The Chengwatana Volcanics, Wisconsin and Minnesota: Petrogenesis of the southernmost volcanic rocks exposed in the Midcontinent rift

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 536-548

  Wirth, Karl R ^a   Vervoort, Jeffrey D ^b   Naiman, Zachary J ^a  

^a MACALESTER COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASALT; CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; GEOCHEMISTRY; PETROGENESIS; RIFT;

USA, MINNESOTA, ST CROIX RIVER; USA, WISCONSIN, ST CROIX RIVER;

EID: 0030723656     PISSN: 00084077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/e17-043     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Barovich, K.M., Patchett, P.J., Peterman, Z.E., and Sims, P.K. 1989. Nd isotopes and the origin of 1.9-1.7 Ga Penokean continental crust of the Lake Superior region. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101: 333-338.
2. Berkey, C.P. 1897. Geology of the St. Croix Dalles. American Geologist, 20: 345-383.
3. Block, D.R., and Cavaleri, M.E. 1988. Petrogenesis and geochemistry of rhyolites from the Chengwatana volcanic group, Midcontinent Rift System. Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Annual Meeting, Proceedings and Abstracts, 35: 6-7.
4. Brannon, J.C. 1984. Geochemistry of successive lava flows of the Keweenawan North Shore Volcanic Group. Ph.D. thesis, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.
5. Brown, E.H. 1977. The crossite content of Ca-amphibole as a guide to pressure of metamorphism. Journal of Petrology, 18: 53-72.
6. Cannon, W.F. 1992. The North American Midcontinent Rift beneath the Lake Superior region with emphasis on its geodynamic evolution. Tectonophysics, 213: 41-48.
7. Cannon, W.F., Green, A.G., Hutchinson, D.R., Lee, M., Milkereit, B., Behrendt, J.C., Halls, H.C., Green, J.C., Dickas, A.B., Morey, G.B., Sutcliffe, R., and Spencer, C. 1989. The North American Midcontinent rift beneath Lake Superior from GLIMPCE seismic reflection profiling. Tectonics, 8: 305-332.
8. Cavaleri, M.E. 1987. Petrogenesis of the Chengwatana Volcanics near Taylors Falls, Minn. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 19: 192.
9. Chauvel, C., Arndt, N.T., Kielinzcuk, S., and Thom, A. 1987. Formation of Canadian 1.9 Ga old continental crust. I. Nd isotopic data. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24: 396-406.
10. Condie, K.C. 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology, 104: 1-37.
11. Cordua, W.S. 1980. Geochemistry and petrology of Keweenawan basalts from the St. Croix Falls area, WI. EOS, 61: 1193.
12. Cordua, W.S. 1989. Bedrock geology of the St. Croix Falls area, Wisconsin and Minnesota: an overview. In The Geology of the St. Croix Valley, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Proceedings of the University of Wisconsin Geological Field Conference, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, pp. 25-51.
13. Cordua, W.S., Bauer, D.P., Gillbertson, J.P., Koskelin, K.M., and Oberli, J.W. 1979. Geologic setting of copper mineralization in Precambrian (Keweenawan) basaltic volcanics and Upper Cambrian sediments in the St.Croix Falls area, Wisconsin and Minnesota. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 11: 227.
14. Craddock, C. 1972. Keweenawan geology of east-central and southeastern Minnesota. In Geology of Minnesota: a centennial volume. Edited by P.K. Sims and G.B. Morey. Minnesota Geological Survey, St. Paul, Minn., pp. 416-424.
15. Davis, D.W., and Green, J.C. 1997. Geochronology of the North American Midcontinent rift in western Lake Superior and implications for its geodynamic evolution. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34: 476-488.
16. Davis, D.W., and Paces, J.B. 1990. Time resolution of geologic events on the Keweenaw Peninsula and implications for development of the Midcontinent Rift system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 97: 54-64.
17. Davis, D.W., and Sutcliffe, R.H. 1985. U-Pb ages from the Nipigon Plate and northern Lake Superior. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96: 1572-1579.
