메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 293-322

Post-traumatic stress disorder. Pathophysiological aspects and pharmacological approaches to treatment

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUSPIRONE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONIDINE; CYPROHEPTADINE; FLUOXETINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; PROPRANOLOL; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 0030763295     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00023210-199708040-00004     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (19)

References (244)
  • 2
    • 0026498194 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder: The history of a recent concept
    • Gersons BPR, Carlier IVE. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the history of a recent concept. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161: 742-8
    • (1992) Br J Psychiatry , vol.161 , pp. 742-748
    • Gersons, B.P.R.1    Carlier, I.V.E.2
  • 7
    • 0026033672 scopus 로고
    • Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults
    • Brexlau N, Davis GC, Andreski P. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 216-22
    • (1991) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 216-222
    • Brexlau, N.1    Davis, G.C.2    Andreski, P.3
  • 8
    • 0000077788 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
    • Davidson JRT, Fairbank JA. The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Post-traumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993: 147-69
    • (1993) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: DSM IV and Beyond , pp. 147-169
    • Davidson, J.R.T.1    Fairbank, J.A.2
  • 9
    • 0002094074 scopus 로고
    • Subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder and duration of symptoms
    • Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
    • Rothbaum BO, Foa EB. Subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder and duration of symptoms. In: Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993: 23-35
    • (1993) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: DSM IV and Beyond , pp. 23-35
    • Rothbaum, B.O.1    Foa, E.B.2
  • 10
    • 0002116476 scopus 로고
    • The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
    • Blank Jr AS. The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM IV and beyond. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993: 3-22
    • (1993) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: DSM IV and Beyond , pp. 3-22
    • Blank Jr., A.S.1
  • 11
    • 0029929449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review
    • Shalev AY, Bonne O, Eth S. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review. Psychosom Med 1996; 58: 165-82
    • (1996) Psychosom Med , vol.58 , pp. 165-182
    • Shalev, A.Y.1    Bonne, O.2    Eth, S.3
  • 12
    • 9844255107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy of PTSD
    • Miller DJ, editor. New York: Plenum Publishing Co. In press
    • Giller Jr EL. Pharmacotherapy of PTSD. In: Miller DJ, editor. Handbook of post-traumatic stress disorders. New York: Plenum Publishing Co. In press
    • Handbook of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders
    • Giller Jr., E.L.1
  • 13
    • 0000837301 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbidity: Psychobiological approaches to differential diagnosis
    • Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven
    • Friedman MJ, Yehuda R. Post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbidity: psychobiological approaches to differential diagnosis. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995: 429-45
    • (1995) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: from Normal Adaptation to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 429-445
    • Friedman, M.J.1    Yehuda, R.2
  • 14
    • 0002424450 scopus 로고
    • Acute war neuroses
    • Sargant WW, Slater E. Acute war neuroses. Lancet 1940; 140: 1-2
    • (1940) Lancet , vol.140 , pp. 1-2
    • Sargant, W.W.1    Slater, E.2
  • 15
    • 0026523814 scopus 로고
    • Drug therapy of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Davidson J. Drug therapy of post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160: 309-14
    • (1992) Br J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 309-314
    • Davidson, J.1
  • 17
    • 0023619565 scopus 로고
    • The drug treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • van der Kolk BA. The drug treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Affect Dis 1987; 13: 203-13
    • (1987) J Affect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 203-213
    • Van Der Kolk, B.A.1
  • 18
    • 0026632496 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical review
    • Solomon SD, Gerrity ET, Muff AM. Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical review. JAMA 1992; 268: 633-8
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 633-638
    • Solomon, S.D.1    Gerrity, E.T.2    Muff, A.M.3
  • 21
    • 0028820647 scopus 로고
    • Functional neuroanatomical correlates of the effects of stress cm memory
    • Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, et al. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of the effects of stress cm memory. J Trauma Stress 1995; 8: 527-53
    • (1995) J Trauma Stress , vol.8 , pp. 527-553
    • Bremner, J.D.1    Krystal, J.H.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 22
    • 0027531792 scopus 로고
    • Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Charney DS, Deutch AY, Krystal JH, et al. Psychobiologic mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 294-305
    • (1993) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 294-305
    • Charney, D.S.1    Deutch, A.Y.2    Krystal, J.H.3
  • 23
    • 0002275605 scopus 로고
    • Interrelationships between biological mechanisms and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Wolf ME. Mosnaim AD, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Friedman MJ. Interrelationships between biological mechanisms and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Wolf ME. Mosnaim AD, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1990: 204-25
    • (1990) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Phenomenology, and Treatment , pp. 204-225
    • Friedman, M.J.1
  • 24
    • 0000147029 scopus 로고
    • Biological approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Friedman MJ. Biological approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1991; 4: 67-91
    • (1991) J Trauma Stress , vol.4 , pp. 67-91
    • Friedman, M.J.1
  • 27
    • 0023247433 scopus 로고
    • A neuropsychological hypothesis explaining post-traumatic stress disorders
    • Kolb LC. A neuropsychological hypothesis explaining post-traumatic stress disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 989-95
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 989-995
    • Kolb, L.C.1
  • 28
    • 0024332285 scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological aspects of PTSD: Review of clinical and preclinical studies
    • Krystal JH, Kosten TR, Southwick S, et al. Neurobiological aspects of PTSD: review of clinical and preclinical studies. Behav Ther 1989; 20: 177-98
    • (1989) Behav Ther , vol.20 , pp. 177-198
    • Krystal, J.H.1    Kosten, T.R.2    Southwick, S.3
  • 30
    • 0001446998 scopus 로고
    • Biological findings in posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for DSM-IV classification
    • Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Pitman RK. Biological findings in posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM-IV classification. In: Davidson JRT, Foa EB, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: DSM-IV and beyond. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1993
    • (1993) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: DSM-IV and Beyond
    • Pitman, R.K.1
  • 31
    • 0027218447 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder: A biopsychological perspective
    • Shalev A. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a biopsychological perspective. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1993; 30: 102-9
    • (1993) Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci , vol.30 , pp. 102-109
    • Shalev, A.1
  • 33
    • 0022210385 scopus 로고
    • Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress
    • van der Kolk B, Greenberg M, Boyd H, et al. Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress. Biol Psychiatry 1985; 20: 314-25
    • (1985) Biol Psychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 314-325
    • Van Der Kolk, B.1    Greenberg, M.2    Boyd, H.3
  • 34
    • 0004066944 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • van der Kolk BA. Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1987
    • (1987) Psychological Trauma
    • Van Der Kolk, B.A.1
  • 35
    • 0006034938 scopus 로고
    • The biological response to psychic trauma: Mechanisms and treatment of intrusion and numbing
    • van der Kolk BA, Saporta J. The biological response to psychic trauma: mechanisms and treatment of intrusion and numbing. Anxiety Res 1991; 4: 199-212
    • (1991) Anxiety Res , vol.4 , pp. 199-212
    • Van Der Kolk, B.A.1    Saporta, J.2
  • 36
    • 0025986164 scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Giller EL, Southwick SM, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 30: 1031-48
    • (1991) Biol Psychiatry , vol.30 , pp. 1031-1048
    • Yehuda, R.1    Giller, E.L.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 37
    • 0027210916 scopus 로고
    • Long-lasting hormonal alterations to extreme stress in humans: Normative or maladaptive?
