Kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression in the central nervous system following lethal and nonlethal coronavirus-induced acute encephalomyelitis

Virology

Volumn 233, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 260-270

  Parra, Beatriz ^a   Hinton, David R ^a   Lin, Mark T ^a   Cua, Daniel J ^a   Stohlman, Stephen A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; MESSENGER RNA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; GENE EXPRESSION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MOUSE; MURINE HEPATITIS CORONAVIRUS; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALIA; CORONAVIRUS; MURINAE; MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS;

EID: 0030787902     PISSN: 00426822     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8613     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Adami, C., Pooley, J., Glomb, J., Stecker, E., Fazal, F., Fleming, J. O., and Baker, S. C. (1995). Evolution of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) during chronic infection: Quasispecies nature of the persisting MHV RNA. Virology 209, 337-346.
2. Benveniste, E. N. (1992). Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: Sources, function and mechanism of action. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 263, 32, C1-C16.
3. Biron, C. A. (1994). Cytokines in the generation of immune responses to, and resolution of virus infection. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6, 530-538.
4. Brunda, M. J. (1994). Interleukin-12. J. Leukocyte Biol. 55, 280-288.
5. Colasanti, M., Persichini, T., Di-Pucchio, T., Gremo, F., and Lauro, G. M. (1995). Human ramified microglial cells produce nitric oxide upon Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation. J. Immunol. 200, 144-146.
6. Chen, W-F., and Zlotnik, A. (1991). IL-10: A novel cytotoxic T cell differentiation factor. J. Immunol. 147, 528-534.
7. Cua, D. J., Hinton, D. R., and Stohlman, S. A. (1995). Self-antigen-induced Th2 responses in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)-resistant mice. J. Immunol. 155, 4052-4059.
8. Cua, D. J., Coffman, R. L., and Stohlman, S. A. (1996). Exposure to T helper 2 cytokines in vivo before encounter with antigen selects for T helper subsets via alterations in antigen-presenting cell function. J. Immunol. 157, 2830-2836.
9. Finke, D., Brinckmann, U. G., ter Meulen, V., and Liebert, U. G. (1995). Gamma interferon is a major mediator of antiviral defense in experimental measles virus-induced encephalitis. J. Virol. 69, 5469-5474.
10. Fleming, J. O., Stohlman, S. A., Harmon, R. C., Lai, M. M. C., Frelinger, J. A., and Weiner, L. P. (1983). Antigenic relationships of murine coronaviruses: Analysis using monoclonal antibodies to JHM (MHV-4) virus. Virology 131, 296-307.
11. Fleming, J. O., Trousdale, M., El-Zaatarim, F., Stohlman, S. A., and Weiner, L. P. (1986). Pathogenicity of antigenic variants of murine coronavirus JHM selected with monoclonal antibodies. J. Virol. 58, 869-875.
12. Frei, K., Malipiero, U. V., Leist, T. P., Zinkernagel, R. M., Schwab, M. E., and Fontana, A. (1989). On the cellular source and function of interleukin 6 produced in the central nervous system in viral disease. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 689-694.
13. Gazzinelli, R. T., Etoum, I., Wynn, T. A., and Sher, A. (1993). Acute cerebral toxoplasmosis is induced by in vivo neutralization of TNF-α and correlates with the down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and other markers of macrophage activation. J. Immunol. 151, 3672-3681.
14. Heinzel, F. P., Rerko, R. M., Ahmed, F., and Hujer, A. M. (1996). IFN-γ independent production of IL-12 during murine endotoxemia. J. Immunol. 157, 4521-4528.
15. Houtman, J. J., and Fleming, J. O. (1996a). Dissociation of demyelination and viral clearance in congenitally immunodeficient mice infected with murine coronavirus JHM. J. NeuroVirol. 2, 101-111.
16. Houtman, J. J., and Fleming, J. O. (1996b). Pathogenesis of mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelination. J. NeuroVirol. 2, 361-376.
17. Ikemoto, K., Pollard, R. B., Fukymoto, T., Morimatsu, M., and Suzuki, F. (1995). Small amounts of exogenous IL-4 increase the severity of encephalitis induced in mice by the intranasal infection of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Immunol. 155, 1326-1333.
