porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase: expression, purification, and characterization. J. Biochem. Tokyo 109, 171-177.
205. Mizutani, A., Saito, H. and Abe, K. (1991) Evidence for involvement of endogenous glycine in the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 205, 303-305.
206. Momoi, K., Fukui, K., Watanabe, F. and Miyake, Y. (1988) Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human kidney D-amino acid oxidase. FEBS Lett. 238, 180-184.
207. Momoi, K., Fukui, K., Tada, M. and Miyake, Y. (1990) Gene expression of D-amino acid oxidase in rabbit kidney. J. Biochem. Tokyo 108, 406-413.
208. Monaghan, D. T., Olverman, H. J., Nguyen, L., Watkins, J. C. and Cotman, C. W. (1988) Two classes of N-methyl-D-aspartate recognition sites: differential distribution and differential regulation by glycine. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 9836-9840.
209. Monaghan, D. T., Bridges, R. J. and Cotman, C. W. (1989) The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29, 365-402.
210. 3H]glutamate recognition site in synaptic plasma membranes. J. Neurochem. 48, 1699-1708.
211. 3H]glycine recognition site as a modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. J. Neurochem. 53, 370-375.
212. Monahan, J. B., Handlemann, G. E., Hood, W. F. and Cordi, A. A. (1989b) D-Cycloserine, a positive modulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, enhances performance of learning task in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 34, 649-653.
213. Monyer, H., Sprengel, R., Schoepfer, R., Herb, A., Higuchi, M., Lomeli, H., Burnashev, N., Sakmann, B. and Seeburg, P. H. (1992) Heteromeric NMDA receptors: molecular and functional distinction of subtypes. Science 256, 1217-1221.
214. Monyer, H., Burnashev, N., Laurie, D. J., Sakmann, B. and Seeburg, P. H. (1994) Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors. Neuron 12, 529-540.
215. Morehead, R. P., Fishman, W. H. and Artom, C. (1945) Renal injury in the rat following administration of serine by stomach tube. Am. J. Pathol. 21, 803-815.
216. Moreno, C. M. (1986) Theoretical approaches to D-amino acid oxidase. J. Theoret. Biol. 119, 369-378.
217. Mori, H. and Mishina, M. (1995) Structure and function of the NMDA receptor channel. Neuropharmacology 34, 1219-1237.
218. Moriyoshi, K., Masu, M., Ishii, T., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N. and Nakanishi, S. (1991) Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor. Nature 354, 31-37.
219. Moroni, F., Alesiani, M., Facci, L., Fadda, E., Skaper, S. D., Galli, A., Lombardi, G., Mori, F., Ciuffi, M., Natalini, B. and Pellicciari, R. (1992) Thiokynurenates prevent excitotoxic neuronal death in vitro and in vivo by acting as glycine antagonists and as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 218, 145-151.
220. Nagasaki, H., Yamada, R., Konno, R., Yasumura, Y. and Iwashima, A. (1990) D-Aspartate oxidase activity and D-aspartate content in a mutant mouse strain lacking D-amino acid oxidase. Experientia 46, 468-470.
221. Nagasaki, H. (1994) Gender-related differences of mouse liver D-aspartate oxidase in the activity and response to administration of D-aspartate and peroxisome proliferators. Intl J. Biochem. 26, 415-423.
222. Nagata, Y., Akino, T., Ohno, K., Kataoka, Y., Ueda, T., Sakurai, T., Shiroshita, K. and Yasuda, T. (1987) Free D-amino acids in human plasma in relation to senescence and renal diseases. Clin. Sci. 73, 105-108.
223. Nagata, Y., Konno, R., Yasumura, Y. and Akino, T. (1989) Involvement of D-amino acid oxidase in elimination of free D-amino acids in mice. Biochem. J. 257, 291-292.
224. Nagata, Y., Masui, R. and Akino, T. (1992) The presence of free D-serine, D-alanine and D-proline in human plasma. Experientia 48, 986-988.
225. Nagata, Y. (1992) Involvement of D-amino acid oxidase in elimination of D-serine in mouse brain. Experientia 48, 753-755.