    • Yehuda R, Resnick H, Boaz K, et al. Long-lasting hormonal alterations to extreme stress in humans: normative or maladaptive? Psychosom Med 1993; 55: 287-97
    • (1993) Psychosom Med , vol.55 , pp. 287-297
    • Yehuda, R.1    Resnick, H.2    Boaz, K.3
  • 38
    • 0020339583 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiological study of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans
    • Blanchard EB, Kolb LC, Pallmeyer TP, et al. Psychophysiological study of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Psychiatr Q 1982; 54: 220-9
    • (1982) Psychiatr Q , vol.54 , pp. 220-229
    • Blanchard, E.B.1    Kolb, L.C.2    Pallmeyer, T.P.3
  • 39
    • 0022891312 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac response to relevant stimuli as an adjunctive tool for diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans
    • Blanchard EB, Kolb LC, Gerardi RJ, et al. Cardiac response to relevant stimuli as an adjunctive tool for diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behav Ther 1986; 17: 592-606
    • (1986) Behav Ther , vol.17 , pp. 592-606
    • Blanchard, E.B.1    Kolb, L.C.2    Gerardi, R.J.3
  • 40
    • 0025800973 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiological responses in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans
    • Blanchard EB, Kolb LC, Prins A, et al. Psychophysiological responses in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179: 371-3
    • (1991) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.179 , pp. 371-373
    • Blanchard, E.B.1    Kolb, L.C.2    Prins, A.3
  • 41
    • 0024389244 scopus 로고
    • Ability of Vietnam veterans to dissimulate a psychophysiological assessment for post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Gerurdi RJ, Blanchard EB, Kolb LC. Ability of Vietnam veterans to dissimulate a psychophysiological assessment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Ther 1989; 20: 229-43
    • (1989) Behav Ther , vol.20 , pp. 229-243
    • Gerurdi, R.J.1    Blanchard, E.B.2    Kolb, L.C.3
  • 42
    • 0021039853 scopus 로고
    • Validation of a multimethod assessment of post-traumatic stress disorders in Vietnam veterans
    • Malloy PF, Fairbank JA, Keane TM. Validation of a multimethod assessment of post-traumatic stress disorders in Vietnam veterans. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983; 81: 488-94
    • (1983) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.81 , pp. 488-494
    • Malloy, P.F.1    Fairbank, J.A.2    Keane, T.M.3
  • 43
    • 0023024276 scopus 로고
    • The psychophysiology of combat-induced post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans
    • Pallmeyer TP, Blanchard EB, Kolb LC. The psychophysiology of combat-induced post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behav Res Ther 1986; 24: 645-52
    • (1986) Behav Res Ther , vol.24 , pp. 645-652
    • Pallmeyer, T.P.1    Blanchard, E.B.2    Kolb, L.C.3
  • 44
    • 0023475108 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiologic assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans
    • Pitman RK, Orr SP, Forgue DF, et al. Psychophysiologic assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 970-5
    • (1987) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 970-975
    • Pitman, R.K.1    Orr, S.P.2    Forgue, D.F.3
  • 45
    • 0025219773 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiologic response to combat imagery of Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder versus other anxiety disorders
    • Pitman RK, Orr SP, Forgue DF, et al. Psychophysiologic response to combat imagery of Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder versus other anxiety disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 1990; 99: 49-54
    • (1990) J Abnorm Psychol , vol.99 , pp. 49-54
    • Pitman, R.K.1    Orr, S.P.2    Forgue, D.F.3
  • 46
    • 0000164979 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiological studies of combat-related PTSD: An integrative review
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • McFall ME, Murburg MM. Psychophysiological studies of combat-related PTSD: an integrative review. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994: 161-74
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 161-174
    • McFall, M.E.1    Murburg, M.M.2
  • 47
    • 0002261136 scopus 로고
    • Basal sympathoadrenal function in patients with PTSD and depression
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Murburg MM, McFall ME, Veith RC. Basal sympathoadrenal function in patients with PTSD and depression. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994: 175-88
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 175-188
    • Murburg, M.M.1    McFall, M.E.2    Veith, R.C.3
  • 48
    • 0024415394 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiologic and neuroendocrine findings in posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of theory and research
    • McFall ME, Murburg MM, Roszell DK, et al. Psychophysiologic and neuroendocrine findings in posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of theory and research. J Anxiety Dis 1989; 3: 243-57
    • (1989) J Anxiety Dis , vol.3 , pp. 243-257
    • McFall, M.E.1    Murburg, M.M.2    Roszell, D.K.3
  • 49
    • 0026731552 scopus 로고
    • Basal sympathoadrenal function in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • McFall ME, Veith RC, Murburg MM. Basal sympathoadrenal function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31: 1050-6
    • (1992) Biol Psychiatry , vol.31 , pp. 1050-1056
    • McFall, M.E.1    Veith, R.C.2    Murburg, M.M.3
  • 50
    • 0025275057 scopus 로고
    • Physiological response to combat memories and preliminary treatment outcome in Vietnam veteran PTSD patients treated with direct therapeutic exposure
    • Boudewyns PA, Hyer L. Physiological response to combat memories and preliminary treatment outcome in Vietnam veteran PTSD patients treated with direct therapeutic exposure. Behav Ther 1990; 21: 63-87
    • (1990) Behav Ther , vol.21 , pp. 63-87
    • Boudewyns, P.A.1    Hyer, L.2
  • 51
    • 0001497874 scopus 로고
    • Observations on persistence of war neurosis
    • Dobbs D, Wilson WP. Observations on persistence of war neurosis. Dis Nerv Syst 1960; 21: 686-91
    • (1960) Dis Nerv Syst , vol.21 , pp. 686-691
    • Dobbs, D.1    Wilson, W.P.2
  • 52
    • 0025332302 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic responses to stress in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • McFall ME, Murburg MM, Ko GN, et al. Autonomic responses to stress in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 1165-75
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 1165-1175
    • McFall, M.E.1    Murburg, M.M.2    Ko, G.N.3
  • 53
    • 0030248065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-related potentials in post-traumatic stress disorder of combat origin
    • Attias J, Bleich A, Furman V, et al. Event-related potentials in post-traumatic stress disorder of combat origin. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 373-81
    • (1996) Biol Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 373-381
    • Attias, J.1    Bleich, A.2    Furman, V.3
  • 54
    • 0025027296 scopus 로고
    • Physiological evidence of exaggerated startle response in a subgroup of Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD
    • Butler RW, Braff DL, Rausch JL, et al. Physiological evidence of exaggerated startle response in a subgroup of Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1309-12
    • (1990) Am J Psychiatry , vol.147 , pp. 1309-1312
    • Butler, R.W.1    Braff, D.L.2    Rausch, J.L.3
  • 55
    • 0024419156 scopus 로고
    • Habituation of the startle reflex in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Ross RJ, Ball WA, Cohen ME, et al. Habituation of the startle reflex in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1989; 1: 305-7
    • (1989) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 305-307
    • Ross, R.J.1    Ball, W.A.2    Cohen, M.E.3
  • 56
    • 0026574629 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic responses to loud tones in Israeli patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Shalev AY, Orr SP, Peri T, et al. Physiologic responses to loud tones in Israeli patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 870-5
    • (1992) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 870-875
    • Shalev, A.Y.1    Orr, S.P.2    Peri, T.3
  • 57
    • 0028856249 scopus 로고
    • Fear-potentiated startle in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Morgan III CA, Grillon C, Southwick SM, et al. Fear-potentiated startle in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 378-85
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 378-385
    • Morgan III, C.A.1    Grillon, C.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 58
    • 0027488953 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal stimulus processing in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • McFarlane A, Weber D, Clark C. Abnormal stimulus processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 311-20
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 311-320
    • McFarlane, A.1    Weber, D.2    Clark, C.3
  • 59
    • 0025021747 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiological correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans
    • Paige SR, Reid GM, Allen MG, et al. Psychophysiological correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 419-30
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 419-430
    • Paige, S.R.1    Reid, G.M.2    Allen, M.G.3
  • 60
    • 0025359352 scopus 로고
    • Nalaxone-reversible analgesic response to combat-related stimuli in post traumatic stress disorder
    • Pitman RK, van der Kolk BA, Orr SP, et al. Nalaxone-reversible analgesic response to combat-related stimuli in post traumatic stress disorder. Arch den Psychiatry 1990; 47: 541-4
    • (1990) Arch Den Psychiatry , vol.47 , pp. 541-544
    • Pitman, R.K.1    Van Der Kolk, B.A.2    Orr, S.P.3
  • 61
    • 0025160538 scopus 로고
    • Psychometric profile of PTSD, anxious and healthy Vietnam veterans: Correlations with psychophysiological response
    • Orr SP, Claiborn JM, Altman B, et al. Psychometric profile of PTSD, anxious and healthy Vietnam veterans: correlations with psychophysiological response. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58: 329-35
