Neurological effects of microwave exposure related to mobile communication

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

Volumn 152, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-14

  Hermann, Dirk Matthias ^a   Hossmann, Konstantin Alexander ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR NEUROLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bioelectromagnetic interaction; Digital telephone; Electromagnetic exposure; Mobile telephony; Radiofrequency exposure

Indexed keywords

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN METABOLISM; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CANCER RISK; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; GLIOMA; HUMAN; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TELEPHONE;

EID: 0030776111     PISSN: 0022510X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-510X(97)00140-8     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Adair E.R., Adams B.W. Behavioral thermoregulation in the squirrel monkey: Adaptation processes during prolonged microwave exposure. Behav. Neurosci. 97:1983;49-61.
2. Albert E.N., Kerns J.M. Reversible microwave effects on the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 230:1981;153-164.
3. Arber S.L., Lin J.C. Microwave enhancement of membrane conductance: Effects of EDTA, caffeine and tetracaine. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR. 16:1984;469-475.
4. Arber S.L., Lin J.C. Microwave-induced changes in nerve cells: effects of modulation and temperature. Bioelectromagnetics. 6:1985;257-270.
5. Armstrong B., Thériault G., Guénel P., Deadman J., Goldberg M., Héroux P. Association between exposure to pulsed electromagnetic fields and cancer in electric utility workers in Quebec, Canada, and France. Am. J. Epidemiol. 140:1994;805-820.
6. Baranski S., Arber S.L., Lin J.C. Histological and histochemical effects of microwave irradiation on the central nervous system of rabbits and guinea pigs. Am. J. Physiol. Med. 51:1972;182-190.
7. Bawin S.M., Kaczmarek L.K., Adey W.R. Effects of modulated VHF fields on the central nervous system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 247:1975;74-81.
8. Berridge M.J., Irvine R.F. Inositol triphosphate, a novel second messenger in cellular signal transduction. Nature. 312:1984;315-321.
9. Blackman C.F., Benane S.G., Elder J.A., House D.E., Lampe J.A., Faulk J.M. Induction of calcium ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequence radiation: effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power-density window. Bioelectromagnetics. 12:1980;173-182.
10. Blackman C.F., Elder J.A., Weil C.M., Benane S.G., Eichinger D.C., House D.E. Induction of calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue by radio-frequency radiation: effects of modulation frequency and field strength. Radiat. Res. 14:1979;93-98.
11. Brück K., Hinckel P. Thermoafferent networks and their adaptive modifications. Encycl. Pharmacol. Ther. 6:1990;129-152.
12. Burkhardt, M., Spinelli, Y., Kusters, N., 1997. Exposure setup to test CNS effects of wireless communications systems. Health Phys., submitted.
13. CENELEC, 1995. Human exposure to electromagnetic fields: high frequency (10 kHz to 300 GHz). European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization; European Prestandard, ENV 500166-2.
14. Chou C.K., Guy A.W. Effects of electromagnetic fields on isolated nerve and muscle preparation. IEEE Transact. Microwave Theory Techn. 26:1978;141-147.
15. Chou C.K., Guy A.W. Microwave-induced auditory responses in guinea pigs: relationship of threshold and microwave-pulse duration. Radio Sci. 14:1979;193-197.
16. Chou C.K., Guy A.W., Galambos R. Auditory perception of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71:1982;1321-1334.
17. Chou C.K., Yee K.C., Guy A.W. Auditory response in rats exposed to 2450 MHz electromagnetic fields in a circularly polarized waveguide. Bioelectromagnetics. 6:1985;323-326.
18. Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P., Battaglia D.F., Akil H., Watson S.J. Pattern and time course of immediate early gene expression in rat brain following acute stress. Neuroscience. 64:1995;477-505.
19. Dimbylow P.J., Mann S.M. SAR calculation in an anatomically realistic model of the head for mobile communication transceivers at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 39:1994;1537-1553.
20. Dutta S.K., Das K., Ghosh B., Blackman C.F. Dose dependence of acetylcholinesterase activity in neuroblastoma cells exposed to modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 13:1992;317-322.
