Coronary heart disease risk factors in older persons

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 75-89

  Corti, M C ^a   Guralnik, J M ^a   Bilato, C ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

Aged; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Coronary heart disease; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ESTROGEN;

AGED; AGING; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; OBESITY; PREVENTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0029888449     PISSN: 03949532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf03339560     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. National Center for Health Statistics: Vital statistics of the United States, 1989. Vol II Mortality. Part A Government Printing Office, Washington, D C , (DHHS publication n. (PHS), 93-1101, 1993.
2. Ettinger W.H , Fried L.P., Harris T., Shemansky L., Schulz R., Robbins J., Self-reported causes of physical disability in older people: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 42: 1035-1044, 1994.
3. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1994. Public Health Service, Hyattsville, Maryland, 1995.
4. LaCroix A.Z., Omenn G.S., Older adults and smoking. Clin. Genatr. Med 8: 69-87, 1992.
5. Mellstrom D., Rundgren A., Jagemburg R., Steen B., Svanborg A : Tobacco smoking, ageing and health among the elderly: a longitudinal population study of 70-year-old men and an age cohort comparison. Age Ageing 11: 45-58, 1982.
6. Belloc N., Breslow L.: Relationship of physical health status and health practice. Prev. Med. 71: 4189-4191, 1972
7. Department of Health and Human Services: The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular disease: a report of the Surgeon General. Government printing office, Washington, D C. (DHHS publication no. (PHS) 84-50204). 1983
8. Cupples L.A , D'Agostino R.B.: Some risk factors related to the annual incidence of cardiovascular disease and death using pooled repeated biennial measurements: Framingham Heart Study, 30 year follow-up. Section 34 of the Framingham Study: an epidemiological investigation of cardiovascular disease. NIH publication no. (NIH) 87-2703, 1987.
9. Harris T., Cook E.F., Kannel W.B , Goldman L : Proportional hazard analysis of risk factors for coronary heart disease in individual aged 65 or older: the Framingham Heart Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 36: 1023-1028, 1988.
10. Gordon T., Castelli W.P., Hjortland M C , Kannel W.B., Dawber T.R.: Predicting coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older persons. The Framingham study. JAMA 238: 497-499, 1977.
11. Benfante R., Reed D., MacLean C J , Yano K.: Risk factors in middle age that predict early and late onset of coronary heart disease. J Clin. Epidemiol. 42. 95-104, 1989.
12. Benfante R., Reed D., Frank J.: Do coronary heart disease risk factors measured in the elderly have the same predictive roles as in middle-aged? Ann. Epidemiol. 2: 273-282. 1992.
13. Jaijich C L , Ostfeld A.M , Freeman D.H. jr : Smoking and coronary heart disease mortality in the elderly JAMA 252: 2831-2834, 1984.
14. Siegel D., Kuller L., Lazarus N.B., Black D., Feigal D., Hughes G., Schoemberg J.A., Hulley S.B.: Predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program pilot project. Am. J. Epidemiol. 126: 385-399, 1987
15. Aronow W.S., Herzig A.H , Etienne F., D'Alba P., Ronquillo J., 41-month follow-up of risk factors correlated with new coronary events in 708 elderly patients. J Am. Geriatr. Soc. 37: 501-506, 1989.
16. Hermanson B., Omenn G.S., Kronmal R.A., Gersh B.J., Beneficial six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older men and women with coronary artery disease. Results from the CASS registry N. Engl. J. Med 319: 1365-1369, 1988.
17. Kannel W B , Vokonas P.S.: Primary risk factors for coronary heart disease in the elderly: the Framingham study. In: Wenger N.K., Furberg C.D., Pitt E. (Eds.), Coronary heart disease in the elderly. Elsevier Science Publishing Co , New York, Amsterdam, London, 1985, pp. 60-95.
18. Nissinen A., Pekkanen J., Porath A , Punsar S., Karvonen M J : Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among 55 to 74 years old Finnish men: a 10-year follow up. Ann Inter. Med. 21: 239-240, 1989
19. LaCroix A.Z., Lang J., Scherr P., Wallace R.B., Cornoni-Huntley J., Berkman L, Curb J.D., Evans D., Hennekens C.H.: Smoking and mortality among older men and women in three communities. N. Engl. J. Med. 324: 1619-1625, 1991.