    • (1990) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.58 , pp. 329-335
    • Orr, S.P.1    Claiborn, J.M.2    Altman, B.3
  • 62
    • 0024364502 scopus 로고
    • Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Ross RJ, Ball WA, Sullivan KA, et al. Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 697-707
    • (1989) Am J Psychiatry , vol.146 , pp. 697-707
    • Ross, R.J.1    Ball, W.A.2    Sullivan, K.A.3
  • 64
    • 0023143312 scopus 로고
    • Sustained urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine elevation in post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Kosten TR, Mason JW, Gilier Jr EL, et al. Sustained urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine elevation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1987; 12: 13-20
    • (1987) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.12 , pp. 13-20
    • Kosten, T.R.1    Mason, J.W.2    Gilier Jr., E.L.3
  • 65
    • 0008717639 scopus 로고
    • Psychoendocrine approaches to the diagnosis and pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Giller Jr EL, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Mason JW, Gilier Jr EL, Kosten TR, et al. Psychoendocrine approaches to the diagnosis and pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Giller Jr EL, editor. Biological assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1990: 65-86
    • (1990) Biological Assessment and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 65-86
    • Mason, J.W.1    Gilier Jr., E.L.2    Kosten, T.R.3
  • 66
    • 0023801819 scopus 로고
    • Elevation of urinary norepinephrine/cortisol ratio in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, et al. Elevation of urinary norepinephrine/cortisol ratio in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988; 176: 498-502
    • (1988) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.176 , pp. 498-502
    • Mason, J.W.1    Giller, E.L.2    Kosten, T.R.3
  • 67
    • 0026658930 scopus 로고
    • Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans
    • Yehuda R, Southwick S, Giller EL, et al. Urinary catecholamine excretion and severity of PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 180: 321-5
    • (1992) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.180 , pp. 321-325
    • Yehuda, R.1    Southwick, S.2    Giller, E.L.3
  • 68
    • 0012992683 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between catecholamine excretion and PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans and Holocaust survivors
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Yehuda R, Giller Jr EL, Southwick SM, et al. Relationship between catecholamine excretion and PTSD symptoms in Vietnam combat veterans and Holocaust survivors. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994; 203-19
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 203-219
    • Yehuda, R.1    Giller Jr., E.L.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 69
    • 0025060942 scopus 로고
    • Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Pitman R, Orr S. Twenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 245-7
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 245-247
    • Pitman, R.1    Orr, S.2
  • 70
    • 0025800973 scopus 로고
    • Changes in plasma norepinephrine to combat-related stimuli among Vietnam veterans with post traumatic stress disorder
    • Blanchard EB, Kolb LC, Prins A, et al. Changes in plasma norepinephrine to combat-related stimuli among Vietnam veterans with post traumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179: 371-3
    • (1991) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.179 , pp. 371-373
    • Blanchard, E.B.1    Kolb, L.C.2    Prins, A.3
  • 71
    • 0344343959 scopus 로고
    • Stress-induced alterations in plasma catecholamines and sympathetic nervous system function in PTSD
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Murburg MM, McFall ME, Ko GN, et al. Stress-induced alterations in plasma catecholamines and sympathetic nervous system function in PTSD. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994: 189-202
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 189-202
    • Murburg, M.M.1    McFall, M.E.2    Ko, G.N.3
  • 72
    • 0029646118 scopus 로고
    • Plasma norepinephrine kinetics in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Murburg MM, McFall ME, Lewis N, et al. Plasma norepinephrine kinetics in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 819-25
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 819-825
    • Murburg, M.M.1    McFall, M.E.2    Lewis, N.3
  • 73
    • 0027414421 scopus 로고
    • Elevated plasma dopamine in post-traumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report
    • Hamner MB, Diamond BI, Elevated plasma dopamine in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 33: 304-6
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 304-306
    • Hamner, M.B.1    Diamond, B.I.2
  • 74
    • 0023449930 scopus 로고
    • Altered platelet alpha-2-adrenergic binding sites in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Perry BD, Giller EL, Southwick SM. Altered platelet alpha-2-adrenergic binding sites in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1511-2
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1511-1512
    • Perry, B.D.1    Giller, E.L.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 75
    • 0000223858 scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: PTSD in children
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Perry BD. Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: PTSD in children. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994: 233-55
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 233-255
    • Perry, B.D.1
  • 76
    • 0023232251 scopus 로고
    • Cyclic AMP signal transduction in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Lerer B, Ebstein RP, Shestatsky M, et al. Cyclic AMP signal transduction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1324-7
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1324-1327
    • Lerer, B.1    Ebstein, R.P.2    Shestatsky, M.3
  • 77
    • 0025278546 scopus 로고
    • Platelet adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C activity in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Lerer B, Bleich A, Bennett ER, et al. Platelet adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C activity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 735-40
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.27 , pp. 735-740
    • Lerer, B.1    Bleich, A.2    Bennett, E.R.3
  • 78
    • 0141557474 scopus 로고
    • Platelet adenylate cyclase activity as a possible biologic marker for posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Wolf MB, Mosnaim AD, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Lerer B, Bleich A, Solomon Z, et al. Platelet adenylate cyclase activity as a possible biologic marker for posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Wolf MB, Mosnaim AD, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1990: 148-56
    • (1990) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Phenomenology, and Treatment , pp. 148-156
    • Lerer, B.1    Bleich, A.2    Solomon, Z.3
  • 79
    • 0028804591 scopus 로고
    • Absence of reduced platelet adenylate cyclase activity in Vietnam veterans with PTSD
    • Kohn Y, Newman ME, Lerer B, et al. Absence of reduced platelet adenylate cyclase activity in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 205-8
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 205-208
    • Kohn, Y.1    Newman, M.E.2    Lerer, B.3
  • 80
    • 0018826683 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric vulnerability, monoamine oxidase, and the average evoked potential
    • Haier RJ, Buchsbaum MS, Murphy DL, et al. Psychiatric vulnerability, monoamine oxidase, and the average evoked potential. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 340-5
    • (1980) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.37 , pp. 340-345
    • Haier, R.J.1    Buchsbaum, M.S.2    Murphy, D.L.3
  • 81
    • 0015912031 scopus 로고
    • Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in platelets: A possible genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia
    • Wyatt RJ, Murphy DL, Belmaker RH, et al. Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in platelets: a possible genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia. Science 1473; 197: 916-8
    • (1473) Science , vol.197 , pp. 916-918
    • Wyatt, R.J.1    Murphy, D.L.2    Belmaker, R.H.3
  • 82
    • 0017173890 scopus 로고
    • The biochemical high-risk paradigm: Behavioral and familial correlates of low platelet monoamine oxidase activity
    • Buchsbaum MS, Coursey RD, Murphy DL. The biochemical high-risk paradigm: behavioral and familial correlates of low platelet monoamine oxidase activity. Science 1976; 194: 339-41
    • (1976) Science , vol.194 , pp. 339-341
    • Buchsbaum, M.S.1    Coursey, R.D.2    Murphy, D.L.3
  • 83
    • 0022353925 scopus 로고
    • Platelet MAO activity in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Davidson J, Lipper S, Kills CD, et al. Platelet MAO activity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1341-3
    • (1985) Am J Psychiatry , vol.142 , pp. 1341-1343
    • Davidson, J.1    Lipper, S.2    Kills, C.D.3
  • 84
    • 0027447306 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Morgan CA, et al. Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 266-74
    • (1993) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 266-274
    • Southwick, S.M.1    Krystal, J.H.2    Morgan, C.A.3
  • 86
    • 0014102180 scopus 로고
    • Urinary 17-OHCS levels: Data on seven helicopter medics in combat
    • Bourne PB, Rose RM, Mason JW. Urinary 17-OHCS levels: data on seven helicopter medics in combat. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1967; 17: 104-10
    • (1967) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 104-110
    • Bourne, P.B.1    Rose, R.M.2    Mason, J.W.3
  • 87
    • 0014321633 scopus 로고
    • 17-OHCS levels in combat: Special forces 'A' team under threat of attack
    • Bourne PB, Rose RM, Mason JW. 17-OHCS levels in combat: special forces 'A' team under threat of attack. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1968; 19: 135-40
