Segmented normal faults: Correspondence between three- Dimensional mechanical models and field data

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 102, Issue B1, 1997, Pages 675-692

  Willemse, Emanuel J M ^a,b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SHELL GLOBAL SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL B V   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAULT INTERACTION; FAULT OVERLAP; FAULT SPACING; NORMAL FAULT; SEGMENTATION;

EID: 0030813863     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jb01651     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Aydin, A., Discontinuities along thrust faults and the cleavage duplexes, in Geometries and Mechanics of Thrusting, edited by G. Mitra and S. Wojtal, Geolog. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ., 222,223-232,1988.
2. Aydin, A., and A. Nur, Evolution of pull-apart basins and their scale independence. Tectonics, 1,91-105,1982.
3. Aydin, A., and R.A. Schultz, Effect of mechanical interaction on the development of strike-slip faults with echelon patterns, J. Struct. Geol, 12,123-129, 1990.
4. Barenblatt, G.I., Mathematical theory of equilibrium cracks in brittle fracture, Adv. Appl. Mech., 7,55-129, 1962.
5. Barnett, J.M., J. Mortimer, J. Rippon, J.J. Walsh, and J. Watterson, Displacement geometry in the volume containing a single normal fault, AAAPG Bull, 71,925-937, 1987.
6. . Bateman, P.C., Geology and tungsten mineralization of the Bishop District, California, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 470, 1-208,1965.
7. Becker, A.A., The Boundary Element Method in Engineering, 337 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992.
8. Bouvier, J.D., C.H. Kaars-Sijpesteijn, D.F. Kluesner, C.C. Onyejekwe, and R.C. Van Der Pal, Three-dimensional seismic interpretation and fault sealing investigations, Nun River Reld, Nigeria, AAPG Bull., 73, 1397-1414,1989.
9. Brown, A.R., G. Serpell Edwards, and R.E. Howard, Fault slicing: A new approach to the interpretation of fault detail. Geophysics, 52, 1319-1327, 1987.
10. Bürgmann, R., D.D. Pollard, and S.J. Martel, Slip distributions on faults: Effects of stress gradients, inelastic deformation, heterogeneous hostrock stiffness, and fault interaction, J. Struct. Geol, 16, 1675-1690, 1994.
11. Chapman, T.J., and A.W. Meneilly, Fault displacement analysis in seismic exploration, First Break, 8, 11-22, 1990.
12. Childs, C., S.J. Easton, B.C. Vendeville, M.P.A. Jackson, S.T. Lin, J.J. Walsh, and J. Watterson, Kinematic analysis of faults in a physical model of growth faulting above a viscous salt analogue, Tectonophysics, 228,313-329,1993.
13. Childs, D., J. Watterson, and J.J. Walsh, Fault overlap zones within developing normal fault systems, J. Geol. Soc. London, 152, 535-549, 1995.
14. Comninou, M.A., and J. Dunders, The angular dislocation in a half-space, J. Elasticity, 5,203-216, 1975.
15. Cowie, P.A., and C.H. Scholz, Growth of faults by accumulation of seismic slip, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11,085-11,095,1992a.
16. Cowie, P.A., and C.H. Scholz, Physical explanation for the displacementlength relationship of faults, using a post-yield fracture mechanics model, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 1133-1148, 1992b.
17. Crouch, S.L., and A.M. Starfield, Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics, 322 pp., Alien and Unwin Ltc, Winchester, Mass., 1983.
18. Dahlstrom, C.D.A., Structural geology in the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Bull. Can. Pel. Geol., 18,332-406, 1970.
19. Dawers, N.H., and M.H. Anders, Displacement-length scaling and fault linkage, J. Struct. Geol., 17,607-614, 1995.
20. Dawers, N.H., M.H. Anders, and C.H. Scholz, Growth of normal faults: Displacement-length scaling, Geology, 21, 1107-1110, 1993.
21. Delaney, P.T., and D.D. Pollard, Deformation of host rock and flow of magma during growth of minette dikes and intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1202, 1 - 61, 1981
22. Deng, Q., and P. Zhang, Research on the geometry of shear fracture zones, J. Geophys. Res., 89,5699-5710, 1984.
23. Du, Y., and A. Aydin, Interaction of multiple cracks and formation of echelon crack arrays. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods. Geomech., 15,205-218,1991.
24. Dugdale, D.S., Yielding of steel sheets containing slits, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 8, 100-104,1960.
