Civil society, the market and democracy in latin America

Democratization

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 57-83

  Pearce, Jenny ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; DEMOCRATISATION; DEVELOPING REGION; MARKET TRANSITION; NATIONAL POLITICS;

CHILE; LATIN AMERICA;

EID: 0030730167     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349708403515     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Robert A. Pastor (ed.), Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum (New York: Holmes & Meier,1989).
2. See, for example: J. Cohen and A. Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992); E. Gellner, Conditions of Liberty, Civil Society and its Rivals (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994); K. Kumar, 'Civil Society: An Inquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term', British Journal of Sociology, Vol.35, No. 1 (1993), pp.1-41. More modestly, I have undertaken my own ground-clearing exercise in J. Pearce, 'How Useful is "Civil Society" to the Conceptualisation of Democratisation Processes? With Reference to Latin America', in Lee-Anne Broadhead (ed.), Issues in Peace Research, 1995-96, (Bradford: Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, 1996), pp. 137-65.
3. See, for example: J. Cohen and A. Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992); E. Gellner, Conditions of Liberty, Civil Society and its Rivals (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994); K. Kumar, 'Civil Society: An Inquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term', British Journal of Sociology, Vol.35, No. 1 (1993), pp.1-41. More modestly, I have undertaken my own ground-clearing exercise in J. Pearce, 'How Useful is "Civil Society" to the Conceptualisation of Democratisation Processes? With Reference to Latin America', in Lee-Anne Broadhead (ed.), Issues in Peace Research, 1995-96, (Bradford: Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, 1996), pp. 137-65.
4. See, for example: J. Cohen and A. Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992); E. Gellner, Conditions of Liberty, Civil Society and its Rivals (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994); K. Kumar, 'Civil Society: An Inquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term', British Journal of Sociology, Vol.35, No. 1 (1993), pp.1-41. More modestly, I have undertaken my own ground-clearing exercise in J. Pearce, 'How Useful is "Civil Society" to the Conceptualisation of Democratisation Processes? With Reference to Latin America', in Lee-Anne Broadhead (ed.), Issues in Peace Research, 1995-96, (Bradford: Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, 1996), pp. 137-65.
5. See, for example: J. Cohen and A. Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992); E. Gellner, Conditions of Liberty, Civil Society and its Rivals (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994); K. Kumar, 'Civil Society: An Inquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term', British Journal of Sociology, Vol.35, No. 1 (1993), pp.1-41. More modestly, I have undertaken my own ground-clearing exercise in J. Pearce, 'How Useful is "Civil Society" to the Conceptualisation of Democratisation Processes? With Reference to Latin America', in Lee-Anne Broadhead (ed.), Issues in Peace Research, 1995-96, (Bradford: Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, 1996), pp. 137-65.
6. R. Fine, 'Civil Society Theory, Enlightenment and Critique', Democratization, Vol.4, No.1 (1997) (Special Issue), pp.7-28.
7. M. Ignatieff, On Civil Society', Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995, p.129.
8. For a good review of this literature, see G. Munck, 'Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Politics, Vol 26, No. 3 (1994), pp. 355-75.
9. Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, CT and London:Yale University Press, 1989), p222. This is Dahl's most recent contribution, although the concept of 'polyarchy' dates from much earlier writings. In this book, Dahl identifies seven institutions necessary to the 'highest feasible form of government': elected officials, free and fair elections, inclusive suffrage, right to run for office, freedom of expression, alternative information, associational autonomy. Ibid, p.221.
10. Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, CT and London:Yale University Press, 1989), p222. This is Dahl's most recent contribution, although the concept of 'polyarchy' dates from much earlier writings. In this book, Dahl identifies seven institutions necessary to the 'highest feasible form of government': elected officials, free and fair elections, inclusive suffrage, right to run for office, freedom of expression, alternative information, associational autonomy. Ibid, p.221.
11. Marcello Cavarozzi, 'Beyond Transitions to Democracy in Latin America', Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol.24 (1992), pp.665-84.
12. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 'Associated-Dependent Development and Democratic Theory', in A. Stepan (ed.), Democratizing Brazil (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p.319.
13. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1986).
14. Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics. Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), p.4.
15. Cohen and Arato, Civil Society ....
16. Ibid., Ch.1, pp.48-58.
17. Ibid., p.56.
18. Ibid., p.80.
19. Ibid., p.80.
20. David Slater, 'Power and Social Movements in the Other Occident:Latin America in an International Context', paper presented at the CEDLA/CERLAC joint workshop, 13-15 Nov., 1991, Amsterdam, mimeo.
