Excitatory amino acids: Evidence for a role in the control of reproduction and anterior pituitary hormone secretion

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 678-700

  Brann, Darrell W ^a   Mahesh, Virendra B ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 AMINO 1,3 CYCLOPENTANEDICARBOXYLIC ACID; 2 AMINO 5 PHOSPHONOVALERIC ACID; 4 (3 PHOSPHONOPROPYL) 2 PIPERAZINECARBOXYLIC ACID; 6,7 DINITRO 2,3 QUINOXALINEDIONE; AMPA RECEPTOR; CORTICOTROPIN; DIZOCILPINE; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID RECEPTOR; GROWTH HORMONE; IBOTENIC ACID; KAINIC ACID RECEPTOR; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; PHENYLGLYCINE; PROLACTIN;

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASE; FEMALE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASE; NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROLACTIN RELEASE; PUBERTY; RAT; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; PITUITARY HORMONES, ANTERIOR; REPRODUCTION; SEXUAL MATURATION;

EID: 0030800768     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.18.5.678     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. Monaghan DT, Bridges RJ, Cotman CW 1989 The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 29:365-402
2. Brann DW 1995 Glutamate: a major excitatory transmitter in neuroendocrine regulation. Neuroendocrinology 61:213-225
3. van den Pol AN, Wuarin JP, Dudek FE 1990 Glutamate, the dominant excitatory transmitter in neuroendocrine regulation. Science 250:1276-1278
4. Collingridge GL, Singer W 1990 Excitatory amino acid receptors and synaptic plasticity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:290-296
5. Baron SP, Auta J, Moerschbaecher JM 1996 The role of excitatory amino acids in learning and memory. In: Brann DW, Mahesh VB (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids: Their Role in Neuroendocrine Function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 281-305
6. Nakanishi S 1992 Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and implications for brain function. Science 258:597-603
7. Greenamyre JT, Young AB 1989 Excitatory amino acids and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 10:593-602
8. McDonald JW, Johnston MV 1990 Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 15:41-70
9. Dingledine R, McBain CJ, McNamara JO 1990 Excitatory amino acids in epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:334-338
10. Ikonomidou C, Turski L 1995 Glutamate in neurodegenerative disorders. In: Stone TW (ed) CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Glutamate. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 253-272
11. McBain CJ, Mayer ML 1994 N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor structure and function. Physiol Rev 74:723-760
12. Hansen JJ, Krogsgaard-Larsen P 1990 Structural, conformational, and stereochemical requirements of central excitatory amino acid receptors. Med Res Rev 10:55-94
13. Headley PM, Grillner S 1990 Excitatory amino acids and synaptic transmission: the evidence for a physiological function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:205-211
14. Barnes J, Henley JM 1992 Molecular characteristics of excitatory amino acid receptors. Prog Neurobiol 39:113-133
15. Erecinska M, Silver IA 1990 Metabolism and role of glutamate in mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 35:245-296
16. Fonnum F 1984 Glutamate: a neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. J Neurochem 42:1-11
17. van den Pol AN 1991 Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivity in hypothalamic presynaptic axons. J Neurosci 11:2087-2101
18. van den Pol AN, Wuarin JP, Dudek FE 1996 Glutamate neurotransmission in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. In: Brann DW, Mahesh VB (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids: Their Role in Neuroendocrine Function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1-54
19. Price M, Olney J, Cicero T 1978 Acute elevations of serum luteinizing hormone induced by kainic acid, N-methyl aspartic acid or homocysteic acid. Neuroendocrinology 26:352-358
20. Johnson MD, Whetsell Jr WO, Crowley WR 1985 Quinolinic acid stimulates luteinizing hormone secretion in female rats: evidence for involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate-preferring receptors. Exp Brain Res 59:57-61
21. Fonnum F, Hassel B 1995 Glutamate synthesis, metabolism and uptake. In: Stone TW (ed) CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Glutamate. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 19-34
22. Fonnum F 1985 Determination of transmitter amino acid turnover Neuromethods 3:201-215
23. Fonnum F 1991 Neurochemical studies on glutamate mediated neurotransmission. In: Meldrum BS, Meroni F, Simen R, Woods J (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids. Raven Press, New York, pp 15-32
24. Benjamin AM 1981 Control of glutaminase activity in rat brain cortex in vitro: influence of glutamate, phosphate, ammonium, calcium and hydrogen ions. Brain Res 208:363-377
25. Martinez-Hernandez A, Bell KP, Norenberg MD 1977 Glutamine synthetase: glial localization in brain. Science 195:1356-1358
26. Fonnum F 1968 The distribution of glutamate decarboxylase and aspartate transaminase in subcellular fractions of rat and guinea pig brain. Biochem J 106:401-412
27. Aoki C, Milner TA, Berger SB, Sheu K, Blass JP, Pickel VM 1987 Regional distribution of astrocytes with intense immunoreactivity for glutamate dehydrogenase in rat brain: implications for neuronglial interactions in glutamate neurotransmission. J Neurosci 7: 2214-2231
