메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 277, Issue 5332, 1997, Pages 1636-1639

The effect of smoke particles on clouds and climate forcing

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS BURNING; CLIMATE FORCING; CLOUD REFLECTANCE; DROPLET SIZE; SMOKE PARTICLE;

EID: 0030748901     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5332.1636     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (341)

References (57)
  • 4
    • 0002496812 scopus 로고
    • R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, Eds. Wiley, Chichester, UK
    • S. E. Schwartz et al., in Aerosol Forcing of Climate, R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1995), pp. 251-280.
    • (1995) Aerosol Forcing of Climate , pp. 251-280
    • Schwartz, S.E.1
  • 5
    • 0025626194 scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen and M. O. Andreae, Science 250, 1669 (1990); A. W. Setzer and M. C. Pereira, Ambio 20, 19 (1991); P. Artaxo, F. Gerab, M. A. Yamasoe, J. V. Martins, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 22857 (1994); W. M. Hao and M.-H. Liu, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 495 (1994).
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1669
    • Crutzen, P.J.1    Andreae, M.O.2
  • 6
    • 0025919387 scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen and M. O. Andreae, Science 250, 1669 (1990); A. W. Setzer and M. C. Pereira, Ambio 20, 19 (1991); P. Artaxo, F. Gerab, M. A. Yamasoe, J. V. Martins, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 22857 (1994); W. M. Hao and M.-H. Liu, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 495 (1994).
    • (1991) Ambio , vol.20 , pp. 19
    • Setzer, A.W.1    Pereira, M.C.2
  • 7
    • 0028583441 scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen and M. O. Andreae, Science 250, 1669 (1990); A. W. Setzer and M. C. Pereira, Ambio 20, 19 (1991); P. Artaxo, F. Gerab, M. A. Yamasoe, J. V. Martins, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 22857 (1994); W. M. Hao and M.-H. Liu, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 495 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 22857
    • Artaxo, P.1    Gerab, F.2    Yamasoe, M.A.3    Martins, J.V.4
  • 8
    • 0028570938 scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen and M. O. Andreae, Science 250, 1669 (1990); A. W. Setzer and M. C. Pereira, Ambio 20, 19 (1991); P. Artaxo, F. Gerab, M. A. Yamasoe, J. V. Martins, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 22857 (1994); W. M. Hao and M.-H. Liu, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 495 (1994).
    • (1994) Global Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.8 , pp. 495
    • Hao, W.M.1    Liu, M.-H.2
  • 11
    • 0021544245 scopus 로고
    • S. Twomey, M. Piepgrass, T. L. Wolfe, Tellus 36b, 356 (1984); P. V. Hobbs, in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, P. V. Hobbs, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1993), p. 33.
    • (1984) Tellus , vol.36 B , pp. 356
    • Twomey, S.1    Piepgrass, M.2    Wolfe, T.L.3
  • 12
    • 0027811314 scopus 로고
    • P. V. Hobbs, Ed. Academic Press, New York
    • S. Twomey, M. Piepgrass, T. L. Wolfe, Tellus 36b, 356 (1984); P. V. Hobbs, in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, P. V. Hobbs, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1993), p. 33.
    • (1993) Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions , pp. 33
    • Hobbs, P.V.1
  • 13
    • 0003719749 scopus 로고
    • MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
    • L. F. Radke et al., Global Biomass Burning (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991), p. 209.
    • (1991) Global Biomass Burning , pp. 209
    • Radke, L.F.1
  • 15
    • 0000831413 scopus 로고
    • J. Warner and S. Twomey, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 704 (1967); P. V. Hobbs and L. F. Radke, Science 163, 279 (1969); J. G. Hudson, J. Hallett, C. F. Rogers, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10847 (1991).
    • (1967) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 704
    • Warner, J.1    Twomey, S.2
  • 16
    • 0001299013 scopus 로고
    • J. Warner and S. Twomey, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 704 (1967); P. V. Hobbs and L. F. Radke, Science 163, 279 (1969); J. G. Hudson, J. Hallett, C. F. Rogers, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10847 (1991).