226. Nagata, Y., Horiike, K. and Maeda, T. (1994) Distribution of free D-serine in vertebrate brains. Brain Res. 634, 291-295.
227. Nagata, Y., Borghi, M., Fisher, G. H. and D'Aniello, A. (1995) Free D-serine concentration in normal and Alzheimer human brain. Brain Res. Bull. 38, 181-183.
228. Nakanishi, S. (1992) Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and implications for brain function. Science 258, 597-603.
229. Negri, A., Massey, V. and Williams, C. H. Jr. (1987) D-Aspartate oxidase from beef kidney. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 10026-10034.
230. Negri, A., Massey, V., Williams, C. H. Jr and Schopfer, L. M. (1988) Kinetic mechanism of beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 13557-13563.
231. Negri, A., Ceciliani, F., Tedeschi, G., Simonic, T. and Ronchi, S. (1992) The primary structure of the flavoprotein D-aspartate oxidase from beef kidney. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11865-11871.
232. Neidle, A. and Dunlop, D. S. (1990) Developmental changes in free D-aspartic acid in the chicken embryo and in the neonatal rat. Life Sci. 46, 1517-1522.
233. Neims, A. H., Zieverink, W. D. and Smilack, J. D. (1966) Distribution of D-amino acid oxidase in bovine and human nervous system. J. Neurochem. 13, 163-168.
234. 3H]glutamate binding sites in brain synaptic membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153, 510-517.
235. 3H]glycine to synaptic membranes in rat brain, treated with Triton X-100. Neuropharmacology 28, 1263-1270.
236. 3H]Thienylcyclohexylpiperidine binding activity in brain synaptic membranes treated with triton X-100. J. Neurochem. 55, 1639-1646.
237. Ohno, M., Yamamoto, T. and Watanabe, S. (1994) Intrahippocampal administration of a glycine site antagonist impairs working memory performance of rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 253, 183-187.
238. Okuma, E. and Abe, H. (1994) Simultaneous determination of D-and L-amino acids in the nervous tissues of crustaceans using precolumn derivatization with (+)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate and reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B660, 243-250.
239. Oldendorf, W. H. (1973) Stereospecificity of blood-brain barrier permeability to amino acids. Am. J. Physiol. 224, 967-969.
240. Oliver, D. L., Potashner, S. J., Jones, D. R. and Morest, D. K. (1983) Selective labeling of spinal ganglion cells with D-aspartate in the auditory system of the cat and guinea pig. J. Neurosci. 3, 455-472.
241. Oliver, M. W., Kessler, M., Larson, J., Schottler, F. and Lynch, G. (1990) Glycine site associated with the NMDA receptor modulates long-term potentiation. Synapse 5, 265-270.
242. Olney, J. W. (1990) Excitotoxic amino acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 30, 47-71.
243. 3H-D-AP5 binding in rat brain membranes. Neuroscience 26, 17-31.
244. Patel, J., Zinkard, W. C., Thompson, C., Keith, R. and Salama, A. (1990) Role of glycine in the N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cytotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 54, 849-854.
245. Perotti, M. E., Gavazzi, E., Trussardo, L., Malgaretti, N. and Curti, B. (1987) Immunoelectron microscopic localization of D-amino acid oxidase in rat kidney and liver. Histochem. J. 19, 157-169.
246. Peterson, D. R. and Carone, F. A. (1979) Renal regeneration following D-serine induced acute tubular necrosis. Anal. Rec. 193, 383-388.
247. Peterson, S. L. (1991) Anticonvulsant drug potentiation by glycine in maximal electroshock seizures is mimicked by D-serine and antagonized by 7-chlorokynurenic acid. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 199, 341-348.
248. Pines, G., Danbolt, N. C., Bjoas, M., Zhang, Y., Bendaham, A., Eide, L., Koepsell, H., Storm-Mathisen, J., Seeberg, E. and Kanner, B. I. (1992) Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter. Nature 360, 464-467.
249. Pollegioni, L., Fukui, K. and Massey, V. (1994) Studies on the kinetic mechanism of pig kidney D-amino acid oxidase by site-directed mutagenesis of tyrosine 224 and tyrosine 228. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 31666-31673.