28. Goldsmith PC, Thind K, Perera A, Plant T 1994 Glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and their gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal interactions in the monkey hypothalamus. Endocrinology 134:858-868
29. Thind KK, Goldsmith PC 1995 Glutamate and GABAergic neurointeractions in the monkey hypothalamus: a quantitative immunomorphological study. Neuroendocrinology 61:471-485
30. Meeker RB, Swanson DJ, Greenwood RS, Hayward JN 1993 Quantitative mapping of glutamate presynaptic terminals in the supraoptic nucleus and surrounding hypothalamus. Brain Res 600: 112-122
31. Nicholls DG 1993 The glutamatergic nerve terminal. Eur J Biochem 212:613-631
32. Sanchez-Prieto J, Sihra TS, Nicholls DG 1987 Characterization of the exocytotic release of glutamate from guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptosomes. J Neurochem 49:58-64
33. Nicholls DG 1995 The release of glutamate from synaptic terminals. In: Stone TW (ed) CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Glutamate. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 35-52
34. Herrero I, Miras-Portugal MT, Sanchez-Prieto J 1992 Positive feedback of glutamate exocytosis by metabotropic presynaptic receptor stimulation. Nature 360:163-166
35. Dolphin AC, Archer ER 1983 An adenosine agonist inhibits and a cyclic AMP analog enhances the release of glutamate but not GABA from slices of rat dentate gyrus. Neurosci Lett 43:49-54
36. Fredholm BB, Dunwiddie TV 1988 How does adenosine inhibit transmitter release. Trends Pharmacol Sci 9:130-134
37. Potashner SJ 1979 Baclofen inhibits aspartate and glutamate release from slices. Eur J Pharmacol 240:325-330
38. Weisskopf MG, Zalutsky RA, Nicoll RA 1993 The opioid peptide dynorphin mediates heterosynaptic depression of hippocampal mossy fibre synapses and modulates long-term potentiation. Nature 362:423-427
39. Ping L, Mahesh VB, Brann DW 1994 Release of glutamate and aspartate from the preoptic area during the progesterone-induced LH surge: in vivo microdialysis studies. Neuroendocrinology 59:318-324
40. Jarry H, Hirsch B, Leonhardt S, Wuttke W 1992 Amino acid ncurotransmitter release in the preoptic area of rats during the positive feedback actions of estradiol on LH release. Neuroendocrinology 56:133-140
41. Jarry H, Leonhardt S, Schwarze T, Wuttke W 1995 Preoptic rather than mediobasal hypothalamic amino acid neurotramsmitter release regulates GnRH secretion during the estrogen-induced LH surge in the ovartectomized rat. Neuroendocrinology 62:-479-486
42. Goroll D, Arias P, Wuttke W 1993 Preoptic release of amino acid neuro-transmitters evaluated in peripubertal and young adult female rats by push-pull perfusion. Neuroendocrinology 58:11-15
43. Carbone S, Szwarcfarb B, Otera Losada M, Moguilevsky JA 1992 Effects of ovarian steroids on the gonadotropin response to N-methyl-D-aspartate and on hypothalamic excitatory amino acid levels during sexual maturation in female rats. Endocrinology 130:1365-1370
44. Fleischmann A, Makman MH, Etgen AM 1995 GABA-A receptor activation induces GABA and glutamate release from the preoptic area. Life Sci 56:1665-1678
45. Stein-Behens BA, Lin WJ, Sapolsky RM 1994 Physiological elevations of glucocorticoids potentiate glutamate accumulation in the hippocampus. J Neurochem 63:596-602
46. Moghaddam B, Bolinao ML, Stein-Behrens B, Sapolsky R 1994 Glucocorticoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate. Brain Res 655:251-254
47. Lowy MT, Gault L, Yamamoto BK 1993 Adrenalectomy attenuates stress-induced elevations in extracellular glutamate concentrations in the hippocampus. J Neurochem 61:1957-1960
48. Petralia RS, Wenthold RJ 1996 Types of excitatory amino acid receptors and their localization in the nervous system and hypothalamus. In: Brann DW, Mahesh VB (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids: Their Role in Neuroendocrine Function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 55-101
49. Mayer ML, Westbrook GL 1987 The physiology of excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 28:197-276
50. Nowak L, Bregestovski P, Ascher P, Herbet A, Prochiantz A 1984 Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones. Nature 307:462-465
51. Reynolds IJ, Murphy SN, Miller RJ 1987 3H-labeled MK-801 binding to the excitatory amino acid receptor complex from rat brain is enhanced by glycine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:7744-7748
52. Hollmann M, Hartley M, Heinemann S 1991 Ca+2 permeability of KA-AMPA gated glutamate receptor channels depends on subunit composition. Science 252:851-853
53. Verdoorn TA, Burnashev N, Monyer H, Seeburg PH, Sakmann B 1991 Structural determinants of ion flow through recombinant glutamate receptor channels. Science 252:1715-1718
54. Sommer B, Keinanen K, Verdoon TA, Wisden W, Burnashev N, Herb A, Kohler M, Takagi T, Sakmann B, Seeburg PH 1990 Flip and flop: a cell-specific functional switch in glutamate-operated channels in the CNS. Science 249:1580-1585
55. Pin JP, Duvoisin R 1995 The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and functions. Neuropharmacology 34:1-26
56. Watkins J, Collingridge G 1994 Phenylglycine derivatives as antagonists of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:333-342
57. Boulter J, Hollmann M, O'Shea-Greenfield A, Hartley M, Deneris E, Maron C, Heinemann S 1990 Molecular cloning and functional expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes. Science 249:1033-1037
58. Keinanen K, Wisden W, Sommer B, Werner P, Herb A, Verdoorn T, Sakmann B, Seeburg PH 1990 A family of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors. Science 249:556-560
