메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 458-464

Prevention and control of Legionellosis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE; COPPER; ERYTHROMYCIN; HALOGEN; ORGANOHALOGEN DERIVATIVE; OZONE; SILVER; VACCINE; WATER;

EID: 0030723652     PISSN: 10569103     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00019048-199706070-00009     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (21)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 0026376308 scopus 로고
    • Advances in the epidemiology and control of Legionella infections
    • Hoge CW, Breiman RF. Advances in the epidemiology and control of Legionella infections. Epidemiol Rev 1991;13:329-340.
    • (1991) Epidemiol Rev , vol.13 , pp. 329-340
    • Hoge, C.W.1    Breiman, R.F.2
  • 2
    • 0027155664 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease
    • Edelstein PH. Legionnaires' disease. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:741-9.
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 741-749
    • Edelstein, P.H.1
  • 4
    • 0028172994 scopus 로고
    • Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease: Risk factors for morbidity and mortality
    • Marston BJ, Lipman HB, Breiman RF. Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease: risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2417-22.
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 2417-2422
    • Marston, B.J.1    Lipman, H.B.2    Breiman, R.F.3
  • 5
    • 0024522804 scopus 로고
    • Disease due to Legionellaceae (other than Legionella pneumophila): Historical, microbiological, clinical, and epidemiologic review
    • Baltimore
    • Fang C-D, Yu VL, Vickers RM. Disease due to Legionellaceae (other than Legionella pneumophila): historical, microbiological, clinical, and epidemiologic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989.68-116-32.
    • (1989) Medicine , vol.68 , pp. 116-132
    • Fang, C.-D.1    Yu, V.L.2    Vickers, R.M.3
  • 6
    • 0002360487 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary findings of a community-based pneumonia incidence study
    • Barbares JM, Breiman RF, Dufour AP, editors Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology
    • Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, Breiman RF, et al. Preliminary findings of a community-based pneumonia incidence study. In. Barbares JM, Breiman RF, Dufour AP, editors Legionella: Current status and emerging perspectives. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology: 1993. p. 36-7.
    • (1993) Legionella: Current Status and Emerging Perspectives , pp. 36-37
    • Marston, B.J.1    Plouffe, J.F.2    Breiman, R.F.3
  • 7
    • 0024698207 scopus 로고
    • Communityacquired pneumonia requiring hospitaliza-tion 5-year prospective study
    • Marne TJ, Durant H, Yates L. Communityacquired pneumonia requiring hospitaliza-tion 5-year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis 1989,11.586-99.
    • (1989) Rev Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 586-599
    • Marne, T.J.1    Durant, H.2    Yates, L.3
  • 8
    • 11944258698 scopus 로고
    • New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases
    • Baltimore
    • Fang G-D, Fine M, Orloff J, et al New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990;69:307-16.
    • (1990) Medicine , vol.69 , pp. 307-316
    • Fang, G.-D.1    Fine, M.2    Orloff, J.3
  • 9
    • 0025245664 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia: A 3-year prospective study with emphasis on application of urinarv antigen detection
    • Ruf B, Schurmann D, Horbach I, Fehrenbach FJ, Pohle HD. Prevalence and diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia: a 3-year prospective study with emphasis on application of urinarv antigen detection. J Infect Dis 1990;162. 1341-8.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 1341-1348
    • Ruf, B.1    Schurmann, D.2    Horbach, I.3    Fehrenbach, F.J.4    Pohle, H.D.5
  • 10
    • 0025781765 scopus 로고
    • Aetioiogy of community-acquired pneumonia in Valencia, Spain, a multicentre prospective study
    • Blanquer J, Blanquer R, Borrás R, et al. Aetioiogy of community-acquired pneumonia in Valencia, Spain, a multicentre prospective study. Thorax 1991;46:508-11.
    • (1991) Thorax , vol.46 , pp. 508-511
    • Blanquer, J.1    Blanquer, R.2    Borrás, R.3
  • 11
    • 0026503981 scopus 로고
    • Microbial etiology of acute pneumonia in hospitalized patients
    • Bates JH, Campbell GD, Barron AL, et al. Microbial etiology of acute pneumonia in hospitalized patients Chest 1992,101:1005-12.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.101 , pp. 1005-1012
    • Bates, J.H.1    Campbell, G.D.2    Barron, A.L.3
  • 12
    • 0027421566 scopus 로고
    • Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: Evaluation by transtracheal aspiration, blood culture, or serology
    • Ostergaard L, Andersen PL. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: evaluation by transtracheal aspiration, blood culture, or serology. Chest 1993,104:1400-7.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1400-1407
    • Ostergaard, L.1    Andersen, P.L.2
  • 13
    • 0018384217 scopus 로고
    • Fatal nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics
    • Cohen ML, Broome CV, Paris AL, Martin WT, Alien JR. Fatal nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics Ann Intern Med 1979;90:611-3.