250. 3H] aspartate from cerebral cortex and striatum: reversal by baclofen and pentobarbital. J. Neurochem. 40, 1548-1557.
251. Potashner, S. J. and Tran, P. L. (1984) Decreased uptake and release of D-aspartate in the guinea pig spinal cord after dorsal root section. J. Neurochem. 42, 1135-1144.
252. Preston, R. L. (1987) Occurrence of D-amino acids in higher organisms: a survey of the distribution of D-amino acids in marine invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87B, 55-62.
253. Pullan, L. M. and Powel, R. J. (1992) Comparison of binding at strychnine-sensitive (inhibitory glycine receptor) and strychnine-insensitive (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) glycine binding sites. Neurosci. Lett. 148, 199-201.
254. Rakic, P. and Sidman, R. L. (1982) Development of human central nervous system. In: Histology and Histopathology of the Nervous System. Vol. 1, pp. 3-145. Eds W. Haymaker and R. D. Adams. Charles C. Thomas: Illinois.
255. Ramakers, G. M. J., Urban, I. J. A., De Graan, P. N. E., Di Luca, M., Cattabeni, F. and Gispen, W. H. (1993) The impaired long-term potentiation in the CA1 field of the hippocampus of cognitive deficient microencephalic rats is restored by D-serine. Neuroscience 54, 49-60.
256. Ransom, B. R. (1992) Glial modulation of neural excitability mediated by extracellular pH: a hypothesis. Progr. Brain Res. 94, 37-46.
257. 3H]MK-801 binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-ion channel complex by L-glutamate, glycine, and polyamines. J. Neurochem. 51, 830-836.
258. Reggiani, A., Maraia, G., Ceserani, R. and Gaviraghi, G. (1989) Effect of 7-chlorokynurenic acid on glycine modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate response in guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 168, 123-127.
259. 3H-labeled MK-801 binding to the excitatory amino acid receptor complex from rat brain is enhanced by glycine. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 7744-7748.
260. Rinaldi, A. (1971) Partial purification and some properties of beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase. Enzymologia 40, 314-321.
261. Rinaldi, A., Pellegrini, M., Crifo, C. and De Marco, C. (1981) Oxidation of meso-diaminosuccinic acid, a possible natural substrate for D-aspartate oxidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 117, 635-638.
262. Robinson, T. (1976) D-Aminoacids in higher plants. Life Sci. 19, 1097-1102.
263. Roher, A. E., Lowenson, J. D., Clarke, S., Wolkow, C., Wang, R., Cotter, R. J., Reardon, I. M., Zürcher-Neely, H. A., Heinrikson, R. L., Ball, M. J. and Greenberg, B. D. (1993) Structural alterations in the peptide backbone of β-amyloid core protein may account for its deposition and stability in Alzheimer's disease. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3072-3083.
264. Ronchi, S., Minchiotti, L., Galliano, M., Curti, B., Swenson, R. P., Williams, C. H. and Massey, V. (1982) The primary structure of D-amino acid oxidase from pig kidney. II. Isolation and sequence of overlap peptides and the complete sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 8824-8834.
265. + changes induced by glutamate, kainate, and D-aspartate in rat hippocampal astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 16, 5393-5404.
266. Rotgans, J., Wodarz, R., Schoknecht, W. and Drysch, K. (1983) The determination of amino-acid enantiomers in human saliva with Chirasil-Val. Arch. Oral Biol. 28, 1121-1124.
267. Rowley, M., Leeson, P. D., Stevenson, G. I., Moseley, A. M., Stansfield, I., Sanderson, I., Robinson, L., Baker, R., Kemp, J. A., Marshall, G. R., Foster, A. C., Grimwood, S., Tricklebank, M. D. and Saywell, K. L. (1993) 3-Acyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones. Systemically active anticonvulsants acting by antagonism at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. J. Med. Chem. 36, 3386-3396.
268. Salt, T. E. (1989) Modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated responses by glycine and D-serine in the rat thalamus in vivo. Brain Res. 481, 403-406.