59. Petralia RS, Wenthold RJ 1992 Light and electron immunocytochemical localization of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 318:329-354
60. Brann DW, Kumaresan K, Mahesh VB, Immunohistochemical localization of AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4) in the hypothalamus of the female rat: Effect of steroid hormones. Program of the 76th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Anaheim, CA, 1994 (Abstract 449), p 313
61. Kiyama H, Sato K, Tohyama M 1993 Characteristic localization of non-NMDA type glutamate receptor subunits in the rat pituitary gland. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 19:262-268
62. Gregor P, O'Hara BF, Yang X, Uhl GR 1993 Expression and novel subunit isoforms of glutamate receptor genes GluRS and GluR6. NeuroReport 4:1343-1346
63. van den Pol AN, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Hofer M, Ghost P, Heinemann S 1994 lonotropic Glutamate receptor gene expression in the hypothalamus: localization of AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptor RNA with in situ hybridization. J Comp Neurol 343:428-444
64. Sommer B, Seeburg PH 1992 Glutamate receptor channels: novel properties and new clones. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:291-296
65. Herb A, Burnashev N, Werner P, Sakmann B, Wisden W, Seeburg PH 1992 The KA-2 subunit of excitatory amino acid receptors shows widespread expression in the brain and forms ion channel with distantly related subunits. Neuron 8:775-785
66. Brann DW, Zamorano PL, Chorich LP, Mahesh VB 1993 Steroid hormone effects on NMDA receptor binding and NMDA receptor mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of the adult rat. Neuroendocrinology 58:666-672
67. Brann DW, Zamorano PL, Ping L, Mahesh VB 1993 Role of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission during puberty in the female rat. Mol Cell Neurosci 4:107-112
68. Bhat GK, Mahesh VB, Chu ZW, Chorich LP, Zamorano PL, Brann DW 1995 Localization of the N-methyl-D-aspartate R1 receptor subunit in specific anterior hormone cell types of the female rat. Neuroendocrinology 62:178-186
69. Petralia RS, Yokotani N, Wenthold RJ 1994 Light and electron microscope distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDA R1 in the rat nervous system using a selective anti-peptide antibody. J Neurosci 14:667-696
70. Monyer H, Sprengel R, Schoepfer R, Herb A, Higuchi M, Lomeli H, Burnashev N, Sakmann B, Seeburg PH 1992 Heteromeric NMDA receptors: molecular and functional distinction of subtypes. Science 256:1217-1221
71. van den Pol AN, Romano C, Ghosh P 1995 Metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 subcellular distribution and developmental expression in hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 362:134-150
72. van den Pol AN 1994 Metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 distribution and ultrastructural localization in hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 349:615-632
73. Petralia RS, Wang Y, Niedzielski A, Wenthold RJ 1996 The metabotropic glutamate receptors, MGluR2 and MGluR5, show unique postsynapic, presynapic and glial localizations. Neuroscience 71:949-976
74. Bhat GK, Mahesh VB, Lamar CA, Ping L, Aguan K, Brann DW 1995 Histochemical localization of nitric oxide neurons in the hypothalamus: association with gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and co-localization with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Neuroendocrinology 62:187-197
75. Kus L, Handa R, Sanderson J, Kerr J, Beitz A 1995 Distribution of NMDA R1 receptor subunit mRNA and [1125]MK-801 binding in the hypothalamus of intact, castrate and castrate-DHTP treated male rats. Mol Brain Res 28:55-60
76. Billy AJ, Medhamurthy R, Shaw C, Plant TM 1990 Distribution and neuroendocrine role of kainate and other excitatory amino acid receptors in monkey hypothalamus. Soc Neurosci 16:284 (Abstract 126.5)
77. Meeker RB, Greenwood RS, Hayward JN 1994 Glutamate receptors in the rat hypothalamus and pituitary. Endocrinology 134:621-629
78. Weiland NG 1992 Estradiol selectively regulates agonist binding sites on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Endocrinology 131:662-668
79. Brann DW, Mahesh VB 1994 Excitatory amino acids: function and significance in reproduction and neuroendocrine regulation. Front Neuroendocrinol 15:3-49
80. Diano S, Naftolin F, Horvath TL 1997 Gonadal steroids target AMPA glutamate receptor-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus, septum and amygdala: a morphological and biochemical study. Endocrinology 138:778-789
81. Nyberg C, Srivastava V, Hiney J, Lara F, Dees WL 1995 N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels and luteinizing hormone release in immature female rats: effects of stage of pubertal development and exposure to ethanol. Endocrinology 136:2874-2880
82. Zamorano PL, Mahesh VB, De Sevilla LM, Brann DW 1996 Glutamate receptor expression in the hypothalamus during the onset of puberty in the female rat. Program of the 10th International Congress of Endocrinology, San Francisco, CA, 1996 (Abstract P1-342), p 220
83. Gore A, Wu TJ, Rosenberg JJ, Roberts JL 1996 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and NMDA receptor gene expression and colocalization change during puberty in female rats. J Neurosci 16:5281-5289
84. Arnauld E, Layton BS, Padjen A, Renaud LP 1983 Actions of acidic amino acids on the excitability of medial hypothalamic neurons in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 37:184-192
85. +-dependent glutamate/ aspartate transporter from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10955-10959
