Hydrothermal alteration and tourmaline-albite equilibria at the coxheath porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit, Nova Scotia

Canadian Mineralogist

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 79-94

  Lynch, Gregory ^a   Ortega, Jorge ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Avalon Zone; Boiling; Boric acid; Coxheath porphyry deposit; Nova Scotia; Povondraite; Tourmaline

Indexed keywords

BOILING; HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION; PORPHYRY DEPOSIT; POVONDRAITE; TOURMALINE;

CANADA, NOVA SCOTIA, COXHEATH DEPOSIT;

EID: 0030733659     PISSN: 00084476     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. AHLFELD, F. (1945): The Chicote tungsten deposit, Bolivia. Econ. Geol. 40, 394-407.
2. BARR, S.M. (1993): Geochemistry and tectonic setting of late Precambrian volcanic and plutonic rocks in southeastern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30, 1147-1154.
3. _, MACDONALD, A.S. & WHITE, C.E. (1988): The Fourchu Group and associated granitoid rocks, Coxheath Hills, Eastbay Hills, and southwestern Stirling and Coastal Belts, southeastern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Geol. Surv. Can., Open-File Rep. 1759.
4. BEANE, R.E. (1982): Hydrothermal alteration in silicate rocks, southwestern North America. In Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North America (S.R. Titley, ed.). The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona (117-138).
5. _ & TITLEY, S.R. (1981): Porphyry copper deposits. II. Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Econ. Geol., Seventy-Fifth Anniv. Vol., 235-269.
6. BEATON, W.W. & SUGDEN, F.J. (1930): Coxheath copper mine, Cape Breton, N.S. Can. Inst. Mining Metall. Bull. 23, 834-842.
7. BEBOUT, G.E., RYAN, J.G. & LEEMAN, W.P. (1993): B-Be systematics in subduction-related metamorphic rocks: characterization of the subducted component. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57, 2227-2237.
8. BEVIER, M.-L., BARR, S.M., WHITE, C.E. & MACDONALD, A.S. (1993): U-Pb geochronologic constraints on the volcanic evolution of the Mira (Avalon) terrane, southeastern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30, 1-10.
9. BURT, D.M. (1989): Vector representation of tourmaline compositions. Am. Mineral. 74, 826-839.
10. CAMUS, F. (1975): Geology of the El Teniente orebody with emphasis on wall-rock alteration. Econ Geol. 70, 1341-1372.
11. CARLSON, S.R. & SAWKINS, F.J. (1980): Mineralogie and fluid inclusion studies of the Turmalina Cu-Mo-bearing breccia pipe, northern Peru. Econ. Geol. 75, 1233-1238.
12. CARTEN, R.B. (1986.): Sodium-calcium metasomatism: chemical, temporal, and spatial relationships at the Yerrington, Nevada, porphyry copper deposit. Econ Geol. 81, 1495-1519.
13. CHATTERJEE, A.K. & OLDALE, H.R. (1980): Porphyry copper-molybdenum ± gold mineralization at Coxheath. Geol. Assoc. Can. - Mineral. Assoc. Can., Fieldtrip Guide-book 6, 3-10.
14. CHIODINI, G., COMODI, P. & GIAQUINTO, S. (1988): Ammonia and boric acid in steam and water, experimental data from geothermal wells in the Phlegrean fields, Naples, Italy. Geotherm. 17, 711-718.
15. CLARKE, D.B., REARDON, N.C., CHATTERJEE, A.K. & GREGOIRE, D.C. (1989): Tourmaline composition as a guide to mineral exploration: a reconnaissance study from Nova Scotia using discriminant function analysis. Econ. Geol. 84, 1921-1935.
16. DILLES, J.H. & EINAUDI, M.T. (1992): Wall-rock alteration and hydrothermal flow paths about the Ann-Mason porphyry copper deposit, Nevada - a 6-km vertical reconstruction. Econ. Geol. 87, 1963-2001.
17. DOSTAL, J. & MCCUTCHEON, S.R. (1990): Geochemistry of Late Proterozoic basaltic rocks from southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. Precambrian Res. 47, 83-98.
18. DUBÉ, B., LAUZIÈRE, K., ROBERT, F. & POULSEN, K.H. (1996): The Hope Brook gold deposit: example of an acid sulphate intrusion-related gold deposit in Newfoundland. Geol. Surv. Can., Mineral. Colloquium (abstr.).
