The French paradox unmasked: The role of folate

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 313-318

  Parodi, P W ^a  

^a NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; CHOLESTEROL; FOLIC ACID; HOMOCYSTEINE; LIPOPROTEIN; SATURATED FATTY ACID; VITAMIN;

DIET; FRANCE; FRUIT; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VEGETABLE;

EID: 0030773298     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-9877(97)90197-3     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Uemura K, Pisa Z. Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950. Wld Hlth Statist Quart 1988; 41: 155-178.
2. Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen M J et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the Seven Countries Study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 903-915.
3. Stamler J, Shekelle R. Dietary cholesterol and human coronary heart disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988; 112: 1032-1040.
4. Tunstall- Pedoe H. Autres pays, autres moeurs. Br Med J 1988; 297: 1559-1560.
5. Evans A E. Ruidavets J-B, McCrum E E et al. Autres pays, autres coeurs? dietary patterns, risk factors and ischaemic heart disease in Belfast and Toulouse. Q J Med 1995; 88: 469-477.
6. Frankel E N, Kanner J, German J B, Parks E, Kinsella J E. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine. Lancet 1993; 341: 454-457.
7. Renaud S, De Lorgeril M. Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 1523-1526.
8. Artaud-Wild S M, Connor S L, Sexton G, Connor W E. Differences in coronary mortality can be explained by differences in cholesterol and saturated fat intakes in 40 countries but not in France and Finland. Circulation 1993; 88: 2771-2779.
9. Crique M H, Ringel B L. Does diet or alcohol explain the French paradox? Lancet 1994; 344: 1719-1723.
10. St Leger A S, Cochrane A L, Moore F. Factors associated with cardiac mortality in developed countries with particular reference to the consumption of wine. Lancet 1979; 1: 1017-1020.
11. Hegsted D M, Ausman L M. Diet alcohol and coronary heart disease in men. J Nutr 1988; 118: 1184-1189.
12. Kondo K, Matsumoto A, Kurata H et al. Inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoprotein with red wine. Lancet 1994; 344: 1152.
13. WHO MONICA Project, Prepared by Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Rajakangas A-M, Pajak A. Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organisation MONICA project. Circulation 1994; 90: 583-612.
14. Gey K F, Puska P, Jordan P, Moser U K. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischaemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 326S-334S.
15. Witztum J L. The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1994; 344: 793-795.
16. Elford J, Phillips A N, Thomson A G, Shaper A G. Migration and geographical variations in ischaemic heart disease in Great Britain. Lancet 1989; 1: 343-346.
17. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Smith W A S, Crombie I K, Tavendale R. Coronary risk factor and lifestyle variation across Scotland: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Scot Med J 1989; 34: 556-560.
18. Garg R, Madans J H, Kleinman J C. Regional variation in ischaemic heart disease incidence. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 149-156.
19. Jost J P, Simon C, Nuttens M C et al. Comparison of dietary patterns between population samples in the three French MONICA nutritional surveys. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1990; 38: 517-523.
20. Shaper A G, Wannamethee G, Walker M. Mild, butter, and heart disease. Br Med J 1991; 302: 785-786.
21. Armstrong B K, Mann J I, Adelstein A M, Eskin F. Commodity consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality, with special reference to dietary practices. J Chron Dis 1975; 28: 455-469.
22. Ulbricht T L V, Southgate D A T. Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet 1991; 338: 985-992.
23. Liu K, Stamler J, Trevisan M, Moss D. Dietary lipids, sugar, fibre, and mortality from coronary heart disease. Arteriosclerosis 1982; 2: 221-227.
24. Acheson R M, Williams D R R. Does consumption of fruit and vegetables protect against stroke? Lancet 1983; 1: 1191-1193.
25. Verlangieri A J, Kapeghian J C, el-Dean S, Bush M. Fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular mortality. Med Hypotheses 1985; 16: 7-15.
26. Jha P, Flather M, Lonn E, Farkouh M, Yusuf S. The antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 860-872.
27. Knekt P, Reunanen A, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Heliovaara M, Aromaa A. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139: 1180-1189.
28. Enstrom J E, Kanim L E, Klein M A. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology 1992; 3: 194-202.