20. Weintraub W., Klein L., Seelaus P. Agarwal J.B., Helfant R.H.: Importance of total life consumption of cigarettes as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol 55. 669-672, 1985.
21. Bots M.L., Grobbee D.E., Hofman A.: High blood pressure in the elderly. Epidemiol. Rev. 13. 294-314, 1991.
22. Foster T.A., Hale W.E., Srinivasan S.R , Cresanta J.L., Berenson G.S.: Levels of selected cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of geriatric participants. The Dunedin program. J Gerontol 42: 241-245, 1987
23. Borhani N.O.: Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. J. Hypertens. 6: 15-19, 1988.
24. Crow M T , Boluyt M.O., Lakatta E.G : Molecular and cellular aspects of cardiovascular aging. In: Holbrook N., Martin G.R , Lockshin R.A. (Eds), Cellular Aging and Cell Death. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 1996. pp. 81-107.
25. Carvalho J.J., Baruzzi R.G., Howard P.P., Poulter N , Alpers M.P , Franco L.J., Marcopito L.F., Spooner V J., Dyer A R., Elliott P , Stamler J., Stamler R : Blood pressure in four remote populations in the INTERSALT Study. Hypertension 14: 238-246, 1989.
26. Final report of the subcommittee on definition and prevalence of the 1984 Joint National Committee. Hypertension prevalence and the states of awareness, treatment, and control in the United States. Hypertension 7: 457-468, 1985.
27. Whelton P.K., King M.J.: Epidemiology of high blood pressure. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 5: 639-655, 1989.
28. Dannenberg A.L., Garrison R.J., Kannel W.B.: Incidence of hypertension in the Framingham Study. Am. J. Public Health 78. 676-679, 1985.
29. Hsu P.H., Mathewson F.A L., Rabkin S.W.: Blood pressure and body mass index patterns. A longitudinal study. J. Chronic Dis. 30: 93-113, 1977.
30. Pan W-H , Nanas S., Dyer A , Liu K., McDonald A., Schoenberger J.A., Shekelle R.B., Stamler R., Stamler J.: The role of weight in the positive association between age and blood pressure. Am. J Epidemiol. 124. 612-623, 1986.
31. Folsom AR , Prineas RJ., Kaye S.A., Murger R.G.: Incidence of hypertension and stroke in relation to body fat distribution and other risk factor in older women. Stroke 21: 701-706, 1990.
32. Grobbee D E , Van Hemert A M., Vandenbrouke J.P., Hofman A., Volkemburg H.A.: Importance of body weight in determining rise and level of blood pressure in postmenopausal women J Hypertens. 6: S614-S616, 1988.
33. Grobbee D.E., Hofman A.: Does sodium restriction lower blood pressure? Br. Med. J. 293: 27-29, 1986
34. Luft F.C., Weinberger M.H., Fineberg N.S., Miller J.Z., Grim C E.: Effects of age on renal sodium homeostasis and its relevance to sodium sensitivity. Am. J. Med. 82: 9-15, 1987.
35. Zemel M.B , Sowers J.R.: Salt-sensitivity and systemic hypertension in the elderly. Am. J. Cardiol. 61: 7H-12H, 1988.
36. Khaw K T , Barrett-Connor E : The association between blood pressure, age, and dietary sodium and potassium: a population study. Circulation 77: 53-61, 1988.
37. Ekelund L.G., Haskell W.L , Johnson J L., Whaley F.S., Criqui M.H., Sheps D.S.: Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men. N. Engl. J. Med. 319: 1379-1384, 1988.
38. Mac Mahon S , Peto R., Cutler J., Collins R., Sorlie P., Neaton J., Abbott R., Godwin J., Dyer A., Stamler J.: Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1. Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 335: 765-774, 1990.
39. Applegate W.B.: Managing the older patient with hypertension. Am J. Hypertens. 6: 277S-282S. 1993.
40. Report of the Joint National Committee in Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA 237. 255-261, 1977.
41. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Effect of stepped care on the incidence of myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. Hypertension 6: 196-206, 1984.