21. F. Weffort, 'Why Democracy?', in Stepan (ed.), Democratizing Brazil, pp.327-50.
22. C. Castaneda, Utopia Unarmed (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p.200.
23. Alain Touraine, Actores Sociales y Sistemas Politicas en America Latina (Santiago: PREALC, 1987), p.13.
24. Cardoso, "Associated-Dependant Development', p.323.
25. Ibid., p.324.
26. D. Rueschemeyer, J. Stephens and E. Huber, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), p.6.
27. P. Oxhom, 'Controlled Inclusion to Coerced Marginalisation', in John A. Hall (ed.), Civil Society, Theory History Comparison (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), pp.250-73.
28. 'Exposicion del señor Enrique V. Iglesias, Presidente del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y del Directorio de la Corporación Interamericana de Inversiones, en la Sesion Inaugural de la Reunión Anual de las Asambleas de Gobemadores', Guadalajara, Mexico, 11 April 1994, mimeo.
29. 'Jarquin, E. El BID, La Modernization del Estado y el Fortalecimiento de la Sociedad Civil', Exposicion en la Conferencia sobre el Fortalecimiento de la Sociedad Civil en Centroamerica y Republica Dominicana, San Jose, Costa Rica, 27-29 Nov. 1995, mimeo.
30. Norberto Lechner, 'La Problematica Invocacion de La Sociedad Civil', Revista Foro, Bogota, Colombia, No. 28, (1996), pp.24-33.
31. Ana Maria Bejarano, 'Para Repensar las Relaciones Estado, Sociedad Civil y Regimen Politico. Una Nueva Mirada Conceptual', Controversia, Bogota, Colombia, No.167, Oct.-Nov. 1995, p.30.
32. L. Diamond, 'Toward Democratic Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No.3 (1994), pp.4-17.
33. Ibid, p.16
34. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, 'Towards Consolidated Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.2 (1996), p.17.
35. Ibid., p.17.
36. Ibid.,p.15.
37. J. Pearce, Colombia: Inside the Labyrinth (London: Latin America Bureau, 1990). The tendency in the mainstream literature to see Colombia as a problem of Order' rather than a problem of 'democracy and democratization', has meant that thousands of people have been killed over the last decades without this being viewed as a problem originating in the very heart of the Colombian political system.
38. Lawrence Whitehead, 'Bowling in the Bronx: The Uncivil Interstices between Civil and Political Society', Democratization, Vol.4, No.1 (1997) (Special Issue), pp.94-114.
39. Stephen Ellner, 'The Deepening of Democracy in a Crisis Setting: Political Reform and the Electoral Process in Venezuela', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol.35, No.1, pp. 1-41; Jonathon Fox, 'From Clientelism to Citizenship: Lesson from Mexico', World Politics, Vol.46 (1994), pp.151-84; Anthony Pereira, 'Economic Underdevelopment, Democracy and Civil Society: The North-East Brazilian Case', Third World Quarterly, Vol.14, No.2 (1993), pp.365-80.
40. Stephen Ellner, 'The Deepening of Democracy in a Crisis Setting: Political Reform and the Electoral Process in Venezuela', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol.35, No.1, pp. 1-41; Jonathon Fox, 'From Clientelism to Citizenship: Lesson from Mexico', World Politics, Vol.46 (1994), pp.151-84; Anthony Pereira, 'Economic Underdevelopment, Democracy and Civil Society: The North-East Brazilian Case', Third World Quarterly, Vol.14, No.2 (1993), pp.365-80.
41. Stephen Ellner, 'The Deepening of Democracy in a Crisis Setting: Political Reform and the Electoral Process in Venezuela', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol.35, No.1, pp. 1-41; Jonathon Fox, 'From Clientelism to Citizenship: Lesson from Mexico', World Politics, Vol.46 (1994), pp.151-84; Anthony Pereira, 'Economic Underdevelopment, Democracy and Civil Society: The North-East Brazilian Case', Third World Quarterly, Vol.14, No.2 (1993), pp.365-80.
42. J. Fox (1994), op. cit., pp.151-2.
43. David Slater, 'Introduction: Social Movements and Political Change in Latin America', Latin American Perspectives, Vol.21, No. 2 (1994), p.6.
44. John Dunn, quoted in Susan Mendus, 'Losing the Faith, Feminism and Democracy', in John Dunn (ed.). Democracy, the Unfinished Journey, 508 BC to AD 1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p.208.
45. David Beetham, 'Key Principles and Indices for a Democratic Audit', in David Beetham (ed.), Defining and Measuring Democracy (London: Sage Publications, 1994).
46. Guillermo O'Donnell, On the State, Democratisation and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries', World Development, Vol.21, No.8 (1993), pp.1355-69.
47. Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions about Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No 2 (1996), pp. 34-51.
48. Cardoso 'Associated-Dependent Development', p.323.
49. For a discussion of the emergence of the 'Public Sphere' in Western Europe, see J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989).
50. This is discussed in detail in J. Pearce, 'Democracy and Development in a Divided Society', in A. Leftwich (ed.), Democracy and Development (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
51. Manuel Antonio Garreton, 'Redemocratisation in Chile', Journal of Democracy, Vol.1 (1995), p.153.
52. Ibid., p.156.
53. A. Matear, 'Desde la protesta a la propuesta: Gender Politics in Transition in Chile', Democratization, Vol.3, No.3 (1996), p.262.
54. Gerardo Munck, 'Democratic Stability and its Limits: An Analysis of Chile's 1993 elections', Journal of Inter-American Studies, Vol.36, No.2 (1994), pp.1-38.
55. See, for example, the report to the UN Human Rights Commission, of the Relator Especial a Chile, 4 Jan. 1996, mimeo.