269. Sauberlich, H. E. (1961) Studies on the toxicity and antagonism of amino acids for weanling rats. J. Nutr. 75, 61-65.
270. Scannone, H., Wellner, D. and Novogrodsky, A. (1964) A study of amino acid oxidase specificity, using a new sensitive assay. Biochemistry 11, 1742-1745.
271. Schell, M. J., Molliver, M. E. and Snyder, S. H. (1995) D-Serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 3948-3952.
272. Schmitt, M. L., Coelho, W., Lopes-de-Souza, A. S., Guimaraes, F. S. and Carobrez, A. P. (1995) Anxiogenic-like effect of glycine and D-serine microinjected into dorsal periaqueductal gray matter of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 189, 86-93.
273. Schulz, G. E., Schirmer, R. H. and Pai, E. F. (1982) FAD-binding site of glutathione reductase. J. Molec. Biol. 160, 287-308.
274. Seeberg, P. H. (1993) The molecular biology of mammalian glutamate receptor channels. TINS 16, 359-365.
275. +/glutamate cotransporters. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15351-15355.
276. Shapira, R. and Chou, C. H. J. (1987) Differential racemization of aspartate and serine in human myelin basic protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146, 1342-1349.
277. Shapira, R., Austin, G. E. and Mirra, S. S. (1988) Neuritic plaque in Alzheimer's disease is highly racemized. J. Neurochem. 50, 69-74.
278. Singh, L., Oles, R. J. and Tricklebank, M. D. (1990a) Modulation of seizure susceptibility in the mouse by the strychnine-insensitive glycine recognition site of the NMDA receptor/ion channel complex. Br. J. Pharmacol. 99, 285-288.
279. Singh, L., Vass, C. A., Hunter, J. C., Woodruff, G. N. and Hughes, J. (1990b) The anticonvulsant action CI-977, a selective kappa-opioid agonist: a possible involvement of the glycine/ NMDA receptor complex. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191, 477-480.
280. Smith, K. E., Borden, L. A., Hartig, P. R., Branchek, T. and Weinshank, R. L. (1992) Cloning and expression of a glycine transporter reveal colocalization with NMDA receptor. Neuron 8, 927-935.
281. Smith, S. E. and Meldrum, B. S. (1992) The glycine-site NMDA receptor antagonist, R(+)-cis-β-methyl-3-amino-1-hydroxypyrrolid-2-one, L-687,414 is anticonvulsant in baboons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 211, 109-111.
282. 3H]TCP binding to rat cortical membranes. Neurosci. Lett. 83, 313-317.
283. Snell, L. D., Morter, R. S. and Johnson, K. M. (1988) Structural requirements for activation of the glycine receptor that modulates the N-methyl-D-aspartate operated ion channel. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 156, 105-110.
284. Sorrels, T. L. and Bostock, E. (1992) Induction of feeding by 7-chlorokynurenic acid, a strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site antagonist. Brain Res. 572, 265-268.
285. Srinivasan, N. G., Corrigan, J. J. and Meister, A. (1962) D-Serine in the blood of the silkworm Bombyx mori and other Lepidoptera. J. Biol. Chem. 237, 3844-3845.
286. Starr, M. S. (1995) Antiparkinsonian actions of glutamate antagonists - alone and with L-DOPA: a review of evidence and suggestions for possible mechanisms. J. Neur. Transm. 10, 141-185.
287. Stauch Slusher, B., Rissolo, K. C., Jackson, P. F. and Pullan, L. M. (1994) Centrally administered glycine antagonists increase locomotion in monoamine-depleted mice. J. Neur. Transm. 97, 175-185.
288. 3H]aspartate and excitatory neurons. Brain Res. 130, 427-433.
289. Still, J. L., Buell, M. V., Knox, W. E. and Green, D. E. (1949) Studies on the cyclophorase system VII. D-Aspartate oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 179, 831-837.
290. Still, J. L. and Sperling, E. (1950) On the prosthetic group of the D-aspartate oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 182, 585-589.
291. Streit, P. (1980) Selective retrograde labeling indicating the transmitter of neuronal pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 191, 429-463.