86. Pines G, Danbolt NC, Bjoras M, Zhang Y, Bendahan A, Eide L, Koepsell H, Strom-Mathisen J, Seeberg E, Kanner B 1992 Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter. Nature 360:464-467
87. Kanal Y, Hediger MA 1992 Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter. Nature 360:467-471
88. Fairman WA, Vandenberg RJ, Arriza JL, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG 1994 An excitatory amino acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel. Nature 375:599-603
89. Olney JW, Cicero TJ, Meyer E, De Gubareff T 1976 Acute glutamate-induced elevations in serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone. Brain Res 112:420-424
90. Ondo JG, Pass KA, Baldwin R 1976 The effects of neurally active amino acids on pituitary gonadotropin secretion. Neuroendocrinology 21:79-87
91. Ondo JG, Wheeler DD, Dom RM 1988 Hypothalamic site of action for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on LH secretion. Life Sci 43:2283-2286
92. Medhamurthy R, Gay VL, Plant TM 1992 Repetitive injections of L-glutamic acid, in contrast to those of N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid, fail to elicit sustained hypothalamic GnRH release in the prepubertal male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Neuroendocrinology 55:660-666
93. Brann DW, Mahesh VB 1992 Excitatory amino acid regulation of gonadotropin secretion: modulation by steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 41:847-850
94. Schainker BA, Cicero TJ 1980 Acute central stimulation of luteinizing hormone by parenterally administered N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid in the male rat. Brain Res 184:425-437
95. Bonavera JJ, Kalra SP, Kalra PS 1993 Evidence that luteinizing hormone suppression in response to inhibitory neuropeptides, β-endorphin, interleukin-1β, and neuropeptide-K, may involve excitatory amino acids. Endocrinology 133:178-182
96. Strobl FJ, Luderer U, Besecke L, Wolfe A, Schwartz NB, Levine JE 1993 Differential gonadotropin responses to N-methyl-D,L-aspartate in intact and castrated male rats. Biol Reprod 48:867-873
97. Farah JM, Rao TS, Mick SJ, Coyne KE, Iyengar S 1991 N-Methyl-D-aspartate treatment increases circulating adrenocorticotropin and luteinizing hormone in the rat. Endocrinology 128:1875-1880
98. Price MT, Olney JW, Mitchell MV, Fuller T, Cicero TJ 1978 Luteinizing hormone releasing action of N-methyl aspartate is blocked by GABA or taurine but not by dopamine antagonists. Brain Res 158:461-465
99. Plant TM, Gay VL, Marshall GR, Arslan M 1989 Puberty in monkeys is triggered by chemical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2506-2510
100. Hui Y, Hastings Maywood ES, Ebling F 1992 Photoperiodic regulation of glutamatergic stimulation of secretion of luteinizing hormone in male Syrian hamsters. J Reprod Fertil 95:935-946
101. Urbanski HF 1990 A role for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the control of seasonal breeding. Endocrinology 127:2223-2228
102. Urbanski HF, Ojeda SR 1987 Activation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release advances the onset of female puberty. Neuroendocrinology 46:273-276
103. MacDonald MC, Wilkinson M 1992 Characterization and ontogenesis of N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked luteinizing hormone secretion in immature female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 4:223-229
104. Brann DW, Mahesh VB 1991 Endogenous excitatory amino acid involvement in the preovulatory and steroid-induced surge of gonadotropins in the female rat. Endocrinology 128:1541-1547
105. Akema T, Kimura F 1993 Differential effects of GABA-A and GABA-B receptor agonists on NMDA-induced and noradrenaline-induced luteinizing hormone release in the ovariectomized estrogen-primed rat. Neuroendocrinology 57:28-33
106. Estienne MJ, Schillo KK, Hileman SM, Green MA, Hayes SH 1990 Effect of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate on luteinizing hormone se- cretion in ovariectomized ewes in the absence and presence of estradiol. Biol Reprod 42:126-130
107. Abbud R, Smith MS 1991 Differences in the luteinizing hormone and prolactin responses to multiple injections of kainate as compared to N-methyl-D,L-aspartate, in cycling rats. Endocrinology 129:3254-3258
108. Luderer U, Strobl FJ, Levine JE, Sehwartz NB 1993 Differential gonadotropin responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in metestrous, proestrous, and ovariectomized rats. Biol Reprod 48:857-866
109. Wilson R, Knobil E 1983 Acute effects of N-methyl-DL-aspartate on the release of pituitary gonadotropins and prolactin in the female rhesus monkey. Brain Res 248:177-179
110. Ebling FJ, Hui Y, Mirakhur A, Maywood ES, Hastings MH 1993 Photoperiod regulates the LH response to central glutamatergic stimulation in the male Syrian hamster. J Neuroendocrinol 5:609-618
111. Kumar V, Lincoln A, Tortonese D 1993 Effects of excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and antagonists on the secretion of melatonin, luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the ram. J Neuroendocrinol 5:649-654
112. Reyes A, Xia L, Ferin M 1991 Modulation of the effects of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate on luteinizing hormone by the ovarian steroids in the adult rhesus monkey. Neuroendocrinology 54:405-411
113. Arias P, Jarry H, Leonhardt S, Moguilevsky J, Wuttke W 1993 Estradiol modulates the LH release response to N-methyl-D-aspartate in adult female rats: studies on hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and neurotransmitter release. Neuroendocrinology 57:710-715