    • (1979) Ann Intern Med , vol.90 , pp. 611-613
    • Cohen, M.L.1    Broome, C.V.2    Paris, A.L.3    Martin, W.T.4    Alien, J.R.5
  • 15
    • 0025060149 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 from potting mixes
    • Steele TW, Langser J, Sangster N Isolation of Legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 from potting mixes Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:49-53.
    • (1990) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.56 , pp. 49-53
    • Steele, T.W.1    Langser, J.2    Sangster, N.3
  • 16
    • 0023177998 scopus 로고
    • The effect of drying, heat, and pH on the survival of Legionella pneumophila
    • Katz SM, Hammel JM. The effect of drying, heat, and pH on the survival of Legionella pneumophila. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1987;17: 150-6
    • (1987) Ann Clin Lab Sci , vol.17 , pp. 150-156
    • Katz, S.M.1    Hammel, J.M.2
  • 17
    • 0018081047 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak in 1965 of severe respiratory illness caused by the Legionnaires' disease bacterium
    • Thacker SB, Bennett JV, Tsai TF, et al. An outbreak in 1965 of severe respiratory illness caused by the Legionnaires' disease bacterium. J Infect Dis 1978;138:512-9.
    • (1978) J Infect Dis , vol.138 , pp. 512-519
    • Thacker, S.B.1    Bennett, J.V.2    Tsai, T.F.3
  • 18
    • 0018745107 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: A continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center
    • Haley CE, Cohen ML, Halter J, Meyer RD. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: a continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center. Ann Intern Med 1979;90: 583-6
    • (1979) Ann Intern Med , vol.90 , pp. 583-586
    • Haley, C.E.1    Cohen, M.L.2    Halter, J.3    Meyer, R.D.4
  • 19
    • 0021957218 scopus 로고
    • Potable water as a source of Legionnaires' disease
    • Shards KN, Ho JL, Meyer RD, et al. Potable water as a source of Legionnaires' disease. JAMA 1985;253 1412-6.
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.253 , pp. 1412-1416
    • Shards, K.N.1    Ho, J.L.2    Meyer, R.D.3
  • 22
    • 0020693198 scopus 로고
    • Legionella incidence and density in potable drinking water
    • Tison DL, Seidler RJ. Legionella incidence and density in potable drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983,45:337-9
    • (1983) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 337-339
    • Tison, D.L.1    Seidler, R.J.2
  • 23
    • 0002440067 scopus 로고
    • Sources of legionellosis
    • Thornsberry C, Balows A, Feeley JC, Jakubowski W, editors. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology
    • Fraser DW. Sources of legionellosis. In: Thornsberry C, Balows A, Feeley JC, Jakubowski W, editors. Legionella: proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology; 1984 p. 277-80.
    • (1984) Legionella: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium , pp. 277-280
    • Fraser, D.W.1
  • 24
    • 0028453914 scopus 로고
    • Legionellosis. ecologic factors of an environmentally "new" disease
    • Kramer MHJ, Ford TE Legionellosis. ecologic factors of an environmentally "new" disease. Int J Hvg Environ Med 1994,195.470-82.
    • (1994) Int J Hvg Environ Med , vol.195 , pp. 470-482
    • Kramer, M.H.J.1    Ford, T.E.2
  • 25
    • 0021931907 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of Legionella pneumophila within water distribution systems
    • Stout JE, Yu VL, Best MG Ecology of Legionella pneumophila within water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985,49. 221-8.
    • (1985) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 221-228
    • Stout, J.E.1    Yu, V.L.2    Best, M.G.3
  • 26
    • 0021751872 scopus 로고
    • Role of stagnation and obstruction of water flow in isolation of Legionella pneumophila from hospital plumbing
    • Ciesielski CA, Blaser MJ, Wang WL Role of stagnation and obstruction of water flow in isolation of Legionella pneumophila from hospital plumbing. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984;48.984-7
    • (1984) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 984-987
    • Ciesielski, C.A.1    Blaser, M.J.2    Wang, W.L.3
  • 27
    • 0026608885 scopus 로고
    • Factors stimulating propagation of legionellae in cooling tower water
    • Yamamoto H, Sugiura M, Kusunoki S, et al Factors stimulating propagation of legionellae in cooling tower water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992;58:1394-7.
