Lipoprotein alterations and atherosclerosis in the elderly

Current Opinion in Lipidology

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 236-241

  Corti, Maria Chiara ^a   Barbato, Gian Maria ^a   Baggio, Giovannella ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN A;

AGED; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HEREDITY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENESCENCE;

AGED; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CLINICAL TRIALS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEIN(A); LIPOPROTEINS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE;

EID: 0030749974     PISSN: 09579672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199708000-00008     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Ross R: The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993, 362:801 809.
2. Corti MC, Guralnik JM, Bilato C: Coronary heart disease risk factors in older persons. Aging (Milano) 1996, 8:75 89.
3. Bilheimer DW: Clinical considerations regarding treatment of hypercholesterolemia in the elderly. Atherosclerosis 1991, 91(supplement): S35 S57.
4. Denke MA, Winker MA: Cholesterol and coronary heart disease in older adults. No easy answers. JAMA 1995, 274:575 577
5. Matthews KA, Meilhan MH, Kuller LH, Kelsey SF, Caggiula AW, Wing RR: Menopause and risk factors for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1989, 321:641 646.
6. Cohn JS, McNamara JR, Cohn SD, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ: Postprandial plasma lipoprotein changes in human subjects of different ages. J Lipid Res 1988, 29:469 479.
7. Ericsson S, Eriksson M, Einarsson K, Berglund L, Angelin B: Influence of age on the metabolism of plasma Low Density Lipoproteins in healthy males. J Clin Invest 1991, 87:591 596.
8. Gylling H, Strandberg T, Tilvis R, Miettinen TA: Regulation of serum cholesterol level in middle-aged and elderly men. Relation of cholesterol absorption and synthesis to lipoprotein metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb 1994, 14:694 700.
9. Iribarren C, Reed DM, Chen R, Yano K, Dwyer JH: Low serum cholesterol and mortality. Which is the cause and which is the effect? Circulation 1995, 92:2396 2403.
10. Anderson KM, Castelli WP, Levy D: Cholesterol and mortality: 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham Study. JAMA 1987,257:2176 2180.
11. Hennekens CH, Buring JE: Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co; 1987.
12. Gaziano JM, Hebert PR, Hennekens CH: Cholesterol reduction: weighing the benefits and risks. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125:914 918.
13. Manolio TA, Ettinger WH, Tracy RP, Kuller LH, Borhani NO, Lynch JC, Fried LP for the CHS Collaborative Research Group: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Epidemiology of low cholesterol levels in older adults. Circulation 1993, 87:728 737.
14. Meilahn EN: Low serum cholesterol. Hazardous to health? Circulation 1995, 92:2365 2366.
15. Law MR, Wald NJ, Wu T, Hackshaw A, Bailey A: Systematic underestimation of association between serum cholesterol concentration and ischaemic heart disease in observational studies:data from the BUPA study. BMJ 1994, 308:363 366.
16. Corti M-C, Guralnik JM, Salive ME, Harris T, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Havlik RJ: Clarifying the direct relation of total cholesterol with coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. Ann Intern Med 1997, 126:753 760. In this large longitudinal study that included 4066 men and women aged 71 and older, the authors explored the possibility that the inconsistent cholesterol CHD mortality association in older populations is most likely explained by the burden of co-occurring disease and frailty. In unadjusted analyses, there was a moderate nonsignificant increase in the risk of CHD mortality associated with elevated cholesterol levels (Relative Risk 1.3, 95% Confidence Interval 0.9 1.9). After adjustment for markers of poor health, the relative risk of CHD mortality associated with elevated cholesterol was 1.6 (95% Cl 1.1 2.3), confirming the hypothesis that, among older persons, factors associated with comorbidity and frailty can alter associations that are well established in middle aged adults.
17. Sherwin RW, Wentorth DN, Cutler JA, Hulley SB, Kuller LH, Stamler J: Serum cholesterol levels and cancer mortality in 361,622 men screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. JAMA 1987, 257:943 948.
18. Scanu A, Fleiss GM: Lipoprotein (a):heterogeneity and biological relevance. J Clin Invest 1990, 85:1709-1715.
19. Simons L, Friedlander Y, Simons J, McCallum J: Lipoprotein (a) is not associated with coronary heart disease in the elderly: cross-sectional data from the Dubbo study. Atherosclerosis 1993, 99:2540 2544.
20. Kario K, Matsuo T, Imiya M, Kayaba, K. Kuroda T, Nago N, Matsuo H, Shimada K: Close relation between lipoprotein (a) levels and atherothrombotic disease in Japanese subjects >75 years of age. Am J Cardiol 1994, 73:1187 1190.
21. Sutton-Tyrrel K, Evans RW, Meilahn E, Alcorn HG: Lipoprotein (a) and peripheral atherosclerosis in older adults. Atherosclerosis 1996, 122:11 19.
22. Fried LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, Furberg CD, Gardin JM, Kronmal RA, Kuller LH, Manolio TA, Mittelmark MB, Newman A, O'Leary DH, Psaty BM, Rahutaharju P, Tracy RP, Weiler PG: The Cardiovascular Health Study: Design and Rationale. Ann Epidemiol 1991, 1:263 279.
23. Ettinger WH, Wahl PW, Kuller LH, Bush TL, Tracy RP, Manolio TA, Borhani NO, Wong ND, O Leary DH, for the CHS Collaborative Research Group: Lipoprotein Lipids in older people. Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1992, 86:858 869.
