Phenological patterns of Ficus in relation to other forest trees in southern India

Journal of Tropical Ecology

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 681-695

  Patel, Aviva ^a,b  

^a Department of Biology   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Fig; Flowering; Frugivory; Fruiting; Keystone resource; Moraceae; Phenology; Tropics

Indexed keywords

FRUITING PATTERN; REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY; SEASONALITY;

INDIA; WESTERN GHATS;

FICUS; FICUS (ANGIOSPERM); MORACEAE;

EID: 0030755194     PISSN: 02664674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0266467400010865     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. ALVIM, P. de T. 1964. Tree growth and periodicity in tropical climates. Pp. 479-495 in Zimmermann, M. H. (ed.). The formation of wood in forest trees. Academic Press, New York, USA.
2. AUGSPURGER, C. K. 1981. Reproductive synchrony of tropical plants: experimental effects of pollinators and seed predators on Hybanthus prunifolius (Violaceae). Ecology 62:775-788.
3. BAIJNATH, H. & RAMCHARUN, S. 1983. Aspects of pollination and floral development in Ficus capensis Thunb. (Moraceae). Bothalia 14:883-888.
4. BAIJNATH, H. & RAMCHARUN, S. 1988. Reproductive biology and chalcid symbiosis in Ficus burtt-davyi (Moraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany Missouri Botanical Garden 25:227-235.
5. BAWA, K. S. 1983. Patterns of flowering in tropical plants. Pp. 394-410 in Jones, C. E. & Little, R. J. (eds). Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA.
6. BERG, C. C. 1989. Classification and distribution of Ficus. Experientia 45:605-611.
7. BORCHERT, R. 1980. Phenology and ecophysiology of tropical trees: Erythrina poeppigiana O. F. Cook. Ecology 61:1065-1074.
8. BORGES, R. M. 1993. Figs, Malabar giant squirrels, and fruit shortages within two tropical Indian forests. Biotropica 25:183-190.
9. BRONSTEIN, J. L. 1989. A mutualism at the edge of its range. Experientia 45:622-637.
10. BRONSTEIN, J. L. & HOFFMANN, K. 1987. Spatial and temporal variation in frugivory at a Neotropical fig, Ficus pertusa. Oikos 49:261-268.
11. BRONSTEIN, J. E. & PATEL, A. 1992. Causes and consequences of within-tree phenological patterns in the Florida strangling fig, Ficus aurea (Moraceae). American Journal of Botany 79:41-48.
12. BURGER, W. C. 1974. Flowering periodicity at four altitudinal levels in eastern Ethiopia. Biotropica 6:38-42.
13. CORLETT, R. T. 1987. The phenology of Ficus fistulosa in Singapore. Biotropica 19:122-124.
14. CORLETT, R. T. 1990. Flora and reproductive biology of the rain forest at Bukit Timah, Singapore. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6:55-63.
15. CORLETT, R. T. 1993. Sexual dimorphism in the reproductive phenology of Ficus grossularioides Burm. f. in Singapore. Malayan Nature Journal 46:149-155.
16. CROAT, T. B. 1975. Phenological behavior of habit and habitat classes on Barro Colorado Island (Panama Canal Zone). Biotropica 7:270-277.
17. FOGDEN, M. P. L. 1972. The seasonably and population dynamics of equatorial forest birds in Sarawak. Ibis 114:307-343.
18. FOSTER, R. B. 1982. The seasonal rhythm of fruitfall on Barro Colorado Island. Pp. 151-172 in Leigh, E. G., Rand, A. S. & Windsor, D. M. (eds). The ecology of a tropical forest. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., USA.
19. FRANKIE, G. W., BAKER, H. G. & OPLER, O. A. 1974. Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests of lowlands of Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 62:881-913.
20. FRETWELL, S. D. 1972. Populations in a seasonal environment. Princeton University Press, Princeton. New Jersey, USA.
21. GALIL, J. 1990. Adjustment of development spans in organisms participating in fig symbioses. Pp. 433-440 in Proceedings of the Twelfth Plenary Meeting of AETFAT, Hamburg, West Germany.
22. GALIL, J. & EISIKOWITCH, D. 1968. Flowering cycles and fruit types of Ficus sycomorus in Israel. New Phytologist 67:745-758.
23. GAUTIER-HION, A. & MICHALOUD, G. 1989. Are figs always keystone resources for tropical frugivorous vertebrates? A test in Gabon. Ecology 70:1826-1833.
24. HILL, D. S. 1967. Figs of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. 154 pp.
25. HLADIK, C. M., HLADIK, A., BOUSSET, J., VALDEBOUZE, P., VIROBEN, G. & DELORT-LAVAL, J. 1971. Le regime alimentaire des primates de l'Ile Barro-Colorado (Panama). Folia Primatologica 16:85-122.
26. JANZEN, D. H. 1967. Synchronization of sexual reproduction of trees within the dry season in Central America. Evolution 21:620-637.
27. KANNAN, R. In press. Fruiting phenology and the conservation of the great pied hornbill Buceros bicornis in the Western Ghats of southern India. Biotropica.