114. Reyes A, Luckhaus J, Ferin M 1990 Unexpected inhibitory action of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate on luteinizing hormone release in adult ovariectomized rhesus monkeys: a role of the hypothalamic-adrenal axis. Endocrinology 127:724-729
115. Urbanski H, Ojeda S 1990 A role for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the control of LH secretion and initiation of female puberty. Endocrinology 126:1774-1776
116. Lopez F, Donoso AO, Negro-Vilar A 1990 Endogenous excitatory amino acid neurotransmission regulates the estradiol-induced LH surge in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 126:1771-1773
117. Brann DW, Mahesh VB 1991 Endogenous excitatory amino acid regulation of the progesterone-induced LH and FSH surge in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 53:107-110
118. Brann DW, Ping L, Mahesh VB 1993 Possible role of non-NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in steroid-induced and preovulatory gonadotropin surges in the rat. Mol Cell Neurosci 4:292-297
119. Arslan M, Pohl C, Plant T 1988 dl-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, a specific N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist, suppresses pulsatile LH release in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 47:465-468
120. Bourguignon J, Gerard A, Franchimont P 1989 Direct activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion through different receptors to neuroexcitatory amino acids. Neuroendocrinology 49:402-408
121. Ping L, Mahesh VB, Brann DW 1995 Effect of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the adult male rat. Neuroendocrinology 61:226-234
122. Ping L, Mahesh VB, Brann DW 1994 A physiological role for N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors in pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in the adult female rat. Endocrinology 135:113-118
123. Cicero TJ, Meyer ER, Bell RD 1988 Characterization and possible opioid modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid induced increases in serum luteinizing hormone levels in the developing male rat. Life Sci 42:1725-1732
124. Gay VL, Plant TM 1987 N-Methyl-D,L-aspartate elicits hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release in prepubertal male rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 120:2289-2296
125. Tal J, Price M, Olney J 1983 Neuroactive amino acids influence gonadotropin output by a suprapituitary mechanism in either rodents or primates. Brain Res 273:179-182
126. Zanisi M, Messi E 1991 Sex steroids and the control of LHRH secretion. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40:155-163
127. Lindstrom P, Ohlsson L 1992 Effect of N-methyl-n-aspartate on isolated rat somatotropes. Endocrinology 131:1903-1907
128. Login IS 1990 Direct stimulation of pituitary prolactin release by glutamate. Life Sci 47:2269-2275
129. Brann DW, Ping L, Zamorano PL, Mahesh VB 1996 Role of Excitatory amino acids in reproduction. In: Brann DW, Mahesh VB (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids: Their Role in Neuroendocrine Function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, EL, pp 133-166
130. Zuo Z, Mahesh VB, Zamorano PL, Brann DW 1996 Decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory response to glutamate agonists in middle-aged rats on proestrus afternoon: a possible role in reproductive aging. Endocrinology 137:2334-2338
131. Donoso AO, Lopez FJ, Negro-Vilar A 1990 Glutamate receptors of the non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid type mediate the increase in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by excitatory amino acids in vitro. Endocrinology 126:414-420
132. Lopez FJ, Donoso AO, Negro-Vilar A 1992 Endogenous excitatory amino acids and glutamate receptor subtypes involved in the control of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 130:1986-1992
133. Roberts JL, Gore A 1994 Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by the excitatory amino acids kainic acid and N-methyl-D,L-aspartate in the male rat. Endocrinology 134:2026-2031
134. MacDonald MC, Robertson HA, Wilkinson M 1990 Expression of c-fos protein by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in hypothalamus of immature female rats: blockade by MK-801 or neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate. Dev Brain Res 56:294-297
135. Lee W, Abbud R, Hoffman GE, Smith MS 1993 Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation on cFos expression in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in female rats. Endocrinology 133:2248-2254
136. Saitoh Y, Silverman A, Gibson M 1991 Norepinephrine neurons in mouse locus coeruleus express c-fos protein after N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid (NMDA) treatment: relation to LH release. Brain Res 561:11-19
137. Hsu C, Lee JN, Ho ML, Cheng BH, Li PH, Yu JY 1993 The facilitatory effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate on sexual receptivity in female rats through GnRH release. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 128:385-388
138. Bourguignon J, Gerard A, Mathieu J, Simons J, Franchimont P 1989 Pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamic explants is restrained by blockade of n-methyl-D,L-aspartate receptors. Endocrinology 125:1090-1096
139. Petersen SL, McCrone S, Keller M, Gardner E 1991 Rapid increase in LHRH mRNA levels following NMDA. Endocrinology 129:1679-1681
140. Liaw J, Barraclough CA 1993 N-Methyl-D,L-aspartic acid differentially affects LH release and LHRH mRNA levels in estrogen-treated ovariectomized control and androgen-sterilized rats. Mol Brain Res 17:112-118