42. Kannel W.B., Wolf P.A., McGee DL, Dawber T.R., McNamara P., Castelli W P.: Systolic blood pressure, arterial rigidity and risks of stroke. JAMA 245: 1225-1229, 1981.
43. Stamler J., Neaton J.D., Wenthworth D.N.: Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Hypertension 13: 12-112, 1989.
44. Stamler J., Stamler R., Neaton J.D.: Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risk: US population data. Arch. Intern. Med. 153: 598-615, 1993.
45. Garland C., Barrett-Connor E., Suarez L., Criqui M.H.: Isolated systolic hypertension and mortality after age 60 years. Am. J. Epidemiol. 118: 365-376, 1983.
46. Kannel W.B., Dawber T.R., McGee D.L.: Perspectives on systolic hypertension. The Framingham Study. Circulation 61: 1179-1182, 1980.
47. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 265: 3255-3264, 1991.
48. Amery A., Birkenhager W., Brixko R., Bulpitt C., Clement D., Deruyttere M., De Schaepdryver A., Dollery C., Fagard R., Forette F., Forte J., Hamdy R., Henry J.F., Joossens J.V., Leonetti G , Lund-Johansen P., O'Malley K., Petrie J.C., Strasser T., Tuomilehto J., Williams B.: Efficacy of antihypertensive drug treatment according to age. sex, blood pressure, and previous cardiovascular disease in patients over the age of 60. Lancet 2. 589-592, 1986.
49. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. MRC Working Party. Br. Med. J. 304 405-412, 1992.
50. Dahlof B., Hansson L., Lindholm L H., Schersten B , Ekbom T , Wester P.O.: Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension): Analyses performed up to 1992. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 15:925-939, 1993.
51. Amery A , Birkenhager W., Brixko R., Bulpitt C., Clement D., Deruyttere M., De Schaepdryver A., Dollery C., Fagard R., Forette F., Forte J., Hamdy R., Henry J.F., Joossens J.V., Leonetti G., Lund-Johansen P., O'Malley K., Petrie J., Strasser T., Tuomilheto J., Williams B.: Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Trial. Lancet 1: 1349-1354, 1985.
52. Management Committee: Treatment of mild hypertension in the elderly. Med. J. Aust. 2: 398-402, 1981
53. Coope J., Warrender T.S , McPherson K.: The prognostic significance of blood pressure in the elderly. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2: 79-88, 1988.
54. Taylor J.O., Cornoni-Huntley J., Curb J.D., Manton K.G., Ostfed A.M , Scherr P., Wallace W.P.: Blood pressure and mortality risk in the elderly. Am. J. Epidemiol 134: 489-501, 1991.
55. Harris T : How might heterogeneity in the older population increase the risk of J-shaped curves in clinical trials? In: Wenger N.K. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Workshop: Inclusion of elderly individuals in clinical trials: cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular therapy as a model. Kansas City. 1993, pp. 25-37.
56. Glynn R.J , Field T.S., Rosner B., Hebert P.R., Taylor J.O., Hennekens C.H : Evidence for a positive linear relation between blood pressure and mortality in elderly people. Lancet 345: 825-829, 1995.
57. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel: Second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment Panel II). Circulation 89: 1329-1445, 1994.
58. Stamler J., Wentworth D., Neaton J D.: Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA 256: 2823-2828, 1986.
59. Anderson KM., Castelli W.P., Levy D.: Cholesterol and mortality: 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham Study. JAMA 257: 2176-2180, 1987
60. Stampfer M.J., Sacks F.M., Salvini S., Willett W.C., Hennekens C.H.: A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl J Med. 325: 373-381, 1991.
61. Hulley S.B., Newman T.B.: Cholesterol in the elderly. Is it important? JAMA 272: 1372-1373, 1994
62. Krumholz H.M., Seeman T.E., Mernll S.S , Mendes de Leon C.S., Vaccarino V., Silverman D.I., Tsukahara R., Ostfeld A M , Berkman L.F. Lack of association between cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity and all-cause mortality in persons older than 70 years JAMA 272: 1335-1340, 1994.
63. Ettinger W.H., Wahl P.W., Kuller L.H., Bush T.L., Tracy R P., Manolio TA., Borhani N.O., Wong N.D., O'Leary D.H. for the CHS Collaborative Research Group.: Lipoprotein lipids in older people. Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation 86: 858-869, 1992
64. Denke M.A., Grundy S.M.: Hypercholesterolemia in elderly persons: resolving the treatment dilemma. Ann. Inter. Med. 112: 780-792, 1990.
