Variation in a mutualism: Phenology and the maintenance of gynodioecy in two Indian fig species

Journal of Ecology

Volumn 84, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 667-680

  Patel, Aviva ^a,b  

^a Department of Biology   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dioecy; Evolution; Ficus; Flowering; Fruiting; Hymenoptera; India; Moraceae; Pollination; Tropics

Indexed keywords

GYNODIOECY; INDIAN FIG; PHENOLOGY; POLLINATION; WASP;

INDIA, KARNATAKA, COORG DISTRICT;

FICUS EXASPERATA; FICUS HISPIDA; HYMENOPTERA; MORACEAE;

EID: 0030302257     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2261330     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Abdurahiman, U.C. & Joseph, K.J. (1976) Observations on the biology and behaviour of Ceratosolen marchali Mayr (Agaonidae). Entomon, 1, 115-122.
2. Athreya, V. (1991) Fruiting strangler figs (genus Ficus, subgenus Urostigma) and temporal variation in visitation of their avion frugivores in a tropical evergreen forest in the Western Ghats, India. MSc thesis, Salim Ali School of Ecology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India.
3. Augspurger, C.K. (1981) Reproductive synchrony of tropical plants: experimental effects of pollinators and seed predators on Hybanthus primifolius (Violaceae). Ecology, 62, 775-788.
4. Baijnath, H. & Ramcharun, S. (1983) Aspects of pollination and floral development in Ficus capensts Thunb. (Moraceae). Bothalia, 14, 883-888.
5. Baijnath, H. & Ramcharun, S. (1988) Reproductive biology and chalcid symbiosis in Ficus burtt-davyi (Moraceae). Monographs in Systematic Botany of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, 25, 227-235
6. Bawa, K.S. (1980) Evolution of dioecy in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 15-39.
7. Bawa, K.S. (1983) Patterns of flowering in tropical plants. In Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology (eds C. E. Jones & R. J. Little), pp. 394-410. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
8. Berg, C.C. (1989) Classification and distribution of Ficus. Expenentia, 45, 605-611.
9. Boucek, Z. (1988) Australian Chalcidoidea. C. A. B. International, London.
10. Bronstein, J.L. (1988) Fruit production in a monoecious fig: consequences of an obligate mutualism. Ecology, 69, 207-214.
11. Bronstein, J.L. (1989) A mutualism at the edge of its range. Experientia, 45, 622-637.
12. Bronstein, J.L (1992) Seed predators as mutualists: ecology and evolution of the fig/pollinator interaction. Insect-Plant Interactions, Vol. 4 (ed. E. Bernays), pp. 1-44. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
13. Bronstein, J.L., Gouyon, P -H., Gliddon, C., Kjellberg, F. & Michaloud, G. (1990) The ecological consequences of flowering asynchrony in monoecious figs: a simulation study. Ecology, 71, 2145-2156.
14. Bronstein, J.L. & Patel. A. (1992) Causes and consequences of within-tree phenological patterns in the Florida strangling fig. Ficus aurea (Moraceae). American Journal of Botany, 79, 41-48.
15. Bullock, S.H. & Bawa, K.S. (1981) Sexual dimorphism and the annual flowering pattern in Jacaratia dolichaula (D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae) in a Costa Rican rain forest. Ecology, 62, 1494-1504.
16. Champion, H.G (1936) A preliminary survey of Forest Types of India and Burma. Indian Forest Records (N.S.), 1, 1-286.
17. Corlett, R.T. (1984) The phenology of Ficus benjamina and F. microcarpa in Singapore Journal of the Singapore National Academy of Sciences, 13, 30-31.
18. Corlett, R.T. (1987) The phenology of Ficus fistulosa in Singapore. Biotropica, 19, 122-124.
19. Corlett, R.T (1993) Sexual dimorphism in the reproductive phenology of Ficus grossularioides Burm. f. in Singapore. Malayan Nature Journal, 46, 149-155.
20. Corner, E.J.H. (1965) Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with keys to identification. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore, 21, 1-186.
21. Corner, E J.H. (1981) Moraceae. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Vol. III (ed. M. D. Dassanayake), pp. 213-292. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
22. Corner, E.J.H. (1985) Ficus (Moraceae) and Hymenoptera (Chakidoidea): Figs and their pollinators. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 25, 187-195.
23. Croat, T.B. (1975) Phonological behavior of habit and habitat classes on Barro Colorado Island (Panama Canal Zone) Biotropica, 7, 270-277.
24. Fischer, C.E C. (1956) Moraceae. Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Vol. III (ed. J. S. Gamble), pp. 946-957. Government of India.
25. Frankie, G.W., Baker, H.G. & Opler, P.A. (1974) Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica Journal of Ecology, 62, 881-919.