141. Bourguignon JP, Gerard A, Purnelle G, Czajkowski V, Yamanaka C, Lemaitre M, Rigo J, Moonen G, Franchimont P 1997 Duality of glutamatergic and GABAergic control of pulsatile GnRH secretion by rat hypothalamic explants. I. Effects of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides using explants including or excluding the preoptic area. J Neuroendocrinol 9:183-191
142. Urbanski HF, Kohama SG 1996 Localization of glutamate receptors in the locus coeruleus of rhesus macaques. Soc Neurosci (Abstract 143.6), p 353
143. Kamat A, Yu W, Rettori V, McCann SM 1995 Glutamic acid induces luteinizing hormone releasing hormone release via alpha receptors. Brain Res Bull 37:233-235
144. Gargiulo PA, Donoso AO 1995 Interaction between glutamate and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in lordosis behavior and luteinizing hormone release (LH): further studies on NMDA receptor mediation. Physiol Behav 58:169-173
145. Spergel DJ, Krsmanovic L, Stojilkovics S, Catt K 1994 Glutamate modulates calcium and gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in immortalized hypothalamic GT1-7 neurons. Neuroendocrinology 59:309-317
146. Mahachoklertwattana P, Sanchez J, Kaplan S, Grumbach M 1994 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by NMDA in a hypothalamic GnRH neuronal cell line (GT1-7). Endocrinology 134:1023-1030
147. Urbanski HF, Daschel M, Lew NM, Fahy MM 1994 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor gene expression in the hamster hypothalamus and in immortalized luteinizing hormone releasing hormone neurons. J Reprod Fertil 100:5-9
148. Zamorano PL, Mahesh VB, Bhat GK, Brann DW, 1995 Characterization of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and immortalized GnRH (GT1-7) neurons. Program of The 77th Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington, DC, 1995 (Abstract P3-327), p 550
149. Abbud R, Smith MS 1995 Do GnRH neurons express the gene for the NMDA receptor. Brain Res 690:117-120
150. Urbanski HF 1996 Excitatory amino acids and the control of seasonal breeding In: Brann DW, Mahesh VB (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids: Their Role in Neuroendocrine Function. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 253-280
151. Ebling FJ, Cronin A, Hastings MH 1996 Resistance of GnRH neurons to glutamatergic neurotoxicity in Siberian hamsters. Soc Neurosci (Abstract 70410), p 1789
152. Blandina P, Johnson D, Walcott J, Goldfarb J 1992 Release of endogenous norepinephrine from rat hypothalamus by stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263:61-68
153. 3H-noradrenaline by excitatory amino acids from rat mediobasal hypothalamus and the influence of aging. Brain Res Bull 33:677-682
154. 3H-noradrenaline release from rat hypothalamus. Brain Res Bull 37:119-122
155. Rossmanith WG, Marks DL, Steiner RA, Clifton DK 1996 Inhibition of steroid-induced galanin mRNA expression in GnRH neurons by specific NMDA-receptor blockade. J Neuroendocrinol 8:179-184
156. Lopez FJ, Meade Jr EH, Negro-Vilar A 1993 Endogenous galanin modulates the gonadotropin and prolactin proestrous surges in the rat. Endocrinology 132:795-800
157. Sahu A, Xu B, Kalra SP 1994 Role of galanin in stimulation of pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion as revealed by a specific receptor antagonist, galantide. Endocrinology 134:529-536
158. Lopez FJ, Negro-Vilar A 1990 Galanin stimulates luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion from arcuate nucleus-median eminence fragments in vitro: involvement of an alpha-adrenergic mechanism. Endocrinology 127:2431-2436
159. Voight P, Ma Y, Gonzalez D, Fahrenbach W, Wetsel W, von der Emde K, Hill D, Taylor K, Costa M, Seidah N, Ojeda S 1996 Neural and glial-mediated effects of growth factors acting via tyrosine kinase receptors on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Endocrinology 137:2593-2605
160. Melcangi RC, Galbiati M, Messi E, Piva F, Martini L, Motta M 1995 Type 1 astrocytes influence luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release from the hypothalamic cell line GT1-1: is transforming growth factor-β the principle involved? Endocrinology 136:679-686
161. Teichberg VI 1991 Glial glutamate receptors: likely actors in brain signaling. FASEB J 5:3086-3091
162. Cornell-Bell A, Finkbeiner S, Cooper M, Smith S 1990 Glutamate induces calcium waves in cultured astrocytes: long-range glial signaling. Science 247:470-473
163. van den Pol A, Finkbeiner S, Cornell-Bell A 1992 Calcium excitability and oscillations in suprachaismatic nucleus neurons and glial in vitro. J Neurosci 12:2648-2658
164. Rettori V, Kamat A, McCann SM 1994 Nitric oxide mediates the stimulation of luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone release induced by glutamic acid in vitro. Brain Res Bull 33:501-503
165. Mahachoklertwattana P, Black S, Kaplan S, Bristoe J, Grumbach M 1994 Nitric oxide synthesized by gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons is a mediator of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced GnRH secretion. Endocrinology 135:1709-1712
166. Grossman A, Rossmanith W, Kabigting E, Cadd G, Clifton D, Steiner R 1994 The distribution of hypothalamic nitric oxide synthase mRNA in relation to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons. J Endocrinol 140:R5-R8
167. Herbison AE, Simonian SX, Norris PJ, Emson PC 1996 Relationship of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity to GnRH neurons in the ovariectomized and intact female rat. J Neuroendocrinol 8:73-82
168. Bhat G, Mahesh V, Aguan K, Brann DW 1996 Evidence that brain nitric oxide synthase is the major nitric oxide synthase isoform in the hypothalamus of the adult female rat and that nitric oxide potently regulates hypothalamic cGMP levels. Neuroendocrinology 64:93-102