292. Sugihara, H., Moriyoshi, K., Ishii, T., Masu, M. and Nakanishi, S. (1992) Structure and properties of seven isoforms of the NMDA receptor generated by alternative splicing. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commum. 185, 826-832.
293. Szekely, A. M., Barbaccia, M. L. and Costa, E. (1987) Activation of specific glutamate receptor subtypes increases c-fos proto-oncogene expression in primary cultures of neonatal rat cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacology 26, 1779-1782.
294. Tada, M., Fukui, K., Momoi, K. and Miyake, Y. (1990) Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding mouse kidney D-amino acid oxidase. Gene 90, 293-297.
295. Takagaki, G. (1978) Sodium and potassium ions and accumulation of labelled D-aspartate and GABA in crude synaptosomal fraction from rat brain. J. Neurochem. 30, 47-56.
296. Tanii, Y., Nishikawa, T., Hashimoto, A. and Takahashi, K. (1991) Stereoselective inhibition by D- and L-alanine of phencyclidine-induced locomotor stimulation in the rat. Brain Res. 563, 281-284.
297. Tanii, Y., Nishikawa, T., Hashimoto, A. and Takahashi, K. (1994) Stereoselective antagonism by enantiomers of alanine and serine of phencyclidine-induced hyperactivity, stereotypy and ataxia in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 269, 1040-1048.
298. Taxt, T. and Storm-Mathisen, J. (1984) Uptake of D-aspartate and L-glutamate in excitatory axon terminals in hippocampus: autoradiographic and biochemical comparison with gamma-aminobutyrate and other amino acids in normal rats and in rats with lesions. Neuroscience 11, 79-100.
299. Tedeschi, G., Negri, A., Cecilliani, F., Biondi, P. A., Secchi, C. and Ronchi, S. (1992) Chemical modification of functional arginyl residues in beef kidney D-aspartate oxidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 205, 127-132.
300. Thiels, E., Weisz, D. J. and Berger, T. W. (1992) In vivo modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation by the glycine modulatory site. Neuroscience 46, 501-509.
301. Thomas, J. W., Hood, W. F., Monahan, J. B., Contreras, P. C. and O'Donohue, T. L. (1988) Glycine modulation of the phencyclidine binding site in mammalian brain. Brain Res. 442, 396-398.
302. Thompson, L. T., Moskal, J. R. and Disterhoft, J. F. (1992) Hippocampus-dependent learning facilitated by a monoclonal antibody or D-cycloserine. Nature 359, 638-641.
303. Thomson, A. M., Walker, V. E. and Flynn, D. M. (1989) Glycine enhances NMDA-receptor mediated synaptic potentials in neocortical slices. Nature 338, 422-424.
304. Thomson, A. M. (1990) Glycine is a coagonist at the NMDA receptor/channel complex. Progr. Neurobiol. 35, 53-74.
305. 23 residue affects the aggregation properties of Alzheimer amyloid β protein analogues. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10205-10208.
306. Toth, E. and Lajtha, A. (1986) Antagonism of phencyclidine-induced hyperactivity by glycine in mice. Neurochem. Res. 11, 393-400.
307. Tricklebank, M. D., Bristow, L. J., Hutson, P. H., Leeson, P. D., Rowley, M., Saywell, K., Singh, L., Tattersall, F. D., Thorn, L. and Williams, B. J. (1994) The anticonvulsant and behavioural profile of L-687,414, a partial agonist acting at the glycine modulatory site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113, 729-736.
308. Trullas, R., Jackson, B. and Skolnick, P. (1989) Anxiolytic properties of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, a ligand at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 34, 313-316.
309. Trullas, R., Folio, T., Young, A., Miller, R., Boje, K. and Skolnick, P. (1991) 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylates exhibit antidepressant and anxiolytic actions in animal models. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 203, 379-385.
310. Uckele, J. E., McDonald, J. W., Johnston, M. V. and Silverstein, F. S. (1989) Effect of glycine and glycine receptor antagonists on NMDA-induced brain injury. Neurosci. Lett. 107, 279-283.
311. Usuda, N., Yokota, S., Hashimoto, T. and Nagata, T. (1986) Immunocytochemical localization of D-amino acid oxidase in the central clear matrix of rat kidney peroxisomes. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 34, 1709-1718.