21. Dutta S.K., Ghosh B., Blackman C.F. Radiofrequency radiation-induced calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture. Bioelectromagnetics. 10:1989;197-202.
22. Dutta S.K., Subramoniam A., Ghosh B., Parshad R. Microwave radiation-induced calcium ion efflux from human neuroblastoma cells in culture. Bioelectromagnetics. 5:1984;71-78.
23. Elder, J.A., Cahill, D.F., 1984. Biological effects of radiofrequency radiation. US Environmental Protection Agency: EPA-600/8-83-026.
24. Floderus B., Persson T., Stenlund C., Wennberg A., Öst A., Knave B. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in relation to leukemia and brain tumors: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Causes Control. 4:1993;465-476.
25. Frey A.H., Feld S.R., Frey B. Neural function and behaviour: defining the relationship. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 247:1975;433-439.
26. Fritze, K., Wiessner, C., Kuster, N., Ssommer, C., Gass, P., Hermann, D.M., Kiessling, M., Hossmann, K.-A., 1997. Effect of GSM microwave exposure on the genomic response of the rat brain. Neuroscience, in press.
27. Fritze, K., Sommer, C., Schmitz, B., Mies, G., Hossmann, K.-A., Kiessling, M., Wiessner, C., 1997b. Effect of GSM microwave exposure on blood-brain barrier. Acta Neuropathol., in press.
28. Galvin M.J., Parks D.L., McRee D.L. Influence of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on enzyme activity. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 19:1981;149-156.
29. 32Pi-incorporation into phsophoinositides of rat brain synaptosomes. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 28:1989;223-234.
30. Goldman H., Lin J.C., Murphy S., Lin M.F. Cerebrovascular permeability to Rb-86 in the rat after exposure to pulsed microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics. 5:1984;323-330.
31. Gordon C.J., Long M.D., Fehlner K.S., Stead A.G. Body temperatures in the mouse, hamster, and rat exposed to radiofrequency radiation: An interspecies comparison. J. Therm. Biol. 11:1986;59-65.
32. Grin, A.N., 1974. Effects of microwave on catecholamine metabolism in brain. US Joint Pub. Research Device Rep JPRS 72606.
33. 14C-sucrose in the conscious rat. Exp. Neurol. 75:1982;299-307.
34. Guénel P., Raskmark P., Andersen J.B., Lynge E. Incidence of cancer in persons with occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in Denmark. Brit. J. Industr. Med. 50:1993;758-764.
35. Hinckel P., Perschel W.T. Influence of cold and warm acclimation on neuronal responses in the lower brain stem. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 65:1987;1281-1289.
36. ICNIRP, 1996. Health issues related to the use of hand-held radiotelephones and base transmitters. Health Phys. 70, 587-593.
37. IEEE, 1991. IEEE Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, C95.1.
38. Imeri L., Bianchi S., Angeli P., Mancia M. Stimulation of chilinergic receptors in the medial preoptic area affects sleep and cortical temperature. Am. J. Physiol. 38:1995;R294-R299.
39. Inaba R., Shishido K., Okada A., Moroji T. Effects of whole body microwave exposure on the rat brain contents of biogenic amines. Eur. Appl. Physiol. 65:1992;124-128.
40. IRPA/INIRC, 1988. Guidelines on limits of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 300 GHz. Health Phys. 54, 115-123.
41. Johansson B., Hardebo J.E. Cerebrovascular permeability and cerebral blood flow in hypertension induced by gammahydroxygutyric acid. An experimental study in the rat. Acta Neurol. Scand. 65:1982;448-457.
42. +)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 249:1974;1071-1080.
43. King J., Valcarcel E.R., Rufer J.T., Phillips J.W., Moran W.F. Noncomplementary DNA double strand break rejoining in bacterial and human cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1993;1055-1059.
44. Kittel Á., Siklós L., Thuróczy G., Somosy Z. Qualitative enzyme histochemistry and microanalysis reveals changes in ultrastructural distribution of calcium and calcium-activated ATPases after microwave irradiation of the medial habenula. Acta Neuropathol. 92:1996;362-368.