19. ELLIS, A.J. & MAHON, W.A. (1977): Chemistry of Geothermal Systems. Academic Press, London, U.K.
20. ETHIER, V.G. & CAMPBELL, F.A. (1977): Tourmaline concentrations in Proterozoic sediments of the southern Cordillera of Canada and their economic significance. Can. J. Earth Sci. 14, 2348-2363.
21. FOIT, F.F., JR., FUCHS, Y. & MYERS, P.E. (1989): Chemistry of alkali-deficient schorls from two tourmaline-dumortierite deposits. Am. Mineral. 74, 1317-1324.
22. FORSYTHE, D.L. & HIGGINS, N.C. (1990): Mount Carbine tungsten deposit. In Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea (F.E. Hughes, ed.). Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, Australia (1557-1560).
23. FUCHS, Y. & MAURY, R. (1995): Borosilicate alteration associated with U-Mo-Zn and Ag-Au-Zn deposits in volcanic rocks. Mineral Deposita 30, 449-459.
24. FUH, TSU-MIN (1965): A hydrothermal breakdown of tourmaline at high temperatures. Acta Geol. Taiwan 11, 21-29.
25. GIESKES, J.M. (1974): The Sea. Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y.
26. GIGGENBACH, W.F. (1980): Geothermal gas equilibria. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44, 2021-2032.
27. GOLDSCHMIDT, V.M. & PETERS, C. (1932): The chemistry of boron. II. Nach. Ges. Wiss., Göttingen, Math. Phys. Kl. 31.
28. GRICE, J.D., ERCIT, T.S. & HAWTHORNE, F.C. (1993): Povondraite, a redefinition of the tourmaline ferridravite. Am. Mineral. 78, 433-436.
29. GUSTAFSON, L.B. & HUNT, J.P. (1975): The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Econ. Geol. 70, 857-912.
30. _ & QUIROGA, J.G. (1995): Patterns of mineralization and alteration below the porphyry copper orebody at El Salvador, Chile. Econ. Geol. 90, 2-16.
31. HARDER, H. (1959): Beitrag zur Geochemie des Bors. II. Bor in Sedimenten. Nachr. 6, 123-183.
32. HAWTHORNE, F.C. (1996): Structural mechanisms for light-element variations in tourmaline. Can. Mineral. 34, 123-132.
33. HEDENQUIST, J.W. & LOWENSTERM, J.B. (1994): The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Nature 370, 519-527.
34. HELGESON, H.C., DELANY, J.M., NESBITT, H.W. & BIRD, D.K. (1978): Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock-forming minerals. Am. J. Sci. 278-A, 1-229.
35. HENRY, D.J. & DUTROW, B.L. (1992): Tourmaline in a low grade clastic metasedimentary rock: an example of the petrogenetic potential of tourmaline. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 112, 203-218.
36. _ & GUIDOTTI, C.V. (1985): Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: an example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine. Am. Mineral. 70, 1-15.
37. HOLLISTER, V.F., POTTER, R.R. & BARKER, A.L. (1974): Porphyry-type deposits of the Appalachian orogen. Econ. Geol, 69, 618-630.
38. HSU, KE-CHIN (1943): Tungsten deposits in southern Kiangsi, China. Econ. Geol. 38, 431-474.
39. ISHIKAWA, T. & NAKAMURA, E. (1994): Origin of the slab component in arc lavas from across-arc variation of B and Pb isotopes. Nature 370, 205-208.
40. JOLIFF, B.L., PAPIKE, J.J. & SHEARER, C.K. (1986): Tourmaline as recorder of pegmatite evolution: Bob Ingersoll pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota. Am. Mineral. 71, 472-500.
41. 39Ar hornblende ages from Late Proterozoic - Cambrian plutons in the Avalon composite terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 102, 516-528.
42. KING, R.W. (1990): Tourmaline from Mesothermal Gold Deposits of the Superior Province, Canada: Textural, Chemical and Isotopic Relationships. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
43. _ & KERRICH, R.W. (1986): Tourmaline in Archean lode gold deposits. 1. Geochemical characteristics. Geol. Soc. Am., Abstr. Programs, 18, 657.