26. Galil, J. & Eisikowitch, D. (1968) Flowering cycles and fruit types in Ficus svcomorus in Israel. New Phytologist, 67, 745-758.
27. Grafen, A. & Godfray, H.C J. (1991) Vicarious selection explains some paradoxes in dioecious fig-pollinator Systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 245, 73-76.
28. Herre, E A. (1989) Coevolution of reproductive characteristics in twelve species of New World figs and their pollinator wasps. Experientia, 45, 637-647.
29. Hill, D.S. (1967) Figs (Ficus spp.) of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.
30. Janzen, D H. (1967) Synchronization of sexual reproduction of trees within the dry season in Central America. Evolution, 21, 620-637.
31. Keshava Murthy, K.R. & Yoganarasimhan, S.N. (1990) Flora of Coorg. Vimsat Publishers, Bangalore, India.
32. Khadari, B., Gibernau, M., Anstett, M.-C., Kjellberg, F. & Hossaert-McKey, M. (1995) When figs wait for pollinators: the length of fig receptivity. American Journal of Botany, 82, 992-999.
33. Kjellberg, F., Doumesche, B. & Bronstein, J.L. (1988) Longevity of a fig wasp (Blastophaga psenes). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen series C, 91, 117-122.
34. Kjellberg, F., Gouyon, P.-H., Ibrahim, M., Raymond, M. & Valdeyron, G. (1987) The stability of the symbiosis between dioecious figs and their pollinators: a study of Ficus carica L. & Blastophaga psenes L. Evolution, 41, 693-704.
35. Kjellberg, F. & Maurice, S. (1989) Seasonality in the reproductive phenology of Ficus: its evolution and consequences. Experientia, 45, 653-660.
36. McKey, D. & Bronstein, J.L. (1989) The fig/pollinator mutualism: a model system for comparative biology. Experientia, 45, 601-604.
37. Michaloud, G. (1988) Aspects de la Reproduction des Figuiers Monoiques en Fôret Equatoriale Africaine. PhD Dissertation, Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier, France.
38. Milton, K., Windsor, D.M., Morrison, D.W. & Estribi, M.A. (1982) Fruiting phenologies of two neotropical Ficus species. Ecology, 63, 752-762.
39. Nair, P.E. & Abdurahiman, U.C. (1984) Population dynamics of the wasp Kradibra gestroi (Grandi) (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) from Ficus exasperata Vahl Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Weienschappen series C, 87, 365-375.
40. Nair, P.B. & Abdurahiman, U.C. (1987) Ethological adaptations of Kradibia gestroi (Grandi) (Agaonidae: Hymenoptera) for pollination and oviposition. Recent Trends in Ethology (eds M. Balakrishnan & K. M. Alexander), pp. 88-94. The Ethological Society of India, Bangalore, India.
41. Pascal, IP. & Meher-Homji, V.M. (1986) Phytochorology of Kodagu (Coorg) District, Karnataka. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 83 (Suppl.), 43-56.
42. Patel, A. (1995) Reproductive biology of two tropical dioecious fig species; implications for the maintenance and evolution of dioecy in Ficus. PhD dissertation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA.
43. Patel, A., Hossaert-McKey, M. & McKey, D. (1993) Ficuspolhnator research in India: Past, Present and Future. Current Science, 65, 243-253.
44. Patel, A., Anstett, M.-C., Hossaert-McKey, M. & Kjellberg, F. (1995) Pollinators entering female dioecious figs: why commit suicide? Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 8, 301-313.
45. SAS (1989) SAS User's guide, statistics, Version 6.08 edn. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
46. Saldanha, C.J. (1984) Flora of Karnataka. Vol. I. Oxford and IBM Publishing Co., New Delhi.
47. Snow, D.W. (1965) A possible selective factor in the evolution of fruiting seasons in tropical forest. Oikos, 15, 274-281.
48. Spencer, H., Weiblen, G. & Flick, B. (in press) Phenology of Ficus variegata Blume (Moraceae) in a seasonal wet tropical forest at Cape Tribulation, Australia. Journal of Biogeography.
49. Statistix. (1992) User's Manual, Version 4 edn. Analytical Software, St. Paul, Minnesota.
50. Stephenson, A.G. & Bertin, R.I. (1983) Male competition, female choice, and sexual selection in plants. Pollination Biology (ed. L. Real), pp. 110-149. Academic Press, New York.
51. Subramanyam, K. & Nair, M.P. (1974) Vegetation and Phytogeography of the Western Ghats. Ecology and Biogeography in India (ed. M.S. Mani). pp. 178-196. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.
52. Talbot, W.A. (1911) Forest flora of the Bombay Presidency and Sind. Vol. II. Rhizophoraceae to Gramineae. Government of Bombay, Poona, India.
53. Verkerke, W. (1989) Structure and function of the fig. Expertentia, 45, 612-622.
54. Valdeyron, G. & Lloyd, D.G. (1979) Sex differences and flowering phenology in the common fig. Ficus carica L. Evolution, 33, 673-685.
55. Zar, J.H. (1984) Biostatistical Analysis. 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.