65. Sempos CT., Cleeman J I., Carroll M.E., Johnson C M . Bachorick P.S., Gordon D.J., Burt V.L., Briefel R.R , Brown C.D., Lippel K , Rifkind B.M.: Prevalence of high blood cholesterol among US adults. JAMA 269: 3009-3014, 1993.
66. Miller N.E , Nanjee M.N.: Hyperlipidemia in the elderly-metabolic changes underlying the increase in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides during aging. Cardiovasc. Risk Factors 2: 158-169, 1992.
67. Denke M A., Winker M.A., Cholesterol and coronary heart disease in older adults. No easy answers. JAMA 274. 575-577, 1995.
68. The Lipids Research Clinic Program Epidemiology Committee: Plasma lipid populations in selected North America populations. Circulution 60: 427-439, 1979.
69. Curb J.D., Reed D.M., Yano K., Kautz J., Albers J J.: Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in elderly Japanese-American men. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 34: 773-780, 1986.
70. Rubin S.M., Sidney S., Black D.M., Browner W.S., Hulley S.B., Cummings S.R.: High blood cholesterol in elderly men and excess risk for coronary heart disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 113: 916-920, 1990.
71. Reed D., Benfante R : Lipid and lipoprotein predictors of coronary heart disease in elderly men in the Honolulu Heart Program. Ann. Epidemiol. 2: 29-34, 1992.
72. Sorkin J.D., Andres R., Muller D.C., Baldwin H.L., Fleg J.L.: Cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in elderly men. Ann. Epidemiol. 2. 59-67, 1992.
73. Barrett-Connor E.: Hypercholesterolemia predicts early death from coronary heart disease in elderly men but not women. The Rancho Bemardo Study. Ann. Epidemiol. 2: 77-83, 1992
74. Corti M-C., Guralnik J.M., Salive M.E., Harris T , Field T.S., Wallace R B., Berkman L.F., Seeman T.E., Glynn R.J., Hennekens C.H., Havlik R.J.: HDL cholesterol predicts coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. JAMA 274 539-544, 1995
75. Zimetbaum P., Frishman W.H., Ooi W L., Derman M P., Aronson M., Gidez L.I., Eder H.A.: Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the very elderly. Arterioscler. Thromb. 12: 416-423, 1992.
76. Scanu A S., Fless G.M.: Lipoprotein (a): heterogeneity and biological relevance J. Clin. Invest. 85: 1709-1715, 1990.
77. Cambillau M., Simon A., Amar J., Giral P., Atger V., Segond P., Levenson J., Merli I , Megnien J.L., Plainfosse M.C., Moatti N., and the PCVMETRA group.: Serum Lp(a) as discriminant marker of early atherosclerotic plaque at three extracoronary sites in hypercholesterolemic men. Arterioscler. Thromb. 12: 1346-1352, 1992.
78. Jovicic A., Ivanisevivc V., Ivanovic I : Lipoprotein (a) in patients with carotid atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disorders. Atherosclerosis 98: 59-65, 1993.
79. Simons L , Friedlander Y., Simons J., McCallum J.: Lipoprotein (a) is not associated with coronary heart disease in the elderly: cross-sectioned data from the Dubbo study. Atherosclerosis 99: 2540-2544, 1993
80. Kario K., Matsuo T., Imiya M., Kayaba K., Kuroda T., Nago N., Matsuo H., Shimada K : Close relation between lipoprotein (a) levels and atherothrombotic disease in Japanese subjects >75 years of age. Am. J. Cardiol. 73: 1187-1190, 1994.
81. Shepherd J., Corbe S.M , Ford I., Isles C.G., Lorimer A.R., McFarlane P.W., McKillop J H., Packard C J., for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group : Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 1301-1307, 1995.
82. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344: 1383-1389, 1994.
83. Hubert H.B., Feinleib M., McNamara P.M , Castelli W.P , Obesity as independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. a 26 year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 67: 968-977, 1983.