    • (1992) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.58 , pp. 1394-1397
    • Yamamoto, H.1    Sugiura, M.2    Kusunoki, S.3
  • 28
    • 0026697031 scopus 로고
    • Immunogold and tluorescein immunolabeling of Legionella pneumophila within an aquatic biofilm visualized by using episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy
    • Rogers J, Keevil CW. Immunogold and tluorescein immunolabeling of Legionella pneumophila within an aquatic biofilm visualized by using episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992,58.2326-30.
    • (1992) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.58 , pp. 2326-2330
    • Rogers, J.1    Keevil, C.W.2
  • 29
    • 0002048540 scopus 로고
    • Legionella and protozoa: Interaction of a pathogen and its natural host, development
    • Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors. Washington (DC) American Society for Microbiology
    • Fields BS. Legionella and protozoa: interaction of a pathogen and its natural host, development. In. Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors. Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives. Washington (DC) American Society for Microbiology; 1993. p 129-36.
    • (1993) Legionella: Current Status and Emerging Perspectives , pp. 129-136
    • Fields, B.S.1
  • 30
    • 0019254065 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae
    • Rowbotham TJ. Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae. J Clin Pathol 1980;33:1179-83.
    • (1980) J Clin Pathol , vol.33 , pp. 1179-1183
    • Rowbotham, T.J.1
  • 31
    • 0025195897 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with shower use, possible role of amoebae
    • Breiman RF, Fields BS, Sanden G, et al. An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with shower use, possible role of amoebae. JAMA 1990;263:2924-6.
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.263 , pp. 2924-2926
    • Breiman, R.F.1    Fields, B.S.2    Sanden, G.3
  • 32
    • 0022881557 scopus 로고
    • Association between Legionella pneumophila and amoebae in water
    • Henke M, Seidel KM. Association between Legionella pneumophila and amoebae in water, Isr J Med Sci 1986,22:690-5.
    • (1986) Isr J Med Sci , vol.22 , pp. 690-695
    • Henke, M.1    Seidel, K.M.2
  • 33
    • 0022573470 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of protozoa from water associated with a legionellosis outbreak and demonstration of intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila
    • Barbaree JM, Fields BS, Feeley JC, Gorman GW, Martin WT Isolation of protozoa from water associated with a legionellosis outbreak and demonstration of intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila Appl Environ Microbiol 1986;51:422-4.
    • (1986) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.51 , pp. 422-424
    • Barbaree, J.M.1    Fields, B.S.2    Feeley, J.C.3    Gorman, G.W.4    Martin, W.T.5
  • 34
    • 0018885613 scopus 로고
    • The Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) multiplies intracellularly in human monocytes
    • Horwitz MA, Silverstein SC. The Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) multiplies intracellularly in human monocytes. J Clin Invest 1980;66:441-50.
    • (1980) J Clin Invest , vol.66 , pp. 441-450
    • Horwitz, M.A.1    Silverstein, S.C.2
  • 35
    • 0021169749 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between the Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) and alveolar macrophages. Influence of antibody, lymphokines, and hydrocortisone
    • Nash TW, Libby DM, Horwitz MA interaction between the Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) and alveolar macrophages. Influence of antibody, lymphokines, and hydrocortisone. J Clin Invest 1984; 74-771-82.
    • (1984) J Clin Invest , vol.74 , pp. 771-782
    • Nash, T.W.1    Libby, D.M.2    Horwitz, M.A.3
  • 36
    • 0002074868 scopus 로고
    • Legionella-like amoebal pathogens
    • Barbaree JM, Brelman RF, Du-Four AP, editors. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology
    • Rowbotham TJ. Legionella-like amoebal pathogens. In: Barbaree JM, Brelman RF, Du-Four AP, editors. Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1993. p. 137-40.
    • (1993) Legionella: Current Status and Emerging Perspectives , pp. 137-140
    • Rowbotham, T.J.1
  • 37
    • 0025170994 scopus 로고
    • Survival of Legionella pneumophila within cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure
    • Kilvington S, Price J Survival of Legionella pneumophila within cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure. J Appl Bactenol 1990;68:519-25.
    • (1990) J Appl Bactenol , vol.68 , pp. 519-525
    • Kilvington, S.1    Price, J.2
  • 38
    • 0027486917 scopus 로고
    • Impact of chlorine and heat on the survival of Hartmannella vermiformis and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila
    • Kuchta JM, Navratil JS, Shepherd ME, et al. Impact of chlorine and heat on the survival of Hartmannella vermiformis and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila. Appi Environ Microbiol 1993;59:4096-100.