29. Stampfer M J, Hennekens C H, Manson J E, Colditz G A, Rosner B, Willett W C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1444-1449.
30. Rimm E B, Stampfer M J, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz G A, Willett W C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1450-1456.
31. Gaziano J M, Manson J E, Branch L G, Colditz G A, Willett W C, Buring J E. A prospective study of consumption of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables and decreased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Ann Epidemiol 1995; 5: 255-260.
32. Kushi L H, Folsom A R, Prineas R J, Mink P J, Wu Y, Bostick R M. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1156-1162.
33. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1029-1035.
34. Hennekens C H, Buring J E, Manson J E et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beat carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1145-1149.
35. Omenn G S, Goodman G E, Thornquist M D et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1150-1155.
36. Stephens N G, Parsons A, Schofield P M et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996; 347: 781-786.
37. Murphy S P, Subar A F, Block G. Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 361-367.
38. Boushey C J, Beresford S A A, Omenn G S, Motulsky A G. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 274: 1049-1057.
39. Brattstrom L. Vitamins as homocysteine-lowering agents. J Nutr 1996; 126: 1276S-1280S.
40. Malinow M R. Plasma homocyst(e)ine: a risk factor for arterial occlusive disease. J Nutr 1996; 126: 1238S-1243S.
41. Kang S-S, Wong P W K, Malinow M R. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia as a risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. Annu Rev Nutr 1992; 12: 279-298.
42. Pancharuniti N, Lewis C A, Sauberlich H E et al. Plasma homocyst(e)ine, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations and risk for early-onset coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 940-948.
43. Morrison H I, Schaubel D, Desmeules M, Wigle D T. Serum folate and risk of fatal coronary heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 1996: 275: 1893-1896.
44. Holme I, Enger S C, Helgeland A et al. Risk factors and raised atherosclerotic lesions in coronary and cerebral arteries. Arteriosclerosis 1981; 1: 250-256.
45. McCully K S. Atherosclerosis, serum cholesterol and the homocysteine theory: a study of 194 consecutive autopsies. Am J Med Sci 1990; 299: 217-221.
46. Rose G, Shipley M J. Plasma lipids and mortality: a source of error. Lancet 1980; i: 523-526.
47. Sacks F M, Pasternak R C, Gibson C M, Rosner B, Stone P H. Effect on coronary atherosclerosis of decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic patients. Lancet 1994; 344: 1182-1186.
48. Stampfer M J, Malinow M R. Can lowering homocysteine levels reduce cardiovascular risks? N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 328-329.
49. Semenciw R M, Morrison H I, Mao Y, Johansen H, Davies J W, Wigle D T. Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality in adults: results from the Nutrition Canada Survey cohort. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 317-324.
50. Verschuren W M M, Jacobs D R, Bloemberg P M et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. J Am Med Assoc 1995: 274: 131-136.
51. Ubbink J B, Vermaak W J H, van der Merwe A, Becker P J. Vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate nutritional status in men with hyperhomocysteinemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 47-53.
52. Subar A F, Block G, James L D. Folate intake and food sources in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 508-516.
53. Selhub J, Jacques P F, Wilson P W F, Rush D, Rosenberg I H. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. J Am Med Assoc 1993; 270: 2693-2698.
54. Scragg R, Jackson R, Holdaway I M, Lim T, Beaglehole R. Myocardial infarction is inversely associated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 559-563.
55. Pocock S J, Shaper A G, Cook D G, Phillips A N, Walker M. Social class differences in ischaemic heart disease in British men. Lancet 1987; ii: 197-201.
56. Refsum H, Nygard O, Kvale G, Ueland P M, Vollset S E. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: the opposite tails odds ratios reveal differential effects of gender and intake of vitamin supplements at high and low plasma total homocysteine concentrations, J Nutr 1996; 126: 1244S-1248S.
57. Ubbink J B, Delport R, Vermaak W J H. Plasma homocysteine concentrations in a population with a low coronary heart disease prevalence. J Nutr 1996; 126: 1254S-1257S.