18. Davis, D.W., Green, J.C., and Manson, M. 1995. Geochronology of the 1.1 Ga North American Midcontinent rift. Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Annual Meeting, Proceedings and Abstracts, 41: 9-10.
19. DePaolo, D.J. 1981. Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 53: 189-202.
20. Dosso, L. 1984. The nature of the Precambrian subcontinental mantle: isotopic study (Sr, Pb, Nd) of the Keweenawan volcanism of the North Shore of Lake Superior. Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
21. Goldstein, S.L., O'Nions, R.K., and Hamilton, P.J. 1984. A Sm-Nd study of atmospheric dusts and particulates from major river systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 70: 220-236.
22. Green, J.C. 1977. Keweenawan plateau volcanism in the Lake Superior region. In Volcanic regimes in Canada. Edited by W.R.A. Baragar, L.C. Coleman, and J.M. Hall. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 16, pp. 407-422.
23. Green, J.C. 1982. Geology of Keweenawan extrusive rocks. In Geology and tectonics of the Lake Superior Basin. Edited by R.J. Wold and W.J. Hinze. Geological Society of America, Memoir 156, pp. 47-55.
24. Green, J.C. 1983. Geologic and geochemical evidence for the nature and development of the Middle Proterozoic (Keweenawan) Midcontinent Rift of North America. Tectonophysics, 94: 413-437.
25. Grout, F.F. 1910. Contribution to the petrography of the Keweenawan. Journal of Geology, 18: 633-657.
26. Hall, C. W. 1901. Keweenawan area of eastern Minnesota. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 12: 313-342.
27. Halls, H.C., and Pesonen, L.J. 1982. Paleomagnetism of Keweenawan rocks. In Geology and tectonics of the Lake Superior Basin. Edited by R.J. Wold and W.J. Hinze. Geological Society of America, Memoir 156, pp. 173-202.
28. Hassan, A., and Mudrey, M.G. 1980. Petrochemistry of the Keweenawan Chengwatana Volcanics, Wisconsin. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 61: 1193.
29. Heaman, L.M., and Machado, N. 1992. Timing and origin of Midcontinent Rift alkaline magmatism, North America: evidence from the Coldwell Complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110: 289-303.
30. Hegner, E., and Pallister, J.S. 1989. Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic characteristics of Tertiary Red Sea Rift Volcanics from the central Saudi Arabian coastal plain. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94: 7749-7755.
31. Hutchinson, D.R., White, R.S., Cannon, W.F., and Schulz, K.J. 1990. Keweenaw hot spot: geophysical evidence for a 1.1 Ga mantle plume beneath the Midcontinent Rift system. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 10869 - 10884.
32. Irvine, T.N., and Baragar, W.R.A. 1971. A guide to the classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 8: 523-548.
33. Jensen, L.S. 1976. A new cation plot for classifying subalkalic volcanic rocks. Ontario Division of Mines. Miscellaneous Paper 66.
34. Kay, R.W., and Kay, S.M. 1988. Crustal recycling and the Aleutian arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52: 1351-1359.
35. Kay, S.M., Maksaev, V., Moscoso, R., Mpodozis, C., and Nasi, C. 1987. Probing the evolving Andean lithosphere; mid-late Tertiary magmatism in Chile (29°-30°30′) over the modern zone of subhorizontal subduction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92: 6173-6189.
36. Kean, W.F. 1992. Magnetic studies in the Dresser - St. Croix Falls Area, Polk County, Wisconsin. Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Annual Meeting, Proceedings and Abstracts, 38: 48.
37. Kean, W.F. 1993. A possible new magnetic reversal in the middle Keweenawan, Chengwatana lava flows, northeastern Wisconsin. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 25: 143.
38. Kean, W.G. 1995. Rock magnetism and paleomagnetism of the middle Keweenawan, Chengwatana lava flows, northwestern Wisconsin: Evidence for a short reversal. Proceedings Volume, Field Conference and Symposium, International Geological Correlation Programme Project 336, Duluth, Minn., Aug. 19 - Sept. 1, 1995, pp. 77-78.