45. 2+ mediate hyperosmolal opening of the blood-brain barrier: In vitro studies in isolated rat cerebral capillaries. J. Neurochem. 52:1989;1135-1142.
46. Lai, H., 1994. Neurological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. In: Lin, J.C. (Ed.), Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems, Plenum Press, New York.
47. Lai H., Carino M.A., Guy A.W. Low-level microwave irradiation and central cholinergic systems. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 33:1989;131-138.
48. Lai H., Carino M.A., Horita A., Guy A.W. Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist blocks microwave-induced changes in central cholinergic activity in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 25:1990;609-612.
49. Lai H., Carino M.A., Horita A., Guy A.W. Opioid receptor subtypes that mediate a microwave-induced decrease in central cholinergic activity in the rat. Bioelectromagnetics. 13:1992;237-246.
50. Lai H., Carino M.A., Wen Y.F., Horita A., Guy A.W. Naltrexone pretreatment blocks microwave-induced changes in central cholinergic receptors. Bioelectromagnetics. 12:1991;27-33.
51. Lai H., Horita A., Chou C.K., Guy A.W. Low-level microwave irradiation affects central cholineregic activity in the rat. J. Neurochem. 48:1987;40-45.
52. Lai H., Singh N.P. Acute low-intersity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 16:1995;207-210.
53. Lai H., Singh N.P. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 69:1996;513-521.
54. Lancel M., Cronlein J., Muller-Preuss P., Holsboer F. Lipopolysaccharide increases EEG delta activity within non-REM sleep and disrupts sleep continuity in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 268:1995;R1310-1318.
55. Lin J.C., Lin M.F. Microwave hyperthermia-induced blood-brain barrier alterations. Radiat. Res. 89:1982;77-87.
56. Mahboob T., Haleem D.J., Mumtaz M., Haleem M.A. Stress and hypertension: role of serum, red cell and tissue electrolytes. Life Sci. 58:1996;1587-1590.
57. Mann K., Röschke J. Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on human sleep. Neuropsychobiology. 33:1996;41-47.
58. McCredie M., Maisonneuve P., Boyle P. Perinatal and early postnatal risk factors for malignant brain tumours in New South Wales children. Int. J. Cancer. 56:1994;11-15.
59. McGinty D., Szymusiak R. Keeping cool: a hypothesis about the mechanisms and functions of slow-wave sleep. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;480-487.
60. McKinlay A. Possible health effects related to the use of radiotelephones. Radiol. Protect. Bull. 187:1997;9-16.
61. McRee D.I., Wachtel H. The effects of microwave radiation on the vitality of isolated frog sciatic nerves. Radiat. Res. 82:1980;536-546.
62. Merritt J.H., Chamnes A.F., Hartzell R.H., Allan S.J. Orientation effect on microwave-induced hyperthermia and neurochemical correlates. J. Microwave Power. 12:1977;167-172.
63. Merritt J.H., chamness A.P., Allen S.J. Studies on blood-brain barrier permeability after microwave radiation. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 15:1978;367-377.
64. 2+ binding to brian tissue with pulse-modulated microwave energy. Bioelectromagnetics. 3:1982;475-478.
65. Mickley G.A., Cobb B.L., Mason P.A., Farrell S. Disruption of a putative working memory task and selective expression of brain c-fos following microwave-induced hyperthermia. Physiol. Behav. 55:1994;1029-1038.
66. Millar D.B., Christopher J.P., Hunter J., Yeandle S.S. The effect of exposure of acetylcholinesterase to 2450 MHz microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 5:1984;165-172.
67. Mitchell C.L., McRee D.I., Peterson N.J., Tilson H.A., Shandala M.G., Rudnev M.I., Varetskii V.V., Navakatikyan M.I. Results of a United States and Soviet Union joint project on nervous system effects of microwave radiation. Environ. Health Perspect. 81:1989;201-209.