44. KOVAL, P.V., ZORINA, L.D., KITAJEV, N.A., SPIRIDONOV, A.M. & ARIUNBILEG, S. (1991): The use of tourmahne in geochemical prospecting for gold and copper mineralization. J. Geochem. Explor. 40, 349-360.
45. KRYNINE, P.D. (1946): The tourmaline group in sediments. J. Geol. 54, 65-87.
46. KUYUNKO, N.S., SEMONOV, Y.V., GOREVICH, V.M., KUZ'MIN, V.I., TOPOR, N.D. & GORBUNOV, V.Y. (1984): Experimental determination of the thermodynamic properties of tourmaline-dravite. Geochem. Int. 22, 109-116.
47. LANDERGREN, S. (1945): Contribution to the geochemistry of boron. II. Arkiv. Kemi Mineral. Geol. 19A, 26.
48. LEEMAN, W.P., CARR, M.J. & MORRIS J.D. (1994): Boron geochemistry of the Central American volcanic arc: constraints on the genesis of subduction-related magmas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 149-168.
49. LONDON, D., HERVIG, R.L. & MORGAN, G.B., VI (1988): Melt-vapor solubilities and elemental partitioning in peraluminous granite-pegmatite systems: experimental results with Macusani glass at 200 MPa. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 99, 360-373.
50. _ & MANNING, D.A.C. (1995): Chemical variation and significance of tourmaline from southwest England. Econ. Geol. 90, 495-519.
51. LOWELL, J.D. & GUILBERT, J.M. (1970): Lateral and vertical alteration - mineralization zoning in porphyry ore deposits. Econ. Geol. 65, 373-408.
52. LUBIS, H., PRIHATMOKO, S. & JAMES, L.P. (1994): Bulagidun prospect: a copper, gold, and tourmaline bearing porphyry and breccia system in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Geochem. Explor. 50, 257-278.
53. LYNCH, J.V.G. (1989): Hydrothermal alteration, veining, and fluid inclusion characteristics of the Kalzas wolframite deposit, Yukon. Can. J. Earth Sci. 26, 2106-2115.
54. MAIER, C.G. & KELLEY, K.K. (1932): An equation for the high temperature heat content data. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54, 3243-3246.
55. MAO, JINGWEN (1995): Tourmalinite from northern Guangxi, China. Mineral. Deposita 30, 235-245.
56. MELDRUM, S.J., AQUINO, R.S., GONZALES, R.I., BURKE, R.J., SUYADI, A., IRIANTO, B. & CLARKE, D.S. (1994): The Batu Hijau porphyry copper-gold deposit, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. J. Geochem. Explor. 50, 203-220.
57. MESMER, R.E., BAES, C.F. & SWEETON, F.H. (1972): Acidity measurements at elevated temperatures. VI. Boric acid equilibria. Inorg. Chem. 11, 537-543.
58. MORGAN, G.B., VI & LONDON, D. (1989): Experimental reactions of amphibolite with boron-bearing aqueous fluids at 200 MPa: implications for tourmaline stability and partial melting in mafic rocks. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 102, 281-297.
59. OLDALE, H.R. (1967): A centennial of mining exploration and development - Coxheath Hills, Cape Breton. Can. Inst. Mining Metall. Bull. 60, 1411-1419.
60. PALMER, M.R. (1991a): Boron isotope systematics of Halmahera arc (Indonesia) lavas: evidence for involvement of the subducted slab. Geology 19, 215-217.
61. _ (1991b): Boron isotope systematics of hydrothermal fluids and tourmalines: a synthesis. Isotope Geosci. 14, 111-121.
62. _ & SLACK, J.F. (1989): Boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 103, 434-451.
63. PICHAVANT, M. (1981): An experimental study of the effect of boron on a water-saturated haplogranite at 1 kbar pressure: geological applications. Contrib. Mineral Petrol. 76, 430-439.
64. 2O on liquidus phase relations in the haplogranite system at 1 kbar. Am. Mineral. 72, 1056-1070.
65. POVONDRA, P. & NOVÁK, M. (1986): Tourmalines in metamorphosed carbonate rocks from western Moravia, Czechoslovakia. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsh., 273-282.
66. ROBBINS, C.R. & YODER, H.S., JR. (1962): Stability relations of dravite, a tourmaline. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Year Book 61, 106-107.
67. ROBERT, F. & BROWN, A.C. (1986): Archean gold-bearing quartz veins at the Sigma mine, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec. II. Vein paragenesis and hydrothermal alteration. Econ. Geol. 81, 593-616.