    • (1969) Science , vol.163 , pp. 279
    • Hobbs, P.V.1    Radke, L.F.2
  • 17
    • 0026306125 scopus 로고
    • J. Warner and S. Twomey, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 704 (1967); P. V. Hobbs and L. F. Radke, Science 163, 279 (1969); J. G. Hudson, J. Hallett, C. F. Rogers, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 10847 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 10847
    • Hudson, J.G.1    Hallett, J.2    Rogers, C.F.3
  • 18
  • 22
    • 0028573088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. O. Andreae et al., J. Geophys. Res. 99D, 12793 (1994); P. Artaxo, F. Gerab, M. A. Yamasoe, J. V. Martins, in (14), p. 519.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 D , pp. 12793
    • Andreae, M.O.1
  • 24
    • 0030404456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Le Canut et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23615 (1996); B.E. Anderson et al., ibid., p. 24117.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 23615
    • Le Canut, P.1
  • 29
    • 0026277144 scopus 로고
    • J. A. Coakley Jr. and R. Davies, J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 1025 (1986); J. A. Coakley Jr., Tellus 43B, 420 (1991).
    • (1991) Tellus , vol.43 B , pp. 420
    • Coakley Jr., J.A.1
  • 30
    • 0028571917 scopus 로고
    • S. Platnick and S. Twomey, J. Appl. Meteorol. 33, 334 (1994); S. Platnick and F. P. J. Valero, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2985 (1995).
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 334
    • Platnick, S.1    Twomey, S.2
  • 31
    • 0029415838 scopus 로고
    • S. Platnick and S. Twomey, J. Appl. Meteorol. 33, 334 (1994); S. Platnick and F. P. J. Valero, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2985 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2985
    • Platnick, S.1    Valero, F.P.J.2
  • 32
    • 15444349879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 11. It is lower by a few degrees kelvin than the actual temperature, because it is derived assuming that the cloud top is a black body and ignoring effects of the atmosphere above the cloud.
  • 33
    • 0027334403 scopus 로고
    • S ± 0.1 (35). For high optical thickness, an error of 20 to 30% is expected from uncertainty in the smoke-scattering phase function and single-scattering albedo.
    • (1993) Int. J. Remote Sens. , vol.14 , pp. 21
    • Kaufman, Y.J.1    Holben, B.N.2
  • 34
    • 0026439851 scopus 로고
    • S ± 0.1 (35). For high optical thickness, an error of 20 to 30% is expected from uncertainty in the smoke-scattering phase function and single-scattering albedo.
    • (1992) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.41 , pp. 19
    • Che, N.1    Price, J.C.2
  • 42
    • 0021890031 scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 2, 233 (1985). For effects of convections see R. R. Dickerson et al., Science 235, 18473 (1987); V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff and E. V. A. Marinho, Atmos. Environ. 28, 69 (1994); K. E. Pickering et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23993 (1996).
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.2 , pp. 233
    • Crutzen, P.J.1
  • 43
    • 0021890031 scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 2, 233 (1985). For effects of convections see R. R. Dickerson et al., Science 235, 18473 (1987); V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff and E. V. A. Marinho, Atmos. Environ. 28, 69 (1994); K. E. Pickering et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23993 (1996).
    • (1987) Science , vol.235 , pp. 18473
    • Dickerson, R.R.1
  • 44
    • 0028157779 scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 2, 233 (1985). For effects of convections see R. R. Dickerson et al., Science 235, 18473 (1987); V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff and E. V. A. Marinho, Atmos. Environ. 28, 69 (1994); K. E. Pickering et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23993 (1996).
    • (1994) Atmos. Environ. , vol.28 , pp. 69
    • Kirchhoff, V.W.J.H.1    Marinho, E.V.A.2
  • 45
    • 0030357366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. J. Crutzen et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 2, 233 (1985). For effects of convections see R. R. Dickerson et al., Science 235, 18473 (1987); V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff and E. V. A. Marinho, Atmos. Environ. 28, 69 (1994); K. E. Pickering et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23993 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 23993
    • Pickering, K.E.1
  • 46
    • 15444339622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The value determined by Penner et al. (2) of the global average indirect forcing by smoke could be an overestimate because (i) the study assumes a global homogeneous spatial distribution of the smoke aerosol in the presence of nonlinearity of the smoke effect; (ii) it neglects the presently observed low forcing for low availability of precipitable water vapor; and (iii) it neglects the production of smoke in the dry season with low cloud fraction.