84. Manson J.E., Colditz G A , Stampfer M J , Willett W C., Rosner B., Manson R.R., Speizer F.E., Hennekens C.H , A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl J. Med 322: 882-889, 1990.
85. Manson J.E., Tosteson H., Ridker P.M., Satterfield S., Hebert P., O'Connor G.T., Buring J E., Hennekens CH.: The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 326: 1406-1416, 1992
86. Simopoulos A P., Van Itallie T.B. Body weight, health, and longevity. Ann. Intern. Med 100: 285-295, 1984.
87. Seeman T., Mendes de Leon C., Berkman L., Ostfeld A.: Risk Factors for coronary heart disease among older men and women: a prospective study of community-dwelling elderly. Am. J. Epidemiol. 138 1037-1049, 1993.
88. Barrett-Connor E , Suarez L., Khaw K-T., Criqui H., Wingard D.L.: Ischemic heart disease risk factors after age 50. J. Chronic Dis. 37: 903-908, 1984.
89. Harris T., Cook E.F., Garrison R., Higgins M., Kannel W., Goldman L.: Body mass index and mortality among non smoking older persons. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 259: 1520-1524, 1988.
90. Manson J.E., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., Hankinson S.E., Hennekens C.H., Speizer F.E.: Body weight and mortality among women. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 677-685, 1995.
91. Launer L J., Harris T., Rumpel C., Madans J.: Body mass index, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle-aged and older women. The epidemiologic follow-up study of NHANES I. JAMA 271: 1093-1098, 1994
92. Andres R.: Aging. diabetes, and obesity: standards of normality. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 48: 489-495, 1981.
93. De Fronzo R A.: Glucose intolerance and aging. Diabetes Care 4: 493-501, 1981.
94. Jackson R.A.: Mechanisms of age-related glucose intolerance Diabetes Care 13. 9-19, 1990.
95. Fink R.I., Kolterman O.G., Gnffin J , Olefsky J.M.: Mechanisms of insulin resistance in aging. J. Clin. Invest. 71: 1523-1535, 1983
96. National Diabetes Data Group Diabetes in America. U.S Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. NIH Publication No. 85-1468, August 1985.
97. Kannel W.B., McGee D.L.: Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. Diabetes Care 2: 120-126, 1979.
98. Butler W.J., Ostrander L.D. jr., Carman W.J., Lamphiear D E:. Mortality from coronary heart disease in Tecumseh Study: long-term effect of diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance and other nsk factors. Am. J Epidemiol. 121: 541-547, 1985.
99. Barrett-Connor E., Wingard D.L.: Sex differential in ischemic heart disease mortality in diabetics: a prospective population-based study Am. J Epidemiol. 118. 489-496, 1983.
100. Kannel W.B , McGee D.L Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. JAMA 241: 2035-2038, 1979
101. Burack R., Keller J., Higgins M.: Cardiovascular risk factors and obesity: are baseline levels of blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol and uric acid elevated prior to weight gain? J. Chronic Dis. 38: 865-872, 1985.
102. Tell G.S., Rutan G.H., Kronmal R.A., Polak J.F., Wong N.D., Borhani N.O., Correlates of blood presssure in community-dwelling older adults The Cardiovascular Heath Study. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group Hypertension 23: 59-67, 1994.
103. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329: 977-986, 1993.
104. Gossain V.V , Carella M J., Rovner D.R., Management of diabetes in the elderly. a clinical perspective. J. Assoc. Acad Minor. Phys. 5: 22-31, 1994.
105. Manson J E., Colditz G.A., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C., Krolewski A.S., Rosner B., Arky R A , Speizer F.E., Hennekens C H.: Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch. Intern Med. 151. 1141-1147, 1991.
106. Kannel W.B.: Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women: perspective from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 114: 413-419, 1987.
107. Kannel W.B., Hjortland M.C., McNamara P.M., Gordon T.: Menopause and the risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 85: 447-452, 1976.
108. Wilson P.W.F., Garrison R.J., Castelli W.P.: Post-menopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. N. Engl. J. Med. 313: 1038-1043, 1985.
109. Bush T.L., Barrett-Connor E., Cowan L.D , Criqui M.H., Wallace R.B., Suchindran C.M., Tyroler H.A., Rifkind B.M : Cardiovascular mortality and non-contraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-Up Study. Circulation 75: 1102-1109, 1987.