68. SHAW, D.M. & STURCHIO, N.C. (1992): Boron-lithium relationships in rhyolìtes and associated thermal waters of young silicic calderas, with comments on incompatible element behavior. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 3723-3731.
69. SHELNUTT, J.P. & NOBLE, D.C. (1985): Premineralization radial dikes of tourmalinized fluidization breccia, Julcani district, Peru. Econ. Geol. 80, 1622-1632.
70. SHOCK, E.L., HELGESON, H.C. & SVERJENSKY, D.A. (1989): Calculation of the thermodynamic and transportation properties of aqueous species at high pressures and temperatures: standard partial molal properties of inorganic neutral species. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 2157-2183.
71. SHUVALOV, R.A. (1974): Distribution of boric acid between water and vapor during separation of the vapor-water mixture of Pauzhetka deposits. In Hydrothermal Mineral-Forming Solutions in the Areas of Active Volcanism (S.I Naboko, ed.). Oxonian Press, Calcutta, India (155-159).
72. SILLITOE, R.H. (1973): Geology of the Los Pelambres porphyry copper deposit, Chile. Econ. Geol. 68, 1-10.
73. _ (1993): Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits: geological model and exploration implications. In Mineral Deposit Modeling (R.V. Kirkham, W.D. Sinclair, R.I. Thorpe & J.M. Duke, eds.). Geol. Assoc. Can., Spec. Pap. 40, 465-478.
74. _ & SAWKINS, F.J. (1971): Geologic, mineralogic and fluid inclusion studies relating to the origin of copper-bearing tourmaline breccia pipes, Chile. Econ. Geol. 66, 1028-1041.
75. SINCLAIR, W.D. & RICHARDSON, J.M. (1992): Quartz-tourmaline orbicules in the Seagull batholith, Yukon Territory. Can. Mineral. 30, 923-935.
76. SKEWES, M.A. (1992): Miocene and Pliocene Copper-Rich Breccias from the Andes of Central Chile (32°-34°S). Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
77. SLACK, J.F. (1982): Tourmaline in Appalachian-Caledonian massive sulphide deposits and its exploration significance, Inst. Mining Metall. Trans. 91(B), B81-B89.
78. _ (1996): Tourmaline associations with hydrothermal ore deposits. In Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry (E.S. Grew & A.M. Anovitz, eds.). Rev. Mineral. 33 (in press).
79. SMITH, F.G. (1949): Transport and deposition of the non-sulphide vein minerals. IV. Tourmaline. Econ. Geol. 44, 186-192.
80. STEWART, P.W. (1992): The Origin of the Hope Brook Mine, Newfoundland: a Shear Zone Hosted Acid Sulphate Gold Deposit. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Western Ontario, London Ontario.
81. TAYLOR, B.E. & SLACK, J.F. (1984): Tourmalines from Appalachian-Caledonian massive sulfide deposits: textural, chemical, and isotopic relationships. Econ. Geol. 79, 1703-1726.
82. THICKE, M.J. (1987): The Geology of Late Hadrynian Metavolcanic and Granitoid Rocks of the Coxheath - Northern East Bay Area, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. M.Sc. thesis, Acadia Univ., Wolfville, Nova Scotia.
83. VORBACH, A. (1989): Experimental examinations on the stability of synthetic tourmalines in temperatures from 250°C to 750°C and pressures to 4 kb. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Abh. 161, 69-83.
84. WARNAARS, F.W., HOLMGREN D.C. & BARASSI, F.S. (1985): Porphyry copper and tourmaline breccias at Los Bronces - Rio Blanco, Chile. Econ. Geol. 80, 1544-1565.
85. WILLIAMS, H. (1984): Miogeoclines and suspect terranes of the Caledonian -Appalachian orogen: tectonic patterns in the North Atlantic region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 21, 887-901.
86. YOU, C.F., SPIVACK, A.J., GIESKES, J.M., ROSENBAUER, R. & BISCHOFF, J.L. (1995): Experimental study of boron geochemistry: implications for fluid processes in subduction zones. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2435-2442.