312. Usuda, N., Yokota, S., Ichikawa, R., Hashimoto, T. and Nagata, T. (1991) Immunoelectron microscopic study of a new D-amino acid oxidase-immunoreactive subcompartment in rat liver peroxisomes. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 39, 95-102.
313. +-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 14883-14890.
314. Vaccarino, A. L., Marek, P., Kest, B., Weber, E., Keana, J. F. W. and Liebeskind, J. C. (1993) NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and ACEA-1011, prevent the development of tonic pain following subcutaneous formalin. Brain Res. 615, 331-334.
315. Vaccarino, F., Guidotti, A. and Costa, E. (1987) Ganglioside inhibition of glutamate-mediated protein kinase C translocation in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 8707-8711.
316. Van Veldhoven, P. P., Brees, C. and Mannaerts, G. P. (1991) D-Aspartate oxidase, a peroxisomal enzyme in liver of rat and man. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1073, 203-208.
317. Vartanian, M. G. and Taylor, C. P. (1991) Different stereoselectivity of the enantiomers of HA-966 (3-amino-1-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinone) for neuroprotective and anticonvulsant actions in vivo. Neurosci. Lett. 133, 109-112.
318. Vécsei, L. and Beal, M. F. (1990) Intracerebroventricular injection of kynurenic acid, but not kynurenine, induces ataxia and stereotyped behavior in rats. Brain Res. Bull. 25, 623-627.
319. Veeranna and Shetty, K. T. (1990) Phosphoserine phosphatase of human brain: partial purification and characterization, regional distribution, and effect of certain modulators including psychoactive drugs. Neurochem. Res. 15, 1203-1210.
320. Volpe, J. J., Lee, G., Laster, L. and Robinson, J. C. (1970) Regional distribution of isozymes of D-amino-acid oxidase and acetylesterase in developing primate brain. Expl Neurol. 28, 76-87.
321. Von Lubitz, D. K., Lin, R. C., McKenzie, R. J., Devlin, T. M., McCabe, R. T. and Skolnick, P. (1992) A novel treatment of global cerebral ischemia with a glycine partial agonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 219, 153-158.
322. Vyklicky, L., Benveniste, M. and Mayer, M. L. (1990) Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor desensitization by glycine in mouse cultured hippocampal neurones. J. Physiol. Lond. 428, 313-331.
323. Wachstein, M. (1947) Nephrotoxic action of D,L-serine in the rat. Arch. Pathol. 43, 503-514.
324. Wachstein, M. and Besen, M. (1964) Electron microscopy of renal coagulative necrosis due to D,L-serine, with special reference to mitochondrial pyknosis. Am. J. Pathol. 44, 383-400.
325. Wako, K., Ma, N., Shiroyama, T. and Semba, R. (1995) Glial uptake of intracerebroventricularly injected D-serine in the rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Neurosci. Lett. 185, 171-174.
326. Watanabe, F., Fukui, K., Momoi, K. and Miyake, Y. (1989) Site-specific mutagenesis of lysine-204, tyrosine-224, and histidine-307 of porcine kidney D-amino acid oxidase and the implication as to its catalytic function. J. Biochem. Tokyo 105, 1024-1029.
327. Watanabe, M., Inoue, Y., Sakimura, K. and Mishina, M. (1992a) Developmental changes in distribution of NMDA receptor channel subunit mRNAs. NeuroReport 3, 1138-1140.
328. Watanabe, Y., Saito, H. and Abe, K. (1992b) Effects of glycine and structurally related amino acids on generation of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 223, 179-184.
329. Watkins, J. C. (1962) The synthesis of some acidic amino acids possessing neuropharmacological activity. J. Med. Pharmacol. Chem. 5, 1187-1199.
330. Watkins, J. C., Krogsgaard-Larsen, P. and Honore, T. (1990) Structure-activity relationships in the development of excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and competitive antagonists. TIPS 11, 25-33.
331. Weimar, W. R. and Neims, A. H. (1977a) Hog cerebellar D-amino acid oxidase and its histochemical and immunofluorescent localization. J. Neurochem. 28, 559-572.