68. Modak A.T., Stavinoha W.B., Dean U.P. Effect of short electromagnetic pulses on brain acetylcholine content and spontaneous motor activity in mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 2:1981;89-92.
69. Moriyama E., Salcman M., Broadwell R.D. Blood-brain barrier alteration after microwave-induced hyperthermia is purely a thermal effect: I. Temperature and power measurements. Surg. Neurol. 35:1991;177-182.
70. Neubauer C., Phelan A.M., Kues H., Lange D.G. Microwave irradiation of rats at 2.45 GHz activates pinocytic-like uptake of tracer by capillary endothelial cells of cerebral cortex. Bioelectromagnetics. 11:1990;261-268.
71. Opp M.R., Obal F.J., Krueger J.M. Interleukin 1 alters rat sleep: temporal and dose-related effects. Am. J. Physiol. 260:1991;R52-58.
72. Oscar K.J., Hawkins T.D. Microwave alteration of the blood-brain barrier system of rats. Brain Res. 126:1977;281-293.
73. Papahadjopoulos D., Jacobson K., Nir S., Isac T. Phase transitions in phospholipid vesicles. Fluorescence polarization and permeability measures concerning the effect of temperature and cholesterol. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 311:1973;330-348.
74. Pasche B., Erman M., Hayduk R., Mitler M.M., Reite M., Higgs L., Kuster N., Rossel C., Dafni U., Amato D., Barbault A., Lebet J.-P. Effects of low energy emission therapy in chronic psychophysiological insomnia. Sleep. 19:1996;327-336.
75. Persson B.R.R., Salford L.G., Brun A., Eberhardt J.L., Malmgren L. Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by magnetic and electromagnetic fields. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 649:1992;356-358.
76. Phelan A.M., Neubauer C.F., Timm R., Neirenberg J., Lange D.G. Athermal alterations in the structure of the canalicular membrane and ATPase activity induced by thermal levels of microwave radiation. Radiat. Res. 137:1994;52-58.
77. Preston E., Vavasour E.J., Assenheim H.M. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to mannitol in the rat following 2,450 MHz microwave irradiation. Brain Res. 174:1979;109-117.
78. Preston-Martin S., Mack W., Henderson B.E. Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County. Cancer Res. 49:1989;6137-6143.
79. Quock R.M., Fujimoto J.M., Ishii T.K., Lange D.G. Microwave facilitation of methylatropine antagonism of central cholinomimetic drug effects. Radiat. Res. 105:1986;328-340.
80. Rapoport S.I. Blood-brain barrier opening by isotonic saline infusion in normotensive and hypertensive animals. Acta Radiol. Diagn. 19:1978;921-932.
81. Reiser H.-P., Dimpfel W., Schober F. The influence of electromagnetic fields on human brain activity. Eur. J. Med. Res. 1:1995;27-32.
82. Reite M., Higgs L., Lebet J.-P., Barbault A., Rossel C., Kuster N., Dafni U., Amato D.B.P. Sleept inducing effect of low energy emission therapy. Bioelectromagnetics. 15:1994;67-75.
83. Sahl J.D., Kelsh M.A., Greenland S. Cohort and nested case-control studies of hematopoietic cancers and brain cancer among electric utility workers. Epidemiology. 4:1993;104-114.
84. Salford L.S., Brun A., Sturesson K., Eberhardt J.L., Persson B.R.R. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 50, and 200 Hz. Microsc. Res. Techn. 27:1994;535-542.
85. Sanders A.P., Joines W.T. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Bioelectromagnetics. 5:1984;63-70.
86. Sanders A.P., Joines W.T., Allis J.W. Effect of continuous-wave, pulsed, and sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated microwaves on brain energy metabolism. Bioelectromagnetics. 6:1985;89-97.
87. Sanders A.P., Schaefer D.J., Joines W.T. Microwave effects on energy metabolism of rat brain. Bioelectromagnetics. 1:1980;171-182.
88. Savitz D.A., Loomis D.P. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 141:1995;123-134.
89. Schreiber, G.H., Swaen, G.M.H., Meijers, J.M.M., Sturmans, F., 1993. Cancer mortality and residence near electric transmission equipment: A retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 22, 9-15.