39. Klewin, K.W., and Berg, J.H. 1990. Geochemistry of the Mamainse Point volcanics, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 27: 1194-1199.
40. Klewin, K.W., and Berg, J.H. 1991. Petrology of the Keweenawan Mamainse Point lavas, Ontario: petrogenesis and continental rift evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96: 457-474.
41. Klewin, K.W., and Shirey, S.B. 1992. The igneous petrology and magmatic evolution of the Midcontinent rift system. Tectonophysics, 213: 33-40.
42. Le Maitre, R.W. 1984. A proposal by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks for a chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total-alkali silica (TAS) diagram. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 31: 243-255.
43. Leslie, M., Wetzel, T., Wirth, K., and Craddock, J.P. 1994. Petrography and structure of the Keweenaw Chengwatana volcanics near Dresser, Wisconsin. Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Annual Meeting, Proceedings and Abstracts, 40: 35-36.
44. Liou, J.G., Maruyama, S., and Cho, M. 1987. Very low-grade metamorphism of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks: mineral assemblages and mineral facies. In Low temperature metamorphism. Edited by M. Frey. Blackie, Glasgow, pp. 59-113.
45. Livnat, A. 1983. Metamorphism and copper mineralization of the Portage Lake Lava Series, northern Michigan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
46. Massey, N.W.D. 1979. Keweenawan paleomagnetic reversals at Mamainse Point, Ontario; fault repetition or three reversals? Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16: 373-375.
47. Menzies, M.A. 1989. Cratonic, circumcratonic and oceanic mantle domains beneath the western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94: 7899-7915.
48. Miller, J.D., Jr., and Vervoort, J.D. 1995. The latent magmatic stage of the Midcontinent rift: a period of magmatic underplating and melting of the lower crust. Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Annual Meeting, Proceedings and Abstracts, 42: 33-35.
49. Morey, G.B., and Mudrey, M.G. 1972. Keweenawan volcanic rocks in east-central Minnesota. In Geology of Minnesota: a centennial volume. Edited by P.K. Sims and G.B. Morey. Minnesota Geological Survey, St. Paul, pp. 426-430.
50. Newell, K.D., Burruss, R.C., and Palacas, J.G. 1993. Thermal maturation and organic richness of potential petroleum source rocks in Proterozoic Rice Formation, North American Mid-Continent Rift system, northeastern Kansas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77: 1922-1941.
51. Nicholson, S.W. 1992. Geochemistry, petrography, and volcanology of rhyolites of the Portage Lake volcanics, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 1970-B.
52. Nicholson, S.W., and Shirey, S.B. 1990. Midcontinent Rift volcanism in the Lake Superior region: Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic evidence for mantle plume origin. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 10851 - 10868.
53. Nicholson, S.W., Shirey, S.B., Schulz, K.J., Berg, J.H., Klewin, K.W., and Green, J.C. 1995. Evolution of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift basalts: geochemical and Nd isotopic evidence for plume-lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction. Proceedings Volume Field Conference and Symposium, International Geological Correlation Programme Project 336, Duluth, Minn., Aug. 19 - Sept. 1, 1995, pp. 141-142.
54. Nicholson, S.W., Shirey, S.B., Schulz, K.J., and Green, J.C. 1997. Rift-wide correlation of 1.1 Ga Midcontinent rift system basalts: implications for multiple mantle sources during rift development. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34: 504-520.
55. Nyblade, A.A., Pollack, H.N., Jones, D.L., Podmore, F., and Mushayandebvu, M. 1990. Terrestrial heat flow in east and southern Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 17 371 - 17 384.
56. O'Hara, M.J., and Mathews, R.E. 1981. Geochemical evolution in an advancing, periodically replenished, periodically tapped, continuously fractionated magma chamber. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 138: 237-277.
57. Paces, J.B. 1988. Magmatic processes, evolution and mantle source characteristics contributing to the petrogenesis of Midcontinent Rift basalts: Portage Lake Volcanics, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. Ph.D. thesis, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Mich.