332. Weimar, W. R. and Neims, A. H. (1977b) The development of D-amino acid oxidase in rat cerebellum. J. Neurochem. 29, 649-656.
333. Wellner, D. and Scannone, H. (1964) Oxidation of L-proline and L-3,4-dehydroproline by D-amino acid oxidase. Biochemistry 3, 1746-1749.
334. White, H. S., Harmsworth, W. L., Sofia, R. D. and Wolf, H. H. (1995) Felbamate modulates the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor. Epil. Res. 20, 41-48.
335. Wilkin, G. P., Garthwaite, J. and Balazs, R. (1982) Putative acidic amino acid transmitters in the cerebellum: electron microscopic localization of transport sites. Brain Res. 244, 69-80.
336. Winslow, J. T., Insel, T., Trullas, R. and Skolnick, P. (1990) Rat pup isolation cells are reduced by functional antagonists of the NMDA receptor complex. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 190, 11-22.
337. Wise, E. M. and Elwyn, D. (1966) Hyperaminoaciduria in rats following D-serine administration. Proc. Soc. Expl Biol. Med. 121, 982-986.
338. 1H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 142, 487-488.
339. Wood, E. R., Bussey, T. J. and Phillips, A. G. (1992) A glycine antagonist reduces ischemia-induced CA1 cell loss in vivo. Neurosci. Lett. 145, 10-14.
340. Wood, P. L., Emmett, M. R., Rao, T. S., Mick, S., Cler, J. and Iyengar, S. (1989) In vivo modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex by D-serine: potentiation of ongoing neuronal activity as evidence by increased cerebellar cyclic GMP. J. Neurochem. 53, 979-981.
341. Wood, P. L. (1995) The co-agonist concept: is the NMDA-associated glycine receptor saturated in vivo?. Life Sci. 57, 301-310.
342. Wroblewski, J. T., Fadda, J., Mazzetta, J., Lazarewicz, J. W. and Costa, E. (1989) Glycine and D-serine act as positive modulators of signal transduction at N-methyl-D-aspartate sensitive glutamate receptors in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacology 28, 441-452.
343. Wroblewski, J. T. and Danysz, W. (1989) Modulation of glutamate receptors: molecular mechanisms and functional implications. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29, 441-414.
344. Yagi, K., Nagatsu, T. and Ozawa, T. (1956) Inhibitory action of chlorpromazine on the oxidation of D-amino acid in the diencephalon part of the brain. Nature 177, 891-892.
345. Yamada, R., Nagasaki, H., Wakabayashi, Y. and Iwashima, A. (1988) Presence of D-aspartate oxidase in rat liver and mouse tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 965, 202-205.
346. Yamada, R., Nagasaki, H., Nagata, Y., Wakabayashi, Y. and Iwashima, A. (1989) Administration of D-aspartate increases D-aspartate oxidase activity in mouse liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 990, 325-328.
347. Yohda, M., Okada, H. and Kumagai, H. (1991) Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the aspartate racemase gene from lactic acid bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1089, 234-240.
348. Yohda, M., Endo, I., Abe, Y., Ohta, T., Iida, T., Maruyama, T. and Kagawa, Y. (1996) Gene for aspartate racemase from the sulfur-dependent hyperthermophilic archaeum. Desulfurococcus strain SY. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22017-22021.
349. Yusko, S. C. and Neims, A. H. (1973) D-Aspartate oxidase in mammalian brain and choroid plexus. J. Neurochem. 21, 1037-1039.
350. Zaar, K., Völkl, A. and Fahimi, D. H. (1989) D-Aspartate oxidase in rat, bovine and sheep kidney cortex is localized in peroxisomes. Biochem. J. 261, 233-238.
351. Zagon, J., Dehne, L. I. and Bögl, K. W. (1994) D-Amino acids in organisms and food. Nutr. Res. 14, 445-463.
352. Zorumski, C. F. and Thio, L. L. (1992) Properties of vertebrate glutamate receptors: calcium mobilization and desensitization. Progr. Neurobiol. 39, 295-336.