18. Joseph, J., Grun, J. L., Lublin, F. D., and Knobler, R. L. (1993). Interleukin-6 induction in vitro in mouse brain endothelial cells and astrocytes by exposure to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-4, JHM). J. Neuroimmunol. 42, 47-52.
19. Kennedy, M. K., Torrance, D. S., Picha, K. S., and Mohler, K. M. (1992). Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in the central nervous system of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reveals that IL-10 mRNA expression correlates with recovery. J. Immunol. 149, 2496-2505.
20. Kundig, T. M., Hengartner, H., and Zinkernagel, R. M. (1993). T cell-dependent IFN-γ exerts an antiviral effect in the central nervous system but not in peripheral solid organs. J. Immunol. 150, 2316-2321.
21. Kyuwa, S., and Stohlman, S. A. (1990). Pathogenesis of a neurotropic murine coronavirus strain JHM in the central nervous system. Seminar Virol. 1, 273-280.
22. Lampert, P. W., Sims, J. K., and Kniazeff, A. J. (1973). Mechanisms of demyelination in JHM virus encephalomyelitis. Electron microscopic studies. Acta Neuropathol. 24, 76-85.
23. Lane, T. E., Paoletti, A. D., and Buchmeier, M. J. (1997). Disassociation between the in vitro and in vivo effects of nitric oxide on a neurotropic murine coronavirus. J. Virol. 71, 2202-2210.
24. Lane, T. E., and Buchmeier, M. J. (1997). Murine coronavirus infection: A paradigm for virus-induced demyelinating disease. Trends Microbiol. 5, 9-14.
25. Lehmann, G. F., Moskophidis, D., and Lohler, J. (1988). Recovery from acute virus infection. Role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the elimination of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from spleens of mice. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 532, 238-256.
26. Lin, M. T., Stohlman, S. A., and Hinton, D. R. (1997). Mouse hepatitis virus is cleared from the central nervous systems of mice lacking perforin-mediated cytolysis. J. Virol. 71, 383-391.
27. Lodge, P. A., and Sriram, S. (1996). Regulation of microglial activation by TGF-β, IL-10, and CSF-1. J. Leukocyte Biol. 60, 502-508.
28. Lyons, C. R., Orloff, G. J., and Cunningham, J. M. (1992). Molecular cloning and functional expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a murine macrophage cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 6370-6374.
29. Moran, T. M., Isobe, H., Fernandez-Sesma, A., and Schulman, J. L. (1996). Interleukin-4 causes delayed virus clearance in influenza virus-infected mice. J. Virol. 70, 5230-5235.
30. Moskophidis, D., Frei, K., Lohler, J., Fontana, A., and Zinkernagel, R. M. (1991). Production of random classes of immunoglobulins in brain tissue during persistent viral infection paralleled by secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) but not IL-4, IL-5, and gamma interferon. J. Virol. 65, 1364-1369.
31. Murphy, E., Hieny, S., Sher, A., and O'Garra, A. (1993). Detection of in vivo expression of interleukin-10 using a semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction method in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. J. Immunol. Methods 162, 211-223.
32. Orange, J. S., and Biron, C. A. (1996). An absolute and restricted requirement for IL-12 in natural killer cell IFN-γ production and antiviral defense. J. Immunol. 156, 1138-1142.
33. Ozmen, L., Aguet, M., Trinchieri, G., and Garotta, G. (1995). The in vivo antiviral activity of interleukin-12 is mediated by gamma interferon. J. Virol. 69, 8147-8150.
34. Pearce, B. D., Hobbs, M. V., McGraw, T. S., and Buchmeier, M. (1994). Cytokine induction during T-cell mediated clearance of mouse hepatitis virus from neurons in vivo. J. Virol. 68, 5483-5495.
35. Perlman, S., and Reis, D. (1987). The astrocyte is a target cell in mice persistently infected with mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM. Microbiol. Pathog. 3, 309-314.
36. Pewe, L., Wu, G. F., Barnett, E. M., Castro, R. F., and Perlman, S. (1996). Cytotoxic T cell-resistant variants are selected in a virus-induced demyelinating disease. Immunity 5, 253-262.
37. Ruddle, N. H., Bergman, C. M., McGrath, K. M., Lingenheld, E. G., Grunnet, M. L., Padula, S. J., and Clark, R. B. (1990). An antibody to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor prevents transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 172, 1193-1200.