    • (1993) Appi Environ Microbiol , vol.59 , pp. 4096-4100
    • Kuchta, J.M.1    Navratil, J.S.2    Shepherd, M.E.3
  • 39
    • 0018898448 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a contaminated air-conditioning cooling tower
    • Dondero TJ, Rentdorff RC, Mallison CF, et al. An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a contaminated air-conditioning cooling tower. N Engl J Med 1980;302:365-70.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med , vol.302 , pp. 365-370
    • Dondero, T.J.1    Rentdorff, R.C.2    Mallison, C.F.3
  • 40
    • 0029671078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: An investigation confirming the potential for cooling towers to transmit Legionella species
    • Keller DW, Hajjeh R, DeMaria A Jr, et al Community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: an investigation confirming the potential for cooling towers to transmit Legionella species. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:257-61
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 257-261
    • Keller, D.W.1    Hajjeh, R.2    DeMaria Jr., A.3
  • 42
    • 0018974348 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease outbreak at an Atlanta, Georgia country club: Evidence for spread from an evaporative condenser
    • Cordes LC, Fraser DW, Skailiy P, et al. Legionnaires' disease outbreak at an Atlanta, Georgia country club: evidence for spread from an evaporative condenser. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111-425-31.
    • (1980) Am J Epidemiol , vol.111 , pp. 425-431
    • Cordes, L.C.1    Fraser, D.W.2    Skailiy, P.3
  • 43
    • 0025324385 scopus 로고
    • Role of air sampling in investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with exposure to aerosols from an evaporative condenser
    • Breiman RF, Cozen W, Fields BS, et al. Role of air sampling in investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with exposure to aerosols from an evaporative condenser, J Infect Dis 1990,161:1257-61.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.161 , pp. 1257-1261
    • Breiman, R.F.1    Cozen, W.2    Fields, B.S.3
  • 44
    • 0019387707 scopus 로고
    • Pontiac fever isolation of the etiologic agent (Legionella pneumophila) and demonstration of its mode of transmission
    • Kaufman AF, McDade JE, Patton CM, et al. Pontiac fever isolation of the etiologic agent (Legionella pneumophila) and demonstration of its mode of transmission. Am J Epidemiol 1981;114-337-47.
    • (1981) Am J Epidemiol , vol.114 , pp. 337-347
    • Kaufman, A.F.1    McDade, J.E.2    Patton, C.M.3
  • 45
    • 0026028255 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease and use of medication nebulizers
    • Mastro TD, Fields BS, Breiman RF, et al. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease and use of medication nebulizers. J Infect Dis 1991,163: 667-70.
    • (1991) J Infect Dis , vol.163 , pp. 667-670
    • Mastro, T.D.1    Fields, B.S.2    Breiman, R.F.3
  • 46
    • 0018869602 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease in a transplant unit: Isolation of the causative agent from shower baths
    • Tobin JO, Dunnill MS, French M, et al. Legionnaires' disease in a transplant unit: isolation of the causative agent from shower baths. Lancet 1980;2:118-21.
    • (1980) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 118-121
    • Tobin, J.O.1    Dunnill, M.S.2    French, M.3
  • 47
    • 13344281029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa
    • Jermgan DB, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al. Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa Lancet 1996;347: 494-9.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 494-499
    • Jermgan, D.B.1    Hofmann, J.2    Cetron, M.S.3
  • 48
    • 0031592447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease associated with a whirlpool spa display - Virginia, September-October, 1996
    • CDC. Legionnaires' disease associated with a whirlpool spa display - Virginia, September-October, 1996. MMWR 1997;46:83-6.
    • (1997) MMWR , vol.46 , pp. 83-86
  • 49
    • 0027293186 scopus 로고
    • Use of polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiologic investigation of Pontiac fever
    • Miller LA, Beebe JL, Butler JC, et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiologic investigation of Pontiac fever. J Infect Dis 1993;168:769-72
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.168 , pp. 769-772
    • Miller, L.A.1    Beebe, J.L.2    Butler, J.C.3
  • 50
    • 0027496546 scopus 로고
    • Out-break of Legionnaires' disease linked to a decorative fountain by molecular epidemiology
    • Hlady WG, Mullen RC, Mintz CS, et al. Out-break of Legionnaires' disease linked to a decorative fountain by molecular epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:555-62.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.138 , pp. 555-562
    • Hlady, W.G.1    Mullen, R.C.2    Mintz, C.