169. Moretto M, Lopez FJ, Negro-Vilar A 1993 Nitric oxide regulates luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 133:2399-2402
170. Bonavera JJ, Sahu A, Kalra PS, Kalra SP 1994 Evidence in support of nitric oxide (NO) involvement in the cyclic release of prolactin and LH surges. Brain Res 660:175-179
171. Bonavera JJ, Sahu A, Kalra PS, Kalra SP 1993 Evidence that nitric oxide may mediate the ovarian steroid-induced luteinizing hormone surge: involvement of excitatory amino acids. Endocrinology 133:2482-2487
172. Aguan K, Mahesh VB, Ping L, Bhat G, Brann DW 1997 Evidence for a physiological role for nitric oxide in the regulation of the LH surge: Effect of central administration of antisense oligonucleotides to nitric oxide synthase. Neuroendocrinology, 64:449-455
173. Ojeda SR, Negro-Vilar A, McCann SM 1979 Release of prostaglandin Es by hypothalamic tissue: evidence for their involvement in catecholamine-induced luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release. Endocrinology 104:617-624
174. Bhat GK, Mahesh VB, Brann DW, Nitric oxide production and mechanism of action in the hypothalamus: role of cGMP and modulation by opioids. Program of the Tenth International Congress of Endocrinology, San Francisco, CA, 1996 (Abstract P2-525)
175. Chiba A, Kema A, Nagami Y, Kimura F, Toyoda J 1997 Differential
176. Brann DW, Mahesh VB 1991 Regulation of gonadotropin secretion by steroid hormones. Front Neuroendocrinol 12:165-207
177. Sarkar DK 1995 Neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin release. In: Barnes CD, Sarkar DK (eds) The Reproductive Neuroendocrinology of Aging and Drug Abuse. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 1-40
178. Kalra SP, Allen G, Sahu A, Kalra PS, Crowley WR 1988 Gonadal steroids and neuropeptide Y-opioid-LHRH axis: interactions and diversities. J Steroid Biochem 30:185-193
179. Mahesh VB, Brann DW 1996 Steroid control of hypothalamic function. In: Stone TW (ed) CNS neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 177-210
180. Kalra SP, Kalra PS 1983 Neural regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rat. Endocr Rev 4:311-351
181. Brann DW, Putnam CD, Mahesh VB 1992 Progesterone and corticosteroid regulation of hypothalamic and pituitary opioid content during LH surge induction. Mol Cell Neurosci 3:191-198
182. Wise PM, Scarbrough K, Weiland NG, Larsson GH 1990 Diurnal pattern of expression of proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of proestrous, ovariectomized, and steroid-treated rats: A possible role in cyclic luteinizing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 4:886-892
183. Sahu A, Kalra SP 1992 Effects of tachykinins on LH release in female rats: potent inhibitory action of neuropeptide K. Endocrinology 130:1571-1577
184. Donoso AO, Munoz V, Banzan AM 1986 Inhibitory actions of GABA on luteinizing hormone secretion. In: Racagni G, Donoso A (eds) GABA and Endocrine Function. Raven Press, New York, pp 191-199
185. Xu B, Sahu A, Kalra PS, Crowley WR, Kalra SP 1996 Disinhibition of opioid influence augments hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression and pituitary LH release: effects of NPY messenger ribonucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides. Endocrinology 137:78-84
186. Kalra SP 1993 Mandatory neuropeptide-steroid signaling for the preovulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone discharge. Endocr Rev 14:507-538
187. Barraclough CA, Wise PM 1982 The role of catecholamines in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone secretion. Endocr Rev 3:91-119
188. Kalra SP, Kalra PS 1984 Opioid-adrenergic-steroid connection in regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 38:418-426
189. Galbiati M, Zanisi M, Messi E, Cavarretta I, Martini L, Melcangi R 1996 Transforming growth factor-b and astrocytic conditioned medium influence LHRH gene expression in the hypothalamic cell line GT1. Endocrinology 137:5605-5609
190. Kow L, Harlan R, Shivers B, Pfaff D 1985 Inhibition of the lordosis reflex in rats by intrahypothalamic infusion of neural excitatory agents: Evidence that the hypothalamus contains separate inhibitory and facilitatory elements. Brain Res 341:26-34
191. McCarthy M, Curran G, Feder H 1991 Excitatory amino acid modulation of lordosis in the rat. Neurosci Lett 126:94-97
192. Gargiulo PA, Munoz V, Donoso AO 1992 Inhibition by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists of lordosis behavior induced by estrogen followed by progesterone or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the rat. Physiol Behav 52:737-739
193. Fleming AS, Kucera C 1991 Sexual experience effects are blocked both by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and by the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801. Behav Neural Biol 56:319-329
194. Oliver C, Jezova D, Grino M, Paulmyer-Lacroix O, Boudouresque F, Joanny P 1996 Excitatory amino acids and the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis. In: Brann DW, Mahesh VB (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids: Their Role in Neuroendocrine Regulation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 167-183
195. Wuarin JP, Dudek FE 1991 Excitatory amino acid antagonists inhibit synaptic responses in the guinea pig hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J Neurophysiol 65:946-951
196. Jezova D, Oliver C, Jurcovicova J 1991 Stimulation of adrenocorticotropin but not prolactin and catecholamine release by N-methyl-aspartic acid. Neuroendocrinology 54:488-492