38. Sedgwick, J. D., and Dorries, R. (1991). The immune system response to viral infection of the CNS. Neurosciences 3, 93-100.
39. Sideras, P., Bergstedt-Lindquist, S, Severinson, E., Noma, Y., Naito, T., Azuma, C., Tanabe, T., Kinashi, T., Matsude, F., Yaoita, Y., and Honjo, T. (1987). IgG1 induction factor: A single molecular entity with multiple biological functions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 213, 227-236.
40. Smith, A. L., Barthold, S. W., de Souza, M. S., and Bottomly, K. (1991). The role of gamma interferon in infection of susceptible mice with murine coronavirus, MHV-JHM. Arch. Virol. 121, 89-100.
41. Stohlman, S. A., Braton, P. R., Fleming, J. O., Weiner, L. P., and Lai, M. M. C. (1982). Murine coronaviruses: Isolation and characterization of two plaque morphology variants of the JHM neurotropic strain. J. Gen. Virol. 63, 265-275.
42. Stohlman, S. A., Matsushima, G. K., Casteel, N., and Weiner, L. P. (1986). In Vivo effects of coronavirus-specific T cell clones: DTH inducer cells prevent a lethal infection but do not inhibit virus replication. J. Immunol. 136, 3052-3056.
43. Stohlman, S. A., Hinton, D. R., Cua, D., Dimacali, E., Sensintaffar, J., Hofman, F. M., Tahara, S. M., and Yao, Q. (1995a). Tumor necrosis factor expression during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis. J. Virol. 69, 5898-5903.
44. Stohlman, S. A., Bergmann, C. C., van der Veen, R. C., and Hinton, D. (1995b). Mouse hepatitis virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect from lethal infection without eliminating virus from the central nervous system. J. Virol. 69, 684-694.
45. Sun, N., Grzybicki, D., Castro, R. F., Murphy, S., and Perlman, S. (1995). Activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord of mice chronically infected with a neurotropic coronavirus. Virology 213, 482-493.
46. Takai, Y., Wong, G. G., Clark, S. C., Burakoff, S. J., and Hermann, S. H. (1988). B cell stimulatory factor-2 is involved in the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 140, 508-512.
47. Van Snick, J. (1990). Interleukin-6: An overview. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8, 253-278.
48. Wang, F. I., Stohlman, S. A., and Fleming, J. O. (1990). Demyelination induced by murine hepatitis virus, JHM strain (MHV-4) is immunologically mediated. J. Neuroimmunol. 30, 31-41.
49. Weiner, L. P. (1973). Pathogenesis of demyelination induced by a mouse hepatitis virus (JHM virus). Acta Neurol. 28, 298-303.
50. Wesselingh, S. L., Levine, B., Fox, R. J., Choi, S., and Griffin, D. E. (1994). Intracerebral cytokine mRNA expression during fatal and nonfatal alphavirus encephalitis suggests a predominant type 2 T cell response. J. Immunol. 152, 1289-1297.
51. + T cells. J. Virol. 64, 4589-4592.
52. Williamson, J. S.-P., Sykes, K., and Stohlman, S. (1991). Characterization of brain infiltrating mononuclear cells during infection with mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM. J. Neuroimmunol. 32, 199-207.
53. Williamson, J. S. P. (1992). Virus-specific T cells in the central nervous system following infection with an avirulent neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus. Regional Immunol. 4, 145-152.
54. Yamabe, T., Dhir, G., Cowan, E. P., Wolf, A. L., Bergey, G. K., Krumholz, A., Barry, E., Hoffmann, P. M., and Dhib-Jalbut, S. (1994). Cytokine-gene expression in measles-infected adult human glial cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 49, 171-179.
55. Yamaguchi, K., Goto, N., Kyuwa, S., Hayami, M., and Toyoda, Y. (1991). Protection of mice from a lethal coronavirus infection in the central nervous system adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cell clones. J. Neuroimmunol. 32, 1-9.
56. Yu, Z., Manickan, E., and Rouse, B. T. (1996). Role of interferon-γ in immunity to herpes simplex virus. J. Leukocyte Biol. 60, 528-532.
57. Zhang, X. M., Hinton, D., Cua, D. J., Stohlman, S. A., and Lai, M. M. C. (1997). Expression of gamma Interferon by a coronavirus defective-interfering RNA vector and its effect on viral replication, spread and pathogenesis. Virology, in press.