28. KERDELHUE, C. & RASPLUS, J.-Y. 1996. The evolution of dioecy among Ficus (Moraceae): an alternate hypothesis involving non-pollinating fig wasp pressure on the fig-pollinator mutualism. Oikos 77:163-166.
29. KESHAVA MURTHY, K. R. & YOGANARASIMHAN, S. N. 1990. Flora of Coorg. Vimsat Publishers, Bangalore, India.
30. KINNAIRD, M. F., O'BRIEN, T. G. & SURYADI, S. 1996. Population fluctuation in Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbills: tracking figs in space and time. Auk 113:431-440.
31. KJELLBERG, F. & MAURICE, S. 1989. Seasonably in the reproductive phenology of Ficus: its evolution and consequences. Experientia 45:653-660.
32. KOELMEYER, K. O. 1959. The periodicity of leaf change and flowering in the principal forest communities of Ceylon. Ceylon Forester 4:308-364.
33. LAMBERT, F. R. & MARSHALL, A. G. 1991. Keystone characteristics of bird-dispersed Ficus in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. Journal of Ecology 79:793-809.
34. LEIGHTON, M. & LEIGHTON, D. R. 1983. Vertebrate responses to fruiting seasonality within a Bornean rain forest. Pp. 181-196 in Sutton, S. L., Whitmore, T. C. & Chadwick, A. C. (eds). Tropical rain forest: ecology and management. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
35. LEVIN, D. A. & ANDERSON, W. W. 1970. Competition for pollinators between simultaneously flowering species. American Naturalist 104:455-457.
36. LIEBERMAN, D. 1982. Seasonably and phenology in a dry tropical forest in Ghana. Journal of Ecology 70:791-806.
37. MEDWAY, LORD. 1972. Phenology of a tropical rain forest in Malaya. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4:117-146.
38. MILLER, A. H. 1963. Seasonal activity and ecology of the avifauna of an American equatorial cloud forest. University of California Publications in Zoology 66:1-78.
39. MILTON, K. & DINTZIS, F. R. 1981. Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for tropical plant samples. Biotropica 13:177-181.
40. MILTON, K., WINDSOR, D. M., MORRISON, D. W. & ESTRIBI, M. A. 1982. Fruiting phenologies of two Neotropical Ficus species. Ecology 63:752-762.
41. MURALI, K. S. & SUKUMAR, R. 1994. Reproductive phenology of a tropical dry forest in Mudumalai, southern India. Journal of Ecology 82:759-767.
42. NEGI, Y. S. RAWAT, M. S. M., PANT-JOSHI, G. & BADONI, S. 1992. Biochemical investigation of fruits of some common Ficus species. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft Technologie 25:582-584.
43. NEWTON, L. E. & LOMO, A. 1979. The pollination of Ficus vogelii in Ghana. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 78:21-30.
44. PATEL, A. 1996. Variation in a mutualism: phenology and the maintenance of gynodioecy in two Indian fig species. Journal of Ecology 84:667-680.
45. PATEL, A., HOSSAERT-MCKEY, M. & MCKEY, D. 1993. Ficus-pollinator research in India: past, present and future. Current Science 65:243-253.
46. PUTZ, F. E. 1979. Aseasonality in Malaysian tree phenology. Malaysian Forester 42:1-24.
47. REICH, P. B. & BORCHERT, R. 1982. Phenology and ecophysiology of the tropical tree Tabebuia neochrysantha (Bignoniaceae). Ecology 63:294-299.
48. SALDANHA, C. J. 1984. Flora of Karnataka. Volume I. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India. 535 pp.
49. SNOW, D. W. 1965. A possible selective factor in the evolution of fruiting seasons in tropical forest. Oikos 15:274-281.
50. SOMAIAH, K. K. 1959. Working plan for a portion of the eastern deciduous forests of Coorg. Government of Mysore, Bangalore.
51. TERBORGH, J. 1986. Keystone plant resources in the tropical forest. Pp. 330-344 in Soulé, M. E (ed.). Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
52. THIRUMURTHI, N. 1954. Working plan for the evergreen forest of Coorg. Government of Mysore, Bangalore.
53. VAN SCHAIK, C. P. 1986. Phenological changes in a Sumatran rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 2:327-347.
54. VERKERKE, W. 1989. Structure and function of the fig. Experientia 45:612-622.
55. WASER, N. M. 1979. Pollinator availability as a determinant of flowering time in Ocotillo (Fourquieria splendens). Oecologia 39:107-121.
56. WHARTON, R. A., TILSON, J. W. & TILSON, R. L. 1980. Asynchrony in a wild population of Ficus sycomorus. South African Journal of Science 76:478-480.
57. WHITE, L. J. T. 1994. Patterns of fruit-fall phenology in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 10:289-312.
58. WINDSOR, D. M., MORRISON, D. W., ESTRIBI, M. A. & DE LEON, B. 1989. Phenology of fruit and leaf production by 'strangler' figs on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Experientia 45:647-653.
59. WRANGHAM, R. W., CONKLIN, N. L., ETOT, G., OBUA, J., HUNT, K. D. HAUSER, M. R. & CLARK, A. P. 1993. The value of figs to chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology 14:243-256.