90. Seaman R.L., Lebowitz R.M. Thresholds of cat cochlear nucleus neurons to microwave pulses. Bioelectromagnetics. 10:1989;147-160.
91. Seaman and Lebowitz, 1987 Please supply reference.
92. Seaman R.L., Wachtel H. Slow and rapid responses to CW and pulsed microwave radiation by individual Aplysia pacemakers. J. Microwave Power. 13:1978;77-86.
93. Shandala M.G., Dumanski U.D., Rudnev M.I., Ershova L.K., Los I.P. Study of nonionizing microwave radiation effects upon the central nervous system and behavior reaction. Environm. Health Perspect. 30:1979;115-121.
94. Shelton W.W.J.J., Merritt J.H. In vitro study of microwave effects on calcium efflux in rat brain tissue. Bioelectromagnetics. 2:1981;161-167.
95. Sheppard A.R., Bawin S.M., Adey W.R. Models of long-range order in cerebral macromolecules: effect of sub-ELF and of modulated VHF and UHF fields. Radio Sci. 14:1979;141-145.
96. Singh N., Rudra N., Bansal P., Mathur R., Behari J., Nayar U. Poly ADP ribosylation as a possible mechanism of microwave-biointeraction. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 38:1994;181-184.
97. Snyder, S.H., 1971. The effect of microwave irradiation on the turnover rate of serotonin and norepinephrine and the effect of microwave metabolizing enzymes, Final Report, Contract No. DADA 17-69-C-9144. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Washington, DC.
98. Sutton C.H., Carrol F.B. Effects of microwave-induced hyperthermia on the blood-brain barrier of the rat. Radiat. Sci. 14:1979;329-334.
99. Takashima S., Onaral B., Schwan H.P. Effects of modulated RF energy on the EEG of mammalian brain. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 16:1979;15-27.
100. Taylor E.M., Ashleman B.T. Analysis of central nervous system involvement in the microwave auditory effect. Brain Res. 74:1974;201-208.
101. Thuroczy G., Kubinyi G., Bodo M., Bakos J., Szabo L.D. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Rev. Environm. Health. 10:1994;135-148.
102. Tynes T., Jynge H., Vistnes A.I. Leukemia and brain tumors in Norwegian railway workers, a nested case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139:1994;645-653.
103. UNEP/WHO/IRPA, 1993. Electromagnetic fields (300 Hz-300 GHz). Geneva: World Health Organization; Environm. Health Crit. 137.
104. Vander Vorst A., Duhamel F. Advances in investigatin the interaction of microwave fields with the nervous system. IEEE Transact. Microwave Theory Techn. 44:1996;1898-1909.
105. von Klitzing I. Low-Frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields influence EEG of man. Phys. Med. 11:1995;77-80.
106. Wachtel H., Seaman R., Joines W. Effects of low-intensity microwaves on isolated neurons. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 247:1975;46-62.
107. Walters T.J., Mason P.A., Sherry C.J., Steffen C., Merritt J.H. No detectabel bioeffects following acute exposure to high peak power ultra-wide band electromagnetic radiation in rats. Aviat. Space Environm. Med. 66:1995;562-567.
108. Wang Z., Van Dorp R., Weidema A.F., Ypey D.L. No evidence for effects of mild microwave irradiation on electrophysiological and morphological properties of cultured embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion cells. Eur. J. Morphol. 29:1991;198-206.
109. Ward T.R., Elder J.A., Long M.D., Svendsgaard D. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeation in rats during exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics. 3:1982;371-383.
110. Williams W.M., Lu S.-T., del Cerro M., Michaelson S.M. Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. D. Brain Temperature and blood-brain barrier permeability to hydrophilic tracers. Brain Res. Rev. 7:1984;191-212.
111. Yatvin M.B., Cree T.C., Elson C.E., Gipp J.J., Tegmo I.-M., Vorpahl J.W. Correspondence -probing the relationship of membrane 'fluidity' to heat killing cells. Radiat. Res. 89:1982;644-646.