25. Gay, N.C., and W.D. Ortlepp, Anatomy of a mining-induced fault zone, Geol. Sac. Am. Bull., 90,47-58, 1979.
26. Gibbs, A.D., Linked fault families in basin formation, J. Struct. Geol., 12, 795-803, 1990.
27. Gibson, J.R., J.J. Walsh, and J. Watterson, Modelling of bed contours and cross-sections adjacent to planar normal faults, J. Struct. Geol., 11, 317-328, 1989.
28. Goguel, J., Traite de Tectonique, Masson, Paris, 1950.
29. Huggins, P., J. Watterson, J.J. Walsh, and C. Childs, Relay zone geometry and displacement transfer between normal faults recorded in coal-mine plans, J. Struct. Geol., 17,1741-1755,1995.
30. Irwin, G.R., Analyses of stresses and strains near the end of a crack traversing a plate, J. Appl. Mech., 24, 361-364, 1957.
31. Jev, B.I., C.H. Kaars-Sijpesteijn, M.P.A.M. Peters, N.L. Watts, and J.T. Wilkie, Akaso Field, Nigeria: Use of integrated 3-D seismic, fault slicing, clay smearing, and RFT-pressure data on fault trapping and dynamic leakage, AAPGBull, 77, 1389-1404, 1993.
32. Jeyakumaran, M., J.W. Rudnicki, and L.M. Keer, Modeling slip zones with triangular dislocation elements, Bull. Seismol. Sac. Am., 82,2153-2169, 1992.
33. Katzman, R., U.S. ten Brink, and J. Lin, Three-dimensional modeling of pull-apart basins: Implications for the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 100,6295-6312, 1995.
34. Larsen, P.H., Relay structures in a Lower Permian basement-involved extension system, East Greenland, J. Struct. Geol., 10,3-8, 1988.
35. Lawn, B.R., and T.R. Wilshaw, Fracture of Brittle Solids, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1975.
36. Li, V.C., Mechanics of shear rupture, in Fracture Mechanics of Rocks, edited by B.K. Atkinson, pp. 351-428, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
37. Ma, X.Q., and N.J. Kusznir, Modelling of near-field subsurface displacements for generalized faults and fault arrays, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 14711484, 1993.
38. Mansfield, C.S., and J.A. Cartwright, High resolution fault displacement mapping from 3-D seismic data: Evidence for dip-linkage during fault growth, J. Struct. Geol., 18,249-263, 1996.
39. Martel, S.J., and D.D. Pollard, Mechanics of slip and fracture along small faults and simple strike-slip fault zones in granitic rock, J. Geophys. /to., 9-/, 9417-9428, 1989.
40. Martel, S.J., D.D. Pollard, and P. Segall, Development of simple strikeslip fault zones, Mount Abbot quadrangle, Sierra Nevada, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 1451-1465, 1988.
41. McGarr, A., D.D. Pollard, N.C. Gay, and W.D. Ortlepp, Observations and analysis of structures in exhumed mine-induced faults, in Conference VIII: Analysis of actual fault zones in Bedrock, pp. 101-120, U. S. Geol. Surv., Menlo Park, Calif., 1979.
42. Moore, J.M., Tectonics of the Najd transcurrent fault system, Saudi Arabia, J. Geol. Soc. London., 136,441-452, 1979.
43. Morley, C.K., R.A. Nelson, T.L. Patton, and S.G. Munn, Transfer zones in the East African rift system and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration in rifts, AAPGBull., 74, 1234-1253, 1990.
44. Naylor, M.A., G. Mandl, and C.H. Kaars-Sijpesteijn, Fault geometries in basement-induced wrench faulting under different initial stress states, J. Struct. Geol., 8, 737-752, 1986.
45. Nicholson, R., and I.E. Ejiofor, The three-dimensional morphology of arrays of echelon and sigmoidal, mineral-filled fractures: Data from North Cornwall, J. Geol. Soc. London, 144,79-83, 1987.
46. Oison, J.E., and D.D. Pollard, The initiation and growth of en echelon veins, J. Struct. Geol, 13,595-608, 1991.
47. Palmer, A.C., and J.R. Rice, The growth of slip surfaces in the progressive failure of overconsolidated clay, Proc. R. Soc. London, A.332, 527-548, 1973.
48. Peacock, D.C.P., Displacement and segment linkage in strike-slip fault zones,/ Struct. Geol, 13, 1025-1035, 1991.
49. Peacock, D.C.P., and D.J. Sanderson, Displacements, segment linkage and relay ramps in normal fault zones, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 721-733, 1991.