    • (1968) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.19 , pp. 135-140
    • Bourne, P.B.1    Rose, R.M.2    Mason, J.W.3
  • 88
    • 0014288669 scopus 로고
    • Psychological state and body size as determinants of 17-OHCS excretion
    • Rose RM, Poe RO, Mason JW. Psychological state and body size as determinants of 17-OHCS excretion. Arch Intern Med 1968; 121: 406-13
    • (1968) Arch Intern Med , vol.121 , pp. 406-413
    • Rose, R.M.1    Poe, R.O.2    Mason, J.W.3
  • 89
    • 0022656717 scopus 로고
    • Urinary-free cortisol levels in post-traumatic stress disorder patients
    • Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, et al. Urinary-free cortisol levels in post-traumatic stress disorder patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174: 145-59
    • (1986) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.174 , pp. 145-159
    • Mason, J.W.1    Giller, E.L.2    Kosten, T.R.3
  • 90
    • 0027203816 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number and urinary-free cortisol excretion in mood, anxiety and psychotic disorder
    • Yehuda R, Boisoneau D, Mason JW, et al. Relationship between lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number and urinary-free cortisol excretion in mood, anxiety and psychotic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 18-25
    • (1993) Biol Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 18-25
    • Yehuda, R.1    Boisoneau, D.2    Mason, J.W.3
  • 92
    • 0029014848 scopus 로고
    • Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, et al. Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 982-6
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 982-986
    • Yehuda, R.1    Kahana, B.2    Binder-Brynes, K.3
  • 93
    • 0026081904 scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in post traumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Lowy MT, Southwick SM, et al. Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in post traumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 499-504
    • (1991) Am J Psychiatry , vol.148 , pp. 499-504
    • Yehuda, R.1    Lowy, M.T.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 94
    • 0001198003 scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning in post-traumatic stress disorder: Expanding the concept of the stress response spectrum
    • Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven
    • Yehuda R, Giller Jr EL, Levengood RA, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning in post-traumatic stress disorder: expanding the concept of the stress response spectrum. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995: 351-65
    • (1995) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: from Normal Adaptation to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 351-365
    • Yehuda, R.1    Giller Jr., E.L.2    Levengood, R.A.3
  • 95
    • 0023253201 scopus 로고
    • The DST and posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Kudler H, Davidson J, Meador K, et al. The DST and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1068-71
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1068-1071
    • Kudler, H.1    Davidson, J.2    Meador, K.3
  • 96
    • 0000462456 scopus 로고
    • Affective disorders. DST, and treatment in PTSD patients: Clinical observations
    • Olivera AA, Fero D. Affective disorders. DST, and treatment in PTSD patients: clinical observations. J Trauma Stress 1990; 3: 407-14
    • (1990) J Trauma Stress , vol.3 , pp. 407-414
    • Olivera, A.A.1    Fero, D.2
  • 97
    • 0024465091 scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity in endogenously depressed post-Traumatic stress disorder patients
    • Halbreich U, Olympia J, Carson S, et al. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity in endogenously depressed post-Traumatic stress disorder patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1989; 14: 365-70
    • (1989) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.14 , pp. 365-370
    • Halbreich, U.1    Olympia, J.2    Carson, S.3
  • 98
    • 0025170005 scopus 로고
    • The dexamethasone suppression test and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation lest in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Kosten TR, Wahby V, Giller Jr E, et al. The dexamethasone suppression test and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation lest in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 657-64
    • (1990) Biol Psychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 657-664
    • Kosten, T.R.1    Wahby, V.2    Giller Jr., E.3
  • 99
    • 0027476739 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced suppression of cortisol following dexamethasone administration in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Yehuda R, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, et al. Enhanced suppression of cortisol following dexamethasone administration in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 83-6
    • (1993) Am J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 83-86
    • Yehuda, R.1    Southwick, S.M.2    Krystal, J.H.3
  • 100
    • 0029896499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: A chronobiological analysis
    • Yehuda R, Teicher MH, Trestman RL, et al. Cortisol regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: a chronobiological analysis. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 79-88
    • (1996) Biol Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 79-88
    • Yehuda, R.1    Teicher, M.H.2    Trestman, R.L.3
  • 101
    • 0018333431 scopus 로고
    • Serotonergic innervation of the locus coeruleus from the dorsal raphe and its action on responses to noxious stimuli
    • Segal M. Serotonergic innervation of the locus coeruleus from the dorsal raphe and its action on responses to noxious stimuli. J Physiol 1979; 286: 401-15
    • (1979) J Physiol , vol.286 , pp. 401-415
    • Segal, M.1
  • 102
    • 0025412449 scopus 로고
    • Serotonin receptor and reuptake sites: Pharmacologic significance
    • Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Peroutka SJ. Serotonin receptor and reuptake sites: pharmacologic significance. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (4 Suppl.): 5-12
    • (1990) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.51 , Issue.4 SUPPL. , pp. 5-12
    • Gonzalez-Heydrich, J.1    Peroutka, S.J.2
  • 104
    • 0026523449 scopus 로고
    • Serotonin related functions in panic-anxiety: A critical overview
    • Coplan JD, Gorman JM, Klein DF. Serotonin related functions in panic-anxiety: a critical overview. Neuropsychopharmacology 1992; 6: 189-200
    • (1992) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.6 , pp. 189-200
    • Coplan, J.D.1    Gorman, J.M.2    Klein, D.F.3
  • 105
    • 0026725877 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical alterations in serotonergic neuronal systems in depression
    • Risch SC, Nemeroff CB. Neurochemical alterations in serotonergic neuronal systems in depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 (10 Suppl.): 3-7
    • (1992) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.53 , Issue.10 SUPPL. , pp. 3-7
    • Risch, S.C.1    Nemeroff, C.B.2
  • 107
    • 0002275605 scopus 로고
    • Interrelationships between biological mechanisms and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Wolf M, Mosnaim A, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Friedman MJ. Interrelationships between biological mechanisms and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Wolf M, Mosnaim A, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, phenomenology and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1990: 204-25
    • (1990) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Phenomenology and Treatment , pp. 204-225
    • Friedman, M.J.1
  • 109
    • 0020517659 scopus 로고
    • Post traumatic stress disorder and concurrent psychiatric illness: A preliminary report
    • Sierles FS, Chen J-J, McFarland RE, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder and concurrent psychiatric illness: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140: 1177-9
    • (1983) Am J Psychiatry , vol.140 , pp. 1177-1179
    • Sierles, F.S.1    Chen, J.-J.2    McFarland, R.E.3
  • 110
    • 0022655032 scopus 로고
    • Concurrent psychiatric illness in non-Hispanic outpatients diagnosed as having post traumatic stress disorder
    • Sierles FS, Chen JJ, Messing ML, et al. Concurrent psychiatric illness in non-Hispanic outpatients diagnosed as having post traumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174: 171-3
    • (1986) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.174 , pp. 171-173
    • Sierles, F.S.1    Chen, J.J.2    Messing, M.L.3
  • 111
    • 0024553050 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and psychopharmacological treatment characteristics of 536 inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Faustman WO, White PA. Diagnostic and psychopharmacological treatment characteristics of 536 inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177: 154-9
    • (1989) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.177 , pp. 154-159
    • Faustman, W.O.1    White, P.A.2
  • 112
    • 0025344043 scopus 로고
    • Symptom and comorbidity patterns in World War II and Vietnam veterans with post traumatic stress disorder
    • Davidson JRT, Kudler HS, Saunders WB, et al. Symptom and comorbidity patterns in World War II and Vietnam veterans with post traumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31: 162-70
    • (1990) Compr Psychiatry , vol.31 , pp. 162-170
    • Davidson, J.R.T.1    Kudler, H.S.2    Saunders, W.B.3
  • 113
    • 0028842438 scopus 로고
    • Sertraline treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence
    • Brady KT, Sonne SC, Roberts JM. Sertraline treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 502-5
    • (1995) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 502-505
    • Brady, K.T.1    Sonne, S.C.2    Roberts, J.M.3
  • 114
    • 34249922627 scopus 로고
    • Fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Davidson J, Roth S, Newman E. Fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder J Trauma Stress 1991; 4: 419-23
    • (1991) J Trauma Stress , vol.4 , pp. 419-423
    • Davidson, J.1    Roth, S.2    Newman, E.3
  • 116
    • 0028087026 scopus 로고