  • 50
    • 0003715080 scopus 로고
    • P. V. Hobbs and M. P. McCormick, Eds. Deepak, Hampton, VA
    • Y. J. Kaufman and C. Sendra, in Aerosols and Climate, P. V. Hobbs and M. P. McCormick, Eds. (Deepak, Hampton, VA, 1988), p. 51; B. N. Holben, E. Vermote, Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, V. Kalb, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30, 212 (1992); Y. J. Kaufman, in (4), p. 298.
    • (1988) Aerosols and Climate , pp. 51
    • Kaufman, Y.J.1    Sendra, C.2
  • 52
    • 0003944747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Y. J. Kaufman and C. Sendra, in Aerosols and Climate, P. V. Hobbs and M. P. McCormick, Eds. (Deepak, Hampton, VA, 1988), p. 51; B. N. Holben, E. Vermote, Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, V. Kalb, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30, 212 (1992); Y. J. Kaufman, in (4), p. 298.
    • Aerosol Forcing of Climate , pp. 298
    • Kaufman, Y.J.1
  • 53
    • 0021644382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. S. Fraser, Y. J. Kaufman, R. L. Mahoney, Atmos. Environ. 18, 2577 (1984); P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. Vender Haar, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4063 (1986); P. A. Durkee, F. Pfeil, E. Frost, R. Shema, Atmos. Environ. 25a, 2457 (1991); E. F. Vermote et al., Special issue on Remote Sensing of Aerosol, J. Geopriys. Res. 102,17131 (1997).
    • (1984) Atmos. Environ. , vol.18 , pp. 2577
    • Fraser, R.S.1    Kaufman, Y.J.2    Mahoney, R.L.3
  • 54
    • 0021644382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. S. Fraser, Y. J. Kaufman, R. L. Mahoney, Atmos. Environ. 18, 2577 (1984); P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. Vender Haar, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4063 (1986); P. A. Durkee, F. Pfeil, E. Frost, R. Shema, Atmos. Environ. 25a, 2457 (1991); E. F. Vermote et al., Special issue on Remote Sensing of Aerosol, J. Geopriys. Res. 102,17131 (1997).
    • (1986) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.91 , pp. 4063
    • Durkee, P.A.1    Jensen, D.R.2    Hindman, E.E.3    Vender Haar, T.H.4
  • 55
    • 0026303610 scopus 로고
    • R. S. Fraser, Y. J. Kaufman, R. L. Mahoney, Atmos. Environ. 18, 2577 (1984); P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. Vender Haar, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4063 (1986); P. A. Durkee, F. Pfeil, E. Frost, R. Shema, Atmos. Environ. 25a, 2457 (1991); E. F. Vermote et al., Special issue on Remote Sensing of Aerosol, J. Geopriys. Res. 102,17131 (1997).
    • (1991) Atmos. Environ. , vol.25 A , pp. 2457
    • Durkee, P.A.1    Pfeil, F.2    Frost, E.3    Shema, R.4
  • 56
    • 0021644382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote Sensing of Aerosol
    • R. S. Fraser, Y. J. Kaufman, R. L. Mahoney, Atmos. Environ. 18, 2577 (1984); P. A. Durkee, D. R. Jensen, E. E. Hindman, T. H. Vender Haar, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 4063 (1986); P. A. Durkee, F. Pfeil, E. Frost, R. Shema, Atmos. Environ. 25a, 2457 (1991); E. F. Vermote et al., Special issue on Remote Sensing of Aerosol, J. Geopriys. Res. 102,17131 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Geopriys. Res. , vol.102 , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 17131
    • Vermote, E.F.1
  • 57
    • 15444355828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The satellite data were analyzed by S. Mattoo. The cloud detection was developed by M. Lawrence during a summer fellowship program at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. We thank J. Tucker for assistance with AVHRR data and acknowledge valuable comments from O. Boucher, P. V. Hobbs, Y. Joseph, M. D. King, Z. Levin, J. E. Penner, S. Platnick, L. A. Remer, and D. Tanré.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.