58. Paces, J.B., and Bell, K. 1989. Non-depleted sub-continental mantle beneath the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield; Nd-Sr isotopic and trace element evidence from Midcontinent Rift basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53: 2023 - 2035.
59. Paces, J.B., and Miller, J.D., Jr. 1993. Precise U-Pb ages of Duluth complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota: geochronological insights to physical, petrogenetic, paleomagnetic, and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga Midcontinent Rift system. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98: 13 997 - 14 013.
60. Palmer, H.C., and Davis, D.W. 1987. Paleomagnetism and U-Pb geochronology of volcanic rocks from Michipicoten Island, Lake Superior, Canada; precise calibration of the Keweenawan polar wander track. Precambrian Research, 37: 157-171.
61. Patchett, P.J., and Ruiz, J. 1987. Nd isotopic ages of crust formation and metamorphism in the Precambrian of eastern and southern Mexico. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96: 523-528.
62. Patchett, P.J., Lehnert, K., Rehkämper, M., and Sieber, G. 1994. Mantle and crustal effects on the geochemistry of Proterozoic dikes and sills in Sweden. Journal of Petrology, 35: 1095-1125.
63. Pearce, J.A., and Cann, J.R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19: 290-300.
64. Peterman, Z.E., and Sims, P.K. 1988. The Goodman Swell: a lithospheric flexure caused by crustal loading along the Midcontinent Rift system. Tectonics, 7: 1077-1090.
65. Rudnick, R.L., and Presper, T. 1990. Geochemistry of intermediate-to high-pressure granulites. In Granulites and crustal evolution. Edited by D. Vielzeuf and P. Vidal, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 523-550.
66. Shirey, S.B., and Hanson, G.N. 1986. Mantle heterogeneity and crustal recycling in Archean granite-greenstone belts: evidence from Nd isotopes and trace elements in the Rainy Lake area, Superior Province, Ontario, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50: 2631-2651.
67. Shirey, S.B., Klewin, K.W., Berg, J.H., and Carlson, R.W. 1994. Temporal changes in the sources of flood basalts: isotopic and trace element evidence from the 1100 Ma old Keweenawan Mamainse Point Formation, Ontario, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58: 4475-4490.
68. Sims, P.K., Van Schmus, W.R., Schulz, K.J., and Peterman, Z.E. 1989. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Wisconsin magmatic terranes of the Penokean orogen. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26: 2145-2158.
69. Southwick, D.L., Morey, G.B., and McSwiggen, P.L. 1988. Geologic map of the Penokean orogen, central and eastern Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey, Report of Investigations 37, scale 1 : 250 000.
70. Stein, M., and Hofmann, A.W. 1994. Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth. Nature (London), 372: 63-68.
71. Sun, S.-s., and McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in ocean basins. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry. Geological Society Special Publication (London), No. 42, pp. 313-345.
72. Van Schmus, W.R., and Hinze, W.J. 1985. The Midcontinent Rift system. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 13: 345-383.
73. Vervoort, J.D., and Green, J.C. 1997. Origin of evolved magmas in the Midcontinent rift system, northeast Minnesota: Ndisotope evidence for melting of Archean crust. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34: 521-535.
74. Wilband, J.T., and Wasuwanich, P. 1980. Models of basalt petrogenesis: lower Keweenawan diabase dikes and middle Keweenawan Portage Lake lavas, upper Michigan. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 75: 395-406.
75. Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A. 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20: 325-343.
76. Winkler, H.G.F. 1979. Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. Springer-Verlag, New York.
77. Wood, D.A. 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establish the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50: 11-30.
78. Zartman, R.E., Nicholson, S.W., and Morey, G.B. 1995. U-Th-Pb zircon ages of some Keweenawan rocks from western Lake Superior, northwestern Wisconsin, and eastcentral Minnesota. Proceedings Volume, Field Conference and Symposium, International Geological Correlation Programme Project 336, Duluth, Minn., Aug. 19 - Sept. 1, 1995, pp. 217-218.