    • Platelet paroxetine binding and fluoxctine pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder: Preliminary observations on a possible predictor of clinical treatment response
    • Fichtner CG, Arora RC, O'Connor FL, et al. Platelet paroxetine binding and fluoxctine pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder: preliminary observations on a possible predictor of clinical treatment response. Life Sci 1994; 54: PL39-44
    • (1994) Life Sci , vol.54
    • Fichtner, C.G.1    Arora, R.C.2    O'Connor, F.L.3
  • 117
    • 0028353423 scopus 로고
    • Sertraline efficacy in depressed combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Kline NA, Dow BM, Brown SA, et al. Sertraline efficacy in depressed combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 621
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 621
    • Kline, N.A.1    Dow, B.M.2    Brown, S.A.3
  • 118
    • 0026560932 scopus 로고
    • Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine in PTSD
    • March JS. Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine in PTSD [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 413
    • (1992) Am J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 413
    • March, J.S.1
  • 119
    • 0029787538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open trial of fluvoxamine treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Marmar CR, Schoenfeld F, Weiss DS, et al. Open trial of fluvoxamine treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 Suppl. 8: 66-72
    • (1996) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.57 , Issue.8 SUPPL. , pp. 66-72
    • Marmar, C.R.1    Schoenfeld, F.2    Weiss, D.S.3
  • 120
    • 0025818094 scopus 로고
    • On open trial of fluoxetine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • McDougle CJ, Southwick SM, Charney DS, et al. On open trial of fluoxetine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11: 325-7
    • (1991) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.11 , pp. 325-327
    • McDougle, C.J.1    Southwick, S.M.2    Charney, D.S.3
  • 121
    • 0027474769 scopus 로고
    • Open prospective trial of fluoxetine for posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Nagy LM, Morgan CA, Southwick SM, et al. Open prospective trial of fluoxetine for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 13: 107-13
    • (1993) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.13 , pp. 107-113
    • Nagy, L.M.1    Morgan, C.A.2    Southwick, S.M.3
  • 122
    • 0029955036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sertraline in the treatment of rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Rothbaum BO, Ninan PT, Thomas L. Sertraline in the treatment of rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9: 865-71
    • (1996) J Trauma Stress , vol.9 , pp. 865-871
    • Rothbaum, B.O.1    Ninan, P.T.2    Thomas, L.3
  • 123
    • 0001841708 scopus 로고
    • Fluoxetine reduces explosiveness and elevates mood of Vietnam combat vets with PTSD
    • Shay J. Fluoxetine reduces explosiveness and elevates mood of Vietnam combat vets with PTSD. J Trauma Stress 1992; 5: 97-101
    • (1992) J Trauma Stress , vol.5 , pp. 97-101
    • Shay, J.1
  • 125
    • 0027317384 scopus 로고
    • Paroxetine binding in the blood platelets of post-traumatic stress disorder patients
    • Arora RC, Fichtner CG, O'Connor F, et al. Paroxetine binding in the blood platelets of post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Life Sci 1993; 53: 919-28
    • (1993) Life Sci , vol.53 , pp. 919-928
    • Arora, R.C.1    Fichtner, C.G.2    O'Connor, F.3
  • 126
    • 0004737839 scopus 로고
    • Hypodensity of platelet serotonin uptake sites in posttraumatic stress disorder: Associated clinical features
    • Fichtner CG, O'Connor FL, Yeoh HC, et al. Hypodensity of platelet serotonin uptake sites in posttraumatic stress disorder: associated clinical features. Life Sci 1995; 57: PL37-44
    • (1995) Life Sci , vol.57
    • Fichtner, C.G.1    O'Connor, F.L.2    Yeoh, H.C.3
  • 127
    • 0016016776 scopus 로고
    • L-tryptophan in mania: Contribution to a permissive hypothesis of affective disorders
    • Prange Jr AJ, Wilson IC, Lynn CW, et al. L-tryptophan in mania: contribution to a permissive hypothesis of affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974; 30: 56-62
    • (1974) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.30 , pp. 56-62
    • Prange Jr., A.J.1    Wilson, I.C.2    Lynn, C.W.3
  • 130
    • 0002819623 scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical studies of central noradrenergic responses to acute and chronic stress: Implications for normal and abnormal behavior
    • Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven
    • Zigmond MJ, Finlay JM, Sved AF. Neurochemical studies of central noradrenergic responses to acute and chronic stress: implications for normal and abnormal behavior. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995: 45-60
    • (1995) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: from Normal Adaptation to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 45-60
    • Zigmond, M.J.1    Finlay, J.M.2    Sved, A.F.3
  • 134
    • 0024837090 scopus 로고
    • Endogenous opioids, stress induced analgesia, and posttraumatic stress disorder
    • van der Kolk BA, Greenberg MS, Orr SP, et al. Endogenous opioids, stress induced analgesia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989; 25: 417-21
    • (1989) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.25 , pp. 417-421
    • Van Der Kolk, B.A.1    Greenberg, M.S.2    Orr, S.P.3
  • 135
    • 21144482097 scopus 로고
    • Emotional numbing: A possible endorphin-mediated phenomenon associated with post-traumatic stress disorders and other allied psychopathologic states
    • Glover H. Emotional numbing: a possible endorphin-mediated phenomenon associated with post-traumatic stress disorders and other allied psychopathologic states. J Trauma Stress 1992; 5: 643-75
    • (1992) J Trauma Stress , vol.5 , pp. 643-675
    • Glover, H.1
  • 136
    • 0024399374 scopus 로고
    • Low plasma beta-endorphin in post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Hoffman L, Watson PB, Wilson G, et al. Low plasma beta-endorphin in post-traumatic stress disorder. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1989; 23: 269-73
    • (1989) Aust NZ J Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 269-273
    • Hoffman, L.1    Watson, P.B.2    Wilson, G.3
  • 137
    • 9844244899 scopus 로고
    • Low plasma beta-endorphin in post-traumatic stress disorder': Correction
    • Hoffman L, Watson PB, Wilson G, et al. 'Low plasma beta-endorphin in post-traumatic stress disorder': correction. Aust NZJ Psychiatry 1489; 23: 442
    • (1489) Aust NZJ Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 442
    • Hoffman, L.1    Watson, P.B.2    Wilson, G.3
  • 138
    • 0026608985 scopus 로고
    • Plasma beta-endorphin levels in post-traumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report on response to exercise-induced stress
    • Hamner MB, Hitri A. Plasma beta-endorphin levels in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary report on response to exercise-induced stress. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4: 59-63
    • (1992) J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.4 , pp. 59-63
    • Hamner, M.B.1    Hitri, A.2
  • 140
    • 0018835633 scopus 로고
    • Receptors for the age of anxiety: Pharmacology of the benzodiazepines
    • Tallman JF, Paul SM, Skolnick P, et al. Receptors for the age of anxiety: pharmacology of the benzodiazepines. Science 1980; 207: 274-81
    • (1980) Science , vol.207 , pp. 274-281
    • Tallman, J.F.1    Paul, S.M.2    Skolnick, P.3
  • 141
    • 0025049828 scopus 로고
    • Flumazenil provocation of panic attacks
    • Nutt DJ, Glue P, Lawson C, et al. Flumazenil provocation of panic attacks. Arch den Psychiatry 1990; 47: 917-25
    • (1990) Arch Den Psychiatry , vol.47 , pp. 917-925
    • Nutt, D.J.1    Glue, P.2    Lawson, C.3
  • 142
    • 0026022055 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral, biochemical, and cardiovascular responses to the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil in panic disorder
    • Woods SW, Charney DS, Silver JM, et al. Behavioral, biochemical, and cardiovascular responses to the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 1991; 36: 115-27
    • (1991) Psychiatry Res , vol.36 , pp. 115-127
    • Woods, S.W.1    Charney, D.S.2    Silver, J.M.3
  • 143
    • 0029134563 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil in PTSD
    • Randall PK, Bremner JD, Krystal JH, et al. Effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil in PTSD. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 319-24
    • (1995) Biol Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 319-324
    • Randall, P.K.1    Bremner, J.D.2    Krystal, J.H.3
  • 144
    • 0026538834 scopus 로고
    • Auditory startle reflex in posttraumatic stress disorder patients treated with clonazepam
    • Shalev AY, Rogel-Fuchs Y. Auditory startle reflex in posttraumatic stress disorder patients treated with clonazepam. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1992; 29: 1-6
    • (1992) Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci , vol.29 , pp. 1-6
    • Shalev, A.Y.1    Rogel-Fuchs, Y.2
  • 145
    • 0000593267 scopus 로고
    • Serum testosterone levels in post-traumatic stress disorder inpatients
    • Mason JW, Giller EL, Kosten TR, et al. Serum testosterone levels in post-traumatic stress disorder inpatients. J Trauma Stress 1990; 3: 449-57
    • (1990) J Trauma Stress , vol.3 , pp. 449-457
    • Mason, J.W.1    Giller, E.L.2    Kosten, T.R.3
  • 146
    • 0001774254 scopus 로고
    • Some approaches to the study of clinical implications of thyroid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven
    • Mason JW, Wang S, Yehuda R, et al. Some approaches to the study of clinical implications of thyroid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. In: Friedman MJ, Charney DS, Deutch AY, editors. Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: from normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995: 367-79
    • (1995) Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: from Normal Adaptation to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 367-379
    • Mason, J.W.1    Wang, S.2    Yehuda, R.3
  • 147
    • 0023206108 scopus 로고
    • A laboratory procedure for the induction of flashbacks
    • Rainey JM, Aleem A, Ortiz A, et al. A laboratory procedure for the induction of flashbacks. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1317-9
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 1317-1319
    • Rainey, J.M.1    Aleem, A.2    Ortiz, A.3
  • 148
    • 0031020437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to sodium lactate infusion in subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Jensen CF, Keller TW, Peskind ER, et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to sodium lactate infusion in subjects with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 266-8
    • (1997) Am J Psychiatry , vol.154 , pp. 266-268
    • Jensen, C.F.1    Keller, T.W.2    Peskind, E.R.3
  • 149
    • 0029044351 scopus 로고
    • MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 973-81
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 973-981
    • Bremner, J.D.1    Randall, P.2    Scott, T.M.3
  • 150
    • 0026574983 scopus 로고
    • Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Swayze II VW, Andreasen NC, Alliger RJ, et al. Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31: 221-40
    • (1992) Biol Psychiatry , vol.31 , pp. 221-240
    • Swayze II, V.W.1    Andreasen, N.C.2    Alliger, R.J.3
  • 151
    • 0027288365 scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging in schizophrenia research
    • Our RE, Pearlson GD. Neuroimaging in schizophrenia research. Schizophr Bull 1993; 19: 337-53
    • (1993) Schizophr Bull , vol.19 , pp. 337-353
    • Our, R.E.1    Pearlson, G.D.2
  • 152
    • 0028849985 scopus 로고
    • Changes of brain anatomy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Myslobodsky MS, Glicksohn J, Singer J, et al. Changes of brain anatomy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 1995; 58: 259-64
    • (1995) Psychiatry Res , vol.58 , pp. 259-264
    • Myslobodsky, M.S.1    Glicksohn, J.2    Singer, J.3
  • 153
    • 0030892290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual imagery and perception in posttraumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomographic: investigation
    • Shin LM, Kosslyn SM, McNally RJ, et al. Visual imagery and perception in posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomographic: investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 233-41
    • (1997) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 233-241
    • Shin, L.M.1    Kosslyn, S.M.2    McNally, R.J.3
  • 154
    • 0027410515 scopus 로고
    • A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms
    • True WR, Rice J, Eisen SE, et al. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 257-64
    • (1993) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.50 , pp. 257-264
    • True, W.R.1    Rice, J.2    Eisen, S.E.3
  • 155
    • 0030222484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: A study and replication
    • 2 receptor (DRD2) gene and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 368-72
    • (1996) Biol Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 368-372
    • De Comings1    Muhleman, D.2    Gysin, R.3
  • 156
    • 0023753085 scopus 로고
    • A randomized clinical trial of phenelzine and imipramine for posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Frank JB, Kosten TR, Giller Jr EL, et al. A randomized clinical trial of phenelzine and imipramine for posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 1289-91
    • (1988) Am J Psychiatry , vol.145 , pp. 1289-1291
    • Frank, J.B.1    Kosten, T.R.2    Giller Jr., E.L.3
  • 157
    • 0023895894 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of phenelzine in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Shestatzky M, Greenberg D, Lerer B. A controlled trial of phenelzine in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 1988; 24: 149-55
    • (1988) Psychiatry Res , vol.24 , pp. 149-155
    • Shestatzky, M.1    Greenberg, D.2    Lerer, B.3
  • 158
    • 0025215353 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo
    • Davidson J, Kudler H, Smith R, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with amitriptyline and placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 259-66
    • (1990) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.47 , pp. 259-266
    • Davidson, J.1    Kudler, H.2    Smith, R.3
  • 160
    • 0024583012 scopus 로고
    • A controlled trial of desipramine in 18 men with post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Reist C, Kauffman CD, Haier RJ, et al. A controlled trial of desipramine in 18 men with post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 513-6
    • (1989) Am J Psychiatry , vol.146 , pp. 513-516
    • Reist, C.1    Kauffman, C.D.2    Haier, R.J.3
  • 161
    • 0025352832 scopus 로고
    • Core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder unimproved by alprazolam treatment
    • Braun P, Greenberg D, Dasberg H, et al. Core symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder unimproved by alprazolam treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 236-8
    • (1990) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 236-238
    • Braun, P.1    Greenberg, D.2    Dasberg, H.3
  • 162
    • 0000819751 scopus 로고
    • A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: The CAPS-1
    • Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, et al. A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: the CAPS-1. Behav Ther 1990; 13: 187-8
    • (1990) Behav Ther , vol.13 , pp. 187-188
    • Blake, D.D.1    Weathers, F.W.2    Nagy, L.M.3
  • 163
    • 0028677420 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder with a novel psychotropic
    • Katz RJ, Lott MH, Arbus P, et al. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder with a novel psychotropic. Anxiety 1995; 1: 169-74
    • (1995) Anxiety , vol.1 , pp. 169-174
    • Katz, R.J.1    Lott, M.H.2    Arbus, P.3
  • 164
    • 9044249718 scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of brofaromine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Baker DG, Diamond BI, Gillette G, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of brofaromine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology 1995; 122: 386-9
    • (1995) Psychopharmacology , vol.122 , pp. 386-389
    • Baker, D.G.1    Diamond, B.I.2    Gillette, G.3
  • 165
    • 0024806517 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder: Historical and clinical considerations and future directions
    • Davidson JRT, Nemeroff CB, Pharmacotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder: historical and clinical considerations and future directions. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989; 25: 422-5
    • (1989) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.25 , pp. 422-425
    • Davidson, J.R.T.1    Nemeroff, C.B.2
  • 166
    • 0023856715 scopus 로고
    • Toward rational pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: An interim report
    • Friedman MJ. Toward rational pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: an interim report. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 281-4
    • (1988) Am J Psychiatry , vol.145 , pp. 281-284
    • Friedman, M.J.1
  • 167
    • 21844518092 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Marshall RD, Klein DF. Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Ann 1995; 25: 588-97
    • (1995) Psychiatric Ann , vol.25 , pp. 588-597
    • Marshall, R.D.1    Klein, D.F.2
  • 168
    • 0025086439 scopus 로고
    • New approaches in the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Silver JM, Sandberg DP, Hales RE. New approaches in the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1990: 51 Suppl.: 33-8
    • (1990) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.51 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 33-38
    • Silver, J.M.1    Sandberg, D.P.2    Hales, R.E.3
  • 169
    • 0000864698 scopus 로고
    • Use of tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of PTSD: A quantitative review
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Southwick SM, Yehuda R, Giller EL, et al. Use of tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of PTSD: a quantitative review. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in post-traumatic stress disorder: emerging concepts. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994: 293-305
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Emerging Concepts , pp. 293-305
    • Southwick, S.M.1    Yehuda, R.2    Giller, E.L.3
  • 171
    • 0020513062 scopus 로고
    • Psychopharmacological issues in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • van der Kolk BA. Psychopharmacological issues in posttraumatic stress disorder. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1983; 34: 683-91
    • (1983) Hosp Community Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 683-691
    • Van Der Kolk, B.A.1
  • 173
    • 0029941368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the psychobiology and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Katz L, Fleisher W, Kjernisted K, et al. A review of the psychobiology and pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1996; 41: 233-8
    • (1996) Can J Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 233-238
    • Katz, L.1    Fleisher, W.2    Kjernisted, K.3
  • 174
    • 9844232337 scopus 로고
    • Antidepressants in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD, editors. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Frank JB, Kosten TR, Giller Jr EL, et al. Antidepressants in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1990: 170-83
    • (1990) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Phenomenology, and Treatment , pp. 170-183
    • Frank, J.B.1    Kosten, T.R.2    Giller Jr., E.L.3
  • 175
    • 0021796960 scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder: Characteristics and pharmacological response in the veteran population
    • Birkheimer LJ, DeVane CL, Muniz CE. Posttraumatic stress disorder: characteristics and pharmacological response in the veteran population. Compr Psychiatry 1985; 26: 304-10
    • (1985) Compr Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 304-310
    • Birkheimer, L.J.1    Devane, C.L.2    Muniz, C.E.3
  • 176
    • 0023115440 scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of phenelzine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Davidson JRT, Walker JI, Kilts C. A pilot study of phenelzine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 150: 252-5
    • (1988) Br J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 252-255
    • Davidson, J.R.T.1    Walker, J.I.2    Kilts, C.3
  • 177
    • 0019514821 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of traumatic war neuroses with phenelzine
    • Hogben GL, Cornfield RB. Treatment of traumatic war neuroses with phenelzine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 440-5
    • (1981) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.38 , pp. 440-445
    • Hogben, G.L.1    Cornfield, R.B.2
  • 178
    • 0002646569 scopus 로고
    • Phenelzine treatment of post-Vietnam stress syndrome
    • Jun
    • Milanes FJ, Mack CN, Dennison J, et al. Phenelzine treatment of post-Vietnam stress syndrome. VA Practitioner 1984; Jun: 40-9
    • (1984) VA Practitioner , pp. 40-49
    • Milanes, F.J.1    Mack, C.N.2    Dennison, J.3
  • 179
    • 0020594144 scopus 로고
    • The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of traumatic war neurosis
    • Shen WW, Park S. The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of traumatic war neurosis. Mil Med 1983; 148: 430-1
    • (1983) Mil Med , vol.148 , pp. 430-431
    • Shen, W.W.1    Park, S.2
  • 180
    • 0020433213 scopus 로고
    • Chemotherapy of traumatic war stress
    • Walker JI. Chemotherapy of traumatic war stress. Mil Med 1982; 147: 1029-33
    • (1982) Mil Med , vol.147 , pp. 1029-1033
    • Walker, J.I.1
  • 182
    • 0022446834 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder following combat exposure: Clinical features and psychopharmacological treatment
    • Bleich A, Siegel B, Garb R, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder following combat exposure: clinical features and psychopharmacological treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 365-9
    • (1986) Br J Psychiatry , vol.149 , pp. 365-369
    • Bleich, A.1    Siegel, B.2    Garb, R.3
  • 183
    • 0023513719 scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder in Israeli combat veterans: Effects of phenelzine treatment
    • Lerer B, Bleich A, Kotler M, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Israeli combat veterans: effects of phenelzine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 976-81
    • (1987) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.44 , pp. 976-981
    • Lerer, B.1    Bleich, A.2    Kotler, M.3
  • 184
    • 0022668659 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder with tricyclic antidepressants
    • Blake DJ. Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder with tricyclic antidepressants. South Med J 1986; 79: 201-4
    • (1986) South Med J , vol.79 , pp. 201-204
    • Blake, D.J.1
  • 185
    • 1542452086 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of flashbacks by imipramine
    • Burstein A. Treatment of flashbacks by imipramine. Psychosomatics 1984; 25: 683-7
    • (1984) Psychosomatics , vol.25 , pp. 683-687
    • Burstein, A.1
  • 186
    • 0016606969 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of night-terrors associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome
    • Marshall JR. The treatment of night-terrors associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1975; 132: 293-5
    • (1975) Am J Psychiatry , vol.132 , pp. 293-295
    • Marshall, J.R.1
  • 187
    • 0021934319 scopus 로고
    • Tricyclics: Possible treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Falcon S, Ryan C, Chamberlain K, et al. Tricyclics: possible treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46: 385-8
    • (1985) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 385-388
    • Falcon, S.1    Ryan, C.2    Chamberlain, K.3
  • 188
    • 0020853523 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder
    • White NS. Post-traumatic stress disorder (letter). Hosp Community Psychiatry 1983; 34: 1061-2
    • (1983) Hosp Community Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 1061-1062
    • White, N.S.1
  • 189
    • 0025815508 scopus 로고
    • The obsessive quality and clomipramine treatment in PTSD
    • Chen C-J. The obsessive quality and clomipramine treatment in PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1087-8
    • (1991) Am J Psychiatry , vol.148 , pp. 1087-1088
    • Chen, C.-J.1
  • 190
    • 0024828385 scopus 로고
    • Trazodone for the treatment of anxiety symptoms in substance abusers
    • Liebowitz NR, El-Mallakh RS. Trazodone for the treatment of anxiety symptoms in substance abusers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 449-51
    • (1989) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.9 , pp. 449-451
    • Liebowitz, N.R.1    El-Mallakh, R.S.2
  • 191
    • 0030016407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trial of trazodone for posttraumatic stress disorder using a multiple baseline group design
    • Hertzberg MA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC, et al. Trial of trazodone for posttraumatic stress disorder using a multiple baseline group design. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16: 294-8
    • (1996) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 294-298
    • Hertzberg, M.A.1    Feldman, M.E.2    Beckham, J.C.3
  • 192
    • 0000864698 scopus 로고
    • Use of tricyclics and monamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of PTSD: A quantitative review
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Southwick SM, Yehuda R, Giller Jr EL, et al. Use of tricyclics and monamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of PTSD: a quantitative review. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994: 293-305
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 293-305
    • Southwick, S.M.1    Yehuda, R.2    Giller Jr., E.L.3
  • 193
    • 0018777479 scopus 로고
    • Impact of events scale: A measure of subjective stress
    • Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez N. Impact of events scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979; 41: 209-18
    • (1979) Psychosom Med , vol.41 , pp. 209-218
    • Horowitz, M.1    Wilner, N.2    Alvarez, N.3
  • 197
    • 0001347054 scopus 로고
    • The modified PTSD symptom scale: A brief self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Falsetti SA, Resnick HS, Resick PA, et al. The modified PTSD symptom scale: a brief self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapist 1993; 16: 161-2
    • (1993) Behavior Therapist , vol.16 , pp. 161-162
    • Falsetti, S.A.1    Resnick, H.S.2    Resick, P.A.3
  • 199
    • 0025942353 scopus 로고
    • Buspirone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Wells BG, Chu C-C, Johnson R, et al. Buspirone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Pharmacotherapy 1991; 11: 340-3
    • (1991) Pharmacotherapy , vol.11 , pp. 340-343
    • Wells, B.G.1    Chu, C.-C.2    Johnson, R.3
  • 200
    • 0028329956 scopus 로고
    • Buspirone in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Fichtner CG, Crayton JW. Buspirone in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 14: 79-81
    • (1994) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 79-81
    • Fichtner, C.G.1    Crayton, J.W.2
  • 201
    • 0026505268 scopus 로고
    • Buspirone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • LaPorta LD, Ware MR. Buspirone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12: 133-4
    • (1992) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 133-134
    • LaPorta, L.D.1    Ware, M.R.2
  • 202
    • 0001351259 scopus 로고
    • A biopsychosocial treatment approach to posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Schwartz LS. A biopsychosocial treatment approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1990; 3: 221-38
    • (1990) J Trauma Stress , vol.3 , pp. 221-238
    • Schwartz, L.S.1
  • 203
    • 9844223708 scopus 로고
    • Buspirone. benzodiazepines, and post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Simpson MA. Buspirone. benzodiazepines, and post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 1991; 4: 305-8
    • (1991) J Trauma Stress , vol.4 , pp. 305-308
    • Simpson, M.A.1
  • 204
    • 0022808483 scopus 로고
    • Cyproheptadine for recurrent nightmares
    • Harsch HH. Cyproheptadine for recurrent nightmares. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 1491-2
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 1491-1492
    • Harsch, H.H.1
  • 205
    • 0025973607 scopus 로고
    • Cyproheptadine for combat nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder and dream anxiety disorder
    • Brophy MH. Cyproheptadine for combat nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder and dream anxiety disorder. Mil Med 1991; 156: 100-1
    • (1991) Mil Med , vol.156 , pp. 100-101
    • Brophy, M.H.1
  • 206
    • 0002986394 scopus 로고
    • Propranolol and clonidine in the treatment of post traumatic disorders of war
    • van der Kolk BA, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Kolb LC, Burris BC, Griffiths S. Propranolol and clonidine in the treatment of post traumatic disorders of war. In: van der Kolk BA, editor. Post traumatic stress disorder: psychological and biological sequelae. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1984: 97-107
    • (1984) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychological and Biological Sequelae , pp. 97-107
    • Kolb, L.C.1    Burris, B.C.2    Griffiths, S.3
  • 207
    • 0024425446 scopus 로고
    • Clonidine in Cambodian patients with post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Kinzie JD, Leung P. Clonidine in Cambodian patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989; 177: 546-50
    • (1989) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.177 , pp. 546-550
    • Kinzie, J.D.1    Leung, P.2
  • 208
    • 0000223858 scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: PTSD in children
    • Murburg MM, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Perry BD. Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: PTSD in children. In: Murburg MM, editor. Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1994: 233-55
    • (1994) Catecholamine Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder , pp. 233-255
    • Perry, B.D.1
  • 209
    • 0023761791 scopus 로고
    • Propranolol treatment for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type
    • Famularo R, Kinscherff R, Fenton T. Propranolol treatment for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 1244-7
    • (1988) Am J Dis Child , vol.142 , pp. 1244-1247
    • Famularo, R.1    Kinscherff, R.2    Fenton, T.3
  • 210
    • 0013069786 scopus 로고
    • Unusual medication regimen in the treatment of dissociative disorder patients: Part I: noradrenergic agents
    • Braun BG. Unusual medication regimen in the treatment of dissociative disorder patients: part I: noradrenergic agents. Dissociation 1990; 3: 144-50
    • (1990) Dissociation , vol.3 , pp. 144-150
    • Braun, B.G.1
  • 212
    • 0023336627 scopus 로고
    • Alprazolam in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Feldman TB. Alprazolam in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1987; 48: 216-7
    • (1987) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 216-217
    • Feldman, T.B.1
  • 213
    • 9844238992 scopus 로고
    • Psychoendocrinology and pharmacotherapy of PTSD
    • Giller Jr EL, Kosten RT, Yehuda R, et al. Psychoendocrinology and pharmacotherapy of PTSD. Clin Neuropharmacol 1990: 13 Suppl. 2: 329-30
    • (1990) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.13 , Issue.2 SUPPL. , pp. 329-330
    • Giller Jr., E.L.1    Kosten, R.T.2    Yehuda, R.3
  • 215
    • 0001975132 scopus 로고
    • Open trial of clonazepam in the treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms in MPD
    • Loewenstein RJ, Hornstein N, Farber B. Open trial of clonazepam in the treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms in MPD. Dissociation 1988; 1: 3-12
    • (1988) Dissociation , vol.1 , pp. 3-12
    • Loewenstein, R.J.1    Hornstein, N.2    Farber, B.3
  • 216
    • 0025307561 scopus 로고
    • Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Risse SC, Whitters A, Burke J, et al. Severe withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of alprazolam in eight patients with combat-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 206-9
    • (1990) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 206-209
    • Risse, S.C.1    Whitters, A.2    Burke, J.3
  • 217
    • 0025349226 scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal from alprazolam dependency using clonazepam: Clinical observations
    • Patterson JF. Withdrawal from alprazolam dependency using clonazepam: clinical observations. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (5 Suppl.): 47-9
    • (1990) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.51 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 47-49
    • Patterson, J.F.1
  • 218
    • 0017140214 scopus 로고
    • Cocaine, kindling, and psychosis
    • Post RM, Kopanda RT. Cocaine, kindling, and psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1976; 133: 627-34
    • (1976) Am J Psychiatry , vol.133 , pp. 627-634
    • Post, R.M.1    Kopanda, R.T.2
  • 219
    • 8944257640 scopus 로고
    • Clinical implications of a cocaine-kindling model of psychosis
    • Post RM. Clinical implications of a cocaine-kindling model of psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 1977; 2: 25-42
    • (1977) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.2 , pp. 25-42
    • Post, R.M.1
  • 220
    • 0001198741 scopus 로고
    • Human and animal studies of cocaine: Implications for development of behavioral pathology
    • Creese I, editor. New York: Raven Press
    • Post RM, Contel NR. Human and animal studies of cocaine: implications for development of behavioral pathology. In: Creese I, editor. Stimulants: neurochemical. behavioral, and clinical perspective. New York: Raven Press, 1983: 169-203
    • (1983) Stimulants: Neurochemical. Behavioral, and Clinical Perspective , pp. 169-203
    • Post, R.M.1    Contel, N.R.2
  • 222
    • 1542585624 scopus 로고
    • Carbamazepine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for the kindling hypothesis
    • Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD, editors. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
    • Lipper S. Carbamazepine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for the kindling hypothesis. In: Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD, editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1990: 184-203
    • (1990) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Etiology, Phenomenology, and Treatment , pp. 184-203
    • Lipper, S.1
  • 223
    • 0022879349 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary study of carbamazepine in post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Lipper S, Davidson JRT, Grady TA, et al. Preliminary study of carbamazepine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatics 1986; 27: 849-54
    • (1986) Psychosomatics , vol.27 , pp. 849-854
    • Lipper, S.1    Davidson, J.R.T.2    Grady, T.A.3
  • 224
    • 0023829629 scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: Clinical and EEG findings: possible therapeutic effects of carbamazepine
    • Wolf ME, Alavi A, Mosnaim AD. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: clinical and EEG findings: possible therapeutic effects of carbamazepine. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 642-4
    • (1988) Biol Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 642-644
    • Wolf, M.E.1    Alavi, A.2    Mosnaim, A.D.3
  • 226
    • 0023892499 scopus 로고
    • Complex partial seizures presenting as a psychiatric illness
    • Bennett TL, Curiel MP. Complex partial seizures presenting as a psychiatric illness. Int J Clin Neuropsych 1988; 10: 41-4
    • (1988) Int J Clin Neuropsych , vol.10 , pp. 41-44
    • Bennett, T.L.1    Curiel, M.P.2
  • 227
  • 228
    • 0022584946 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder and partial complex seizures
    • Stewart JR, Bartucci RJ. Post-traumatic stress disorder and partial complex seizures. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 113-4
    • (1986) Am J Psychiatry , vol.143 , pp. 113-114
    • Stewart, J.R.1    Bartucci, R.J.2
  • 229
  • 230
    • 0025053776 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder: An eclectic approach
    • Brodsky L, Doerman AL, Palmar LS, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder: an eclectic approach. Int J Psychosom 1990; 37: 89-95
    • (1990) Int J Psychosom , vol.37 , pp. 89-95
    • Brodsky, L.1    Doerman, A.L.2    Palmar, L.S.3
  • 231
    • 0026010569 scopus 로고
    • Valproate in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Fesler FA. Valproate in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 361-4
    • (1991) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 361-364
    • Fesler, F.A.1
  • 232
    • 0021842616 scopus 로고
    • Low dose lithium carbonate in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Brief communication
    • Kitchner I, Greenstein R. Low dose lithium carbonate in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: brief communication. Mil Med 1985; 150: 378-81
    • (1985) Mil Med , vol.150 , pp. 378-381
    • Kitchner, I.1    Greenstein, R.2
  • 233
    • 0020513062 scopus 로고
    • Psychopharmacological issues in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • van der Kolk BA. Psychopharmacological issues in posttraumatic stress disorder. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1983; 34: 683-91
    • (1983) Hosp Community Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 683-691
    • Van Der Kolk, B.A.1
  • 234
    • 0024956826 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic treatment of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and concomitant affective disorder
    • Irwin M, Van Putten T, Guze B, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and concomitant affective disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1989; 1: 127-30
    • (1989) Ann Clin Psychiatry , vol.1 , pp. 127-130
    • Irwin, M.1    Van Putten, T.2    Guze, B.3
  • 235
    • 0022723864 scopus 로고
    • Bipolar disorder in post-traumatic stress disorder: A difficult diagnosis: case reports
    • Lucking RG. Bipolar disorder in post-traumatic stress disorder: a difficult diagnosis: case reports. Mil Med 1986; 151: 282-4
    • (1986) Mil Med , vol.151 , pp. 282-284
    • Lucking, R.G.1
  • 236
    • 0029923607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigabatrin and posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Macleod AD. Vigabatrin and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16: 190-1
    • (1996) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 190-191
    • Macleod, A.D.1
  • 237
    • 0023157675 scopus 로고
    • Auditory hallucinations in combat-related chronic post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Meuser KT, Butler RW. Auditory hallucinations in combat-related chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 299-302
    • (1987) Am J Psychiatry , vol.144 , pp. 299-302
    • Meuser, K.T.1    Butler, R.W.2
  • 238
    • 0027739385 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary trial of nalmefene for the treatment of emotional numbing in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Glover H. A preliminary trial of nalmefene for the treatment of emotional numbing in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1993; 30: 255-63
    • (1993) Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci , vol.30 , pp. 255-263
    • Glover, H.1
  • 239
    • 0027202037 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of flashbacks with naltrexone
    • Bills LJ, Kreisler K. Treatment of flashbacks with naltrexone [letter). Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1430
    • (1993) Am J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 1430
    • Bills, L.J.1    Kreisler, K.2
  • 242
    • 51549099524 scopus 로고
    • The assessment of anxiety states by rating
    • Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959; 32: 50-5
    • (1959) Br J Med Psychol , vol.32 , pp. 50-55
    • Hamilton, M.1
  • 243
    • 0026582539 scopus 로고
    • Possible trazodone potentiation of fluoxetine: A case series
    • Nierenberg AA, Cole JO, Glass L. Possible trazodone potentiation of fluoxetine: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53: 83-5
    • (1992) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 83-85
    • Nierenberg, A.A.1    Cole, J.O.2    Glass, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.