110. Barrett-Connor E., Wingard D.L., Criqui M.H., Post-menopausal estrogen use and heart disease risk factors in the 1980s. JAMA 261. 2095-2100, 1989.
111. Stampfer J.M., Colditz G A , Willett W.C., Manson J E , Rosner B., Speizer F.E., Hennekens C.H : Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 756-762, 1991.
112. Miller-Bass K., Bush T.L.: Estrogen therapy and cardiovascular risk in women J. Louisiana State Med. Soc. 143 33-39, 1991
113. Barrett-Connor E., Bush T.L.: Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 265: 1861-1867, 1991.
114. Rossouw J.E , Finnegan L.P , Harlan W.R , Pinn V.W., Clifford C., McGowan J.A.: The evolution of the Women's Health Initiative perspectives from the NIH J Am Med. Worn. Assoc 50 50-55, 1995.
115. Bush T.L., Miller V.T., Effects of pharmacological agents used during menopause: impact on lipids and lipoproteins In: Mishell D.R. jr. (Ed.). Menopause: physiology and pharmacology. Year Book Medical Publishers Inc. Chicago, IL, 1987, pp. 187-208.
116. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial: Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions trial. JAMA 273: 199-208, 1995.
117. Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev. Med. 20: 47-63, 1991
118. Manolio T A , Furberg C.D., Shemanski L., Psaty B.M., O'Leary D.H., Tracy R.P., Bush T.L., for the CHS Collaborative Research Group: Association of postmenopausal estrogen use with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in older women. Circulation 88: 2163-2171, 1993
119. Berlin J.A., Colditz G.A.: A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 132: 612-628, 1990.
120. Donahue R P , Abbott R.D , Reed D.M., Yano K : Physical activity and coronary heart disease in middle-aged and elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program Am. J. Public Health 78. 683-685, 1988.
121. Paffenbarger R.S. jr., Hyde R.T., Wing A.L., Hsieh C.C.: Physical activity, all-cause mortality and longevity of college alumni. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 605-613, 1986.
122. O'Connor G T., Hennekens C.H., Willett W.C., Goldhaber S.Z., Paffenbarger R.S., Breslow J.L., Lee I-M., Buring J.E.: Physical exercise and reduced risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction. Am J. Epidemiol. 142: 1147-1156, 1995.
123. O'Connor G.T., Buring J.E., Yusuf S., Goldhaber S.Z., Olmstead B.A., Paffenbarger R.S., Hennekens C.H.: An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction Circulation 80: 234-244, 1989.
124. Simonsick E.M , Lafferty M.E., Phillips C.L., Mendes de Leon C.F., Kasl S.V., Seeman T.E , Fillenbaum G . Hebert P , Lemke J.H., Risk due to inactivity in physically capable older adults Am. J Public Health 83: 1443-1450, 1993.
125. Kaplan G A., Seeman T.E , Cohen R.D., Knudesen L.P., Guralnik J.M.: Mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study: behavioral and demographic risk factors Am. J. Public Health 77: 307-312, 1987
126. Tinctti M.E., Baker D.I., McAvay G., Claus E.B., Garrett P., Gottschalk M., Koch M.L., Trainor K., Horwitz R.I : A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N. Engl. J. Med. 331: 821-827, 1994
127. LaCroix A.Z., Guralnik J.M., Berkman L F., Wallace R B., Satterfield S.: Maintaining mobility in late life. II. Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and body mass index. Am. J. Epidemiol. 137 858-869, 1993.
128. Wilhelmsen L., Svardsudd K., Korsan-Bengtsen K., Larsson B., Welin L., Tibblin G.: Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N. Engl J. Med. 311: 501-505, 1984.
129. Maede T.W., Mellows S, Brozovic M., Miller G.J., Chakrabarti R.R., North W.R , Haines A.P., Stirling Y., Imeson J D., Thompson S.G.: Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 2: 533-537, 1986.
130. Kannel W.B., Wolf P.A., Castelli W.P., D'Agostino R.B : Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA 258: 1183-1186, 1987.