50. Peacock, D.C.P., and D.J. Sanderson, Geometry and development of relay ramps in normal fault systems, AAPG Dull., 78, 147 -165, 1994.
51. Pinter, N., and E.A. Keller, Geomorphic analysis of neotectonic deforma-tion, northern Owens Valley, California, Geol. Ritndsch., 84, 200-212, 1995.
52. Pollard, D.D., and A. Aydin, Propagation and linkage of oceanic ridge segments, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,017-10,028, 1984.
53. Pollard, D.D., and P. Segall, Theoretical displacements and stresses near fractures in rock: With applications to faults, joints, veins, dikes, and solution surfaces, in Fracture Mechanics of Rocks, edited by B.K. Atkinson, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, 1987.
54. Richard, P.D., M.A. Naylor, and A. Koopman, Experimental models of strike-slip tectonics, Pet. Geosc., J, 71-80, 1995.
55. Rippon, J.H., Contoured patterns of throw and hade of normal faults in the coal measures (Westphalian) of northeast Derbyshire, Proc. Yorks. GeoJ.Sc., 45, 147-161,1985.
56. Roberts, A., and G. Yielding, Continental extensional tectonics, in Continental Deformation, edited by P.L Hancock, pp. 223-250, Pcrgamon Press, Tarrytown, N.Y., 1994.
57. Rodgers, D.A., Analysis of pull-apart basin development produced by en echelon strike-slip faults, Spec. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sedimentol., 4, 27-41, 1980.
58. Rosendahl, B.R., Architecture of continental rifts with special reference to East Africa., Anna. Rev. Earth Planet. Sei., IS, 445-503, 1987.
59. Rubin, A.M., Tensile fracture of rock at high confining pressure: implica-tions for dike propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 15,919-15,935, 1993.
60. Rudnicki, J.W., Fracture mechanics applied to the earth's crust, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sei., 8,489-525, 1980.
61. Rymer, M.J., Surface rupture in a fault stepover on the Superstition Hills fault, California, in Fault Segmentation and Controls of Rupture Initiation and Termination, edited by O.P. Schwartz and R.H. Sibson, U.S. Geol Survey. OpenFileRep., 89-315, pp. 309-323,1989.
62. Scholz, C.H., N.H. Dawers, J.Z. Yu, and M.H. Anders, Fault growth and fault scaling laws: Preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21951-21961, 1993.
63. Segall, P., and D.D. Pollard, Mechanics of discontinuous faults, J. Geophys. Res., 85,4337-4350, 1980.
64. Segall, P., and D.D. Pollard, Nucleation and growth of strike slip faults in granite,/ Geophys. Res., 88, 555-568, 1983.
65. Sherridan, M.F., Tectonic displacement in the Bishop Tuff, Calif. Geol., 28, 107-108, 1975.
66. Sibson, R.H., Rupture interaction with fault jogs, in Earthquake Source Mechanics, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 37, edited by S. Das, J. Boatwright, and C.H. Scholz, pp. 157-167, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1986.
67. Sih; G.C., Handbook of Stress-intensity Factors, Inst. Fract. and Solid Mech., Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, P., 1973.
68. Tada, H., P.C. Paris, and G.R. Irwin, The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook, Paris Prod., St. Louis, Mo.,1985.
69. Tchalenko, J.S., and N.N. Ambraseys, Structural analysis of Dasht-e Bayaz (Iran) earthquake fractures, Geol. Sot: Am. Bull. , 81, 41-60, 1970.
70. Thomas, A.L., Poly3D : A three-dimensional, polygonal element, dis-placement discontinuity boundary element computer program with applications to fractures, faults, and cavities in the Earth's crust, M.S. thesis, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1993.
71. Vermilye, J.M., and C.H. Scholz, Relation between vein length and aperture, J. Struct. Geol. 17,424-434,1995.
72. Walsh, J.J., and J. Watterson, Geometric and kinematic coherence and scale effects in normal fault systems, in The Geometry of Normal Faults, edited by A.M. Roberts, G. Yielding, and B. Freeman, pp. 193-203, Spec. Publ. Geol. Sue. London, 56, 1991.
73. Wijlemse, E.J.M., D.D. Pollard, and A. Aydin, 3D analyses of slip distributions on normal fault arrays with consequences for fault scaling, J. Struct. Geol., 18,295-309, 1996.