24. Wallace RB, Colsher PR: Blood lipid distribution in older persons. Ann Epidemiol 1992, 2:59 67.
25. Davis CE, Rifkind BM, Brenner H, Gordon DJ: A single cholesterol measurement underestimates the risk of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1991, 264:3044 3046.
26. Kinosian B, Glyck H, Preiss L, Puder KL: Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: predicting risks in men by changes in levels and ratios. J Investig Med 1995, 43:443 450.
27. Gordon DJ: Cholesterol lowering and total mortality. In: Lowering cholesterol in high-risk individuals and populations. Edited by Rifkind B. New York: Marcel Dekker 1995:33-48.
28. Newschaffer CJ, Bush TL, Hale WE: Aging and total cholesterol levels: cohort, period and survivorship effects. Am J Epidemiol 1992, 136:23 24
29. Corti MC, Guralnik JM, Salive ME, Harris T, Field TS, Wallace RB, Berkman LF, Seeman TE, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH, Havlik RJ: HDL-Cholesterol predicts coronary heart disease mortality in older adults. JAMA 1995, 274:539 44.
30. Frost PH, Davis BR, Burlando AJ, Curb JD, Guthrie GP, Isaacsohn JL, Wasserteil-Smoller S, Wilson AC, Stamler J, for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Research Group: Serum Lipids and Coronary heart Disease. Findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). Circulation 1996, 94:2381 2388. In this group of healthier people with hypertension age 60 and older, lipoprotein levels were important predictors of CHD incidence. The results of the SHEP study support the concept that serum lipids are CHD risk factors in older men and women.
31. Thanne D, Yaari S, Goldbourt U: High density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of ischemic stroke mortality. Stroke 1997, 28:83 87. This is the first longitudinal study that has detected a significant association between HDL-C and ischemic stroke mortality, an association previously considered inconsistent. After adjustement for potential confounders, men at the lower tertile of HDL-C levels experienced a 1.32 fold increase in the risk of ischemic stroke mortality compared with those at the upper tertile.
32. Weijenberg, Feskens EJM, Kromhout D: Total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as risk factors for coronary heart disease in elderly men during five years of follow-up: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996, 143:151 156.
33. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Lancet 1994, 344: 1383 1389.
34. Pedersen TD, Kjekshus J, Pyorala K, Willhelmsen L, Haghfelt T, Thorgeirson G, for the 4S Group: Effect of Simvastatin on survival and coronary morbidity in coronary heart disease patients 65 years and older. Circulation 1995, 92(suppl 1):1 672. Abstract.
35. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Wamica JW, Arnold JMO, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels: N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1001 1009.
36. Pasternak RC, Brown LE, Stone PH, Silverman DI, Gibson CM, Sacks FM, for the Harvard Atherosclerosis Reversibility Project Study Group: Effect of combination therapy with lipid-reducing drugs in patients with Coronary Heart Disease and "Normal" cholesterol levels. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125:529 540.
37. American College of Physicians. Guidelines for using serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels as screening tests for preventing coronary heart disease in adults. Ann Intern Med 1996, 124:515 517.
38. LaRosa JC. Cholesterol Agonistics. Ann Intern Med 1996, 124:505 508.
39. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Circulation 1994, 89:1329-45.
40. Hunink MGM, Goldman L, Tosteson ANA, Mittleman MA, Goldman PA, Williams LW, Tsevat J, Weinstein MC: The recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease, 1989-1990: the effect of secular trends in risk factors and treatment. JAMA 1997, 277:535 542.
41. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH: Inflammation, aspirin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men.N Engl J Med 1997, 336:973 979. A nested case control study among men participating in the Physicians Health Study age 40 to 84 years. Levels of C-reactive protein measured at baseline predicted risk of future myocardial infarction and stroke. The reduction associated with the use of aspirin in the risk of myocardial infarction appeared to be directly related to the level of C-reactive protein. This suggests the possibility that anfi-inflammatory agents may be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older men.
42. Maseri A: Inflammation, atherosclerosis and ischemic events: exploring the hidden side of the moon. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1014 1015.
43. Biasucci LM, Vitelli A, Liuzzo G, Altamura S, Caligiuri G, Monaco C, Rebuzzi AG, Ciliberto G, Maseri A: Elevated Levels of Interleukin-6 in unstable angina. Circulation 1996, 94:874 877.
44. Franceschi C, Monti D, Sansoni P, Cossarizza A: The immunology of exceptional individuals: the lesson of centenarians. Immunology Today 1995, 16:12 16.
45. Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM: Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 1996, 348:1079 1082.
46. Rossouw JE, Finnegan LP, Harlan WR, Pinn VW, Clifford C, McGowan JA: The evolution of the Women's Health Initiative: perspectives from the NIH. J Am Med Wom Assoc 1995, 50:50 55.
47. Davis BR, Cutler JA, Gordon DJ, Furberg CD, Wright JT, Jr, Cushman WC, Grimm RH, LaRosa J, Whelton PK, Perry HM et al. for the ALLHAT Research Group: Rationale and design for the antihypertensive and lipid lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). Am J Hypertension 1996, 9:409 411.