131. Yarnell J.W., Baker I.A , Sweetnam P.M., Bainton D., O'Brien J.R., Whitehead P.J., Elwood P.C. Fibrinogen. viscosity, and white blood cell count are major risk factors for ischemic heart disease. The Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart studies. Circulation 83: 836-844, 1991.
132. Brand F.N., McGee D.L., Kannel W.B., Stokes J. III. Castelli W.P.: Hyperuricemia as a risk factor of coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 121 11-18, 1985.
133. Levine W , Dyer A.R., Cheekily R B , Schoenberger J.A., Stamler J.: Serum uric acid and 11 5-year mortality of middle-aged women: findings of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. J. Clin Epidemiol. 42: 257-267, 1989.
134. Rathmann W , Hauner H , Dannehl K , Gries F.A., Association of elevated serum uric acid with coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab 19: 159-166, 1993.
135. Sullivan J.L.: The iron paradigm of ischemic heart disease. Am. Heart J. 117: 1177-1188, 1989.
136. McCord J.M : Is Iron sufficiency a risk factor in ischemic heart disease? Circulation 83: 1112-1113, 1991.
137. Salonen J T., Nyssonen K., Korpela H., Tuomilehto J , Seffanen R., Slonen R , High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish Men. Circulation 86: 803-811, 1992.
138. Corti M-C , Guralnik J.M., Salive M.E., Ferrucci L., Pahor M., Wallace R.B., Hennekens C.H.: Serum iron and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. Circulation 92 (1): 152, 1995 (Abstract)
139. Phillips A , Shaper A G., Whincup P.H.: Association between serum albumin and mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer and other causes Lancet 1: 1434-1436, 1989.
140. Kuller L.H., Eichner J.E., Orchard T.J : The relationship between serum albumin levels and risk of coronary heart disease in Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134 1266-1277, 1991.
141. Gillum R.F., Makuc D.M.: Serum albumin, coronary heart disease and death. Am. Heart J. 123: 507-513, 1992.
142. Corti M-C., Salive M.E., Guralnik J.M., Serum albumin and physical function as predictors of coronary heart disease incidence and mortality in older persons. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1996 (in press).
143. Boushey C.J., Beresdorf S.A.A., Omenn G.S., Motulsky A G., A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease JAMA 274: 1049-1057, 1995.
144. Beard J.T.: Serum uric acid and coronary heart disease. Am. Heart J. 106. 397-400, 1983.
145. Ernst E : Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor. Interrelationship with infection and inflammation. Eur. Heart J. 14 (K): 82-87, 1993.
146. Nygard O , Vollset S.E., Refsum H., Stensfold I , Tverdal A., Nordrehaug J.E., Ueland P.M., Kvale G.: Total plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular risk profile. the Hordaland Homocysteine Study JAMA 274: 1526-1533, 1995
147. Caird F.I., Kennedy R.D.: Epidemiology of heart disease in older age. In: Caird F.I., Dall J.L C , Kennedy R D. (Eds.), Cardiology in old age. Plenum Press, New York, London, 1976, pp 1-10.
148. Kronmal R.A , Cain K.C., Ye Z., Omenn G.S., Total serum cholesterol levels and mortality risk as a function of age. A report based on Framingham data. Arch. Intern. Med. 153: 1065-1073, 1993.
149. Gordon D.J., Rifkind B M.: Treating high blood cholesterol in the older patient Am. J. Cardiol. 63: 48H-52H, 1989
150. Garber A.M., Sox H.C., Littemberg B.: Screening symptomatic adults for cardiac risk factors: the serum cholesterol levels. Ann. Int. Med. 110: 622-639, 1989.
151. Malenka D.J., Baron J.A.: Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. The importance of patient-specific attributable risk. Arch. Intern. Med 148: 2247-2252, 1988.
152. Wolinsky F D., Arnold C.L.: A different perspective on health and health services utilization. In: Lawton M.P., Maddox G. (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics. Springer, New York, 1988, pp 71-101
153. Harris T., Feldman J.J. Implications of health status in analysis of risk in older persons. J. Aging Health 3: 263-284, 1991.
154. Kuller L., Borhani N , Furberg C., Gardin J., Manolio T., O'Leary D., Psaty B., Robbins J.: Prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and association with risk factors in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am. J Epidemiol. 139: 1164-1179, 1994.