197. Chautard T, Boudouresque F, Guillaume V, Oliver C 1993 Effect of excitatory amino acid on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat during the stress-hyporesponsive period. Neuroendocrinology 57:70-78
198. Makara GB, Stark E 1975 Effect of intraventricular glutamate on ACTH release. Neuroendocrinology 18:213-216
199. Brooks AN, Howe DC 1996 Adrenocorticotrophin and luteinizing hormone responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate during fetal development in sheep. J Neuroendocrinol 8:315-321
200. Darlington DN, Miyamoto M, Keil L, Dallman MF 1989 Paraventricular stimulation with glutamate elicits bradycardia and pituitary responses. Am J Physiol 256:R112-R119
201. Boudoresque F, Chautard T, Giraud P, Hery M, Hery F, Francois-Bellan AM Becquet D, Conte-Devolx B, Excitatory amino acids stimulate corticotropin releasing factor secretion from fetal hypothalamic cells in primary culture. Program of the 72nd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Atlanta, GA, 1990 (Abstract 35), p 33
202. Costa A, Yasin S, Hucks D, Forsling M, Besser G, Grossman A 1992 Differential effects of neuroexcitatory amino acids on corticotropin-releasing hormone-41 and vasopressin release from rat hypothalamic expiants. Endocrinology 131:2595-2602
203. Patchev V, Karalis K, Chrousos GP 1994 Effects of excitatory amino acid transmitters on hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release in vitro: implications in pituitary-adrenal regulation. Brain Res 633:312-318
204. Joanny P, Steinberg J, Oliver C, Grino M 1997 Glutamate and W-methyl-D-aspartate stimulate rat hypothalamic corticotiopin-releasing factor secretion in vitro. J Neuroendocrinol 9:93-97
205. Gabr RW, Birkle DL, Azzaro AJ 1995 Stimulation of the amygdala by glutamate facilitates corticotropin-releasing factor release from the median eminence and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis in stressed animals. Neuroendocrinology 62:333-339
206. Carlson WE, Gann DS 1991 Response of plasma adrenocortico- tropin to injections of glutamate or norepinephrine in the dorsal rostral pons of cats. Endocrinology 128:3021-3031
207. Bartanusz V, Aubry J, Jezova D, Baffi J, Kiss J 1995 Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 66:247-252
208. Yoneda Y, Han D, Ogita K 1994 Preferential induction by stress of the N-methyl-D-aspartate recognition domain in discrete structures of rat brain. J Neurochem 63:1863-1871
209. Jezova D, Tokarev Rusnak M 1995 Endogenous excitatory amino acids are involved in stress-induced adrenocorticotropin and catecholamine release. Neuroendocrinology 62:326-332
210. Soltis RP, DiMicco JA 1992 Hypothalamic excitatory amino acid receptors mediate stress-induced tachycardia in rats. Am J Physiol 262:R689-R697
211. Papp M, Moryl E 1994 Antidepressant activity of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in a chronic mild stress model of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 263:1-7
212. Mason GA, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB 1983 Effects of excitotoxic amino acids on pituitary hormone secretion in the rat. Brain Res 289:366-369
213. Estienne MJ, Schillo KK, Gree MA, Hileman SM, Boling JA 1989 N-methyl-D,L-aspartate stimulates growth hormone but not luteinizing hormone secretion in the sheep. Life Sci 44:1527-1533
214. Shahab M, Nusser KD, Griel LC, Deaver DR 1993 Effect of a single intravenous injection of N-methyl-D,L-aspartic acid on secretion of luteinizing hormone and growth hormone in holstein bull calves. J Neuroendocrinol 5:469-473
215. Acs Z, Lonart G, Makara GB 1990 Role of hypothalamic factors (growth-hormone-releasing hormone and gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in the neonatal and adult rat. Neuroendocrinology 52:156-160
216. Nemeroff CB, Mason GA, Bissette G, Parks DA, Schwarcz R 1985 Effects of intra-hypothalamic injection of quinolinic acid on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in the unanesthetized rat. Neuroendocrinology 41:332-337
217. Cocilovo L, Colonna V, Zoli M, Biagini G, Settembrini BP, Muller EE, Cocchi D 1992 Central mechanisms subserving the impaired growth hormone secretion induced by persistent blockade of NMDA receptors in immature male rats. Neuroendocrinology 55:416-421
218. Cocchi D, Cattaneo L 1996 Role of excitatory amino acids in the regulation of growth hormone secretion. In: Brann DW, Mahesh VB (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids: Their Role in Neuroendocrine Regulation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 187-203
219. Robinson I, Clark RG 1987 The secretory pattern of GH and its significance fro growth in the rat. In: Isaksson O, Binder C, Hall K, Hokfelt B (eds) Growth Hormone: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 109-130
220. Niimi M, Sato M, Murao K, Takahara J, Kawanishi K 1994 Effect of excitatory amino acid receptor agonists on secretion of growth hormone as assessed by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Neuroendocrinology 60:173-178
221. Pohl CR, Lee LR, Smith MS 1989 Qualitative changes in luteinizing hormone and prolactin responses to N-methyl-aspartic acid during lactation in the rat. Endocrinology 124:1905-1911
222. Wagner EJ, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ 1993 Sexual differences in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated regulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons in the rat. Brain Res 611:139-146
223. Parker S, Crowley WR 1993 Stimulation of oxytocin release in the lactating rat by central excitatory amino acid mechanisms: evidence for specific involvement of R, S-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid sensitive glutamate receptors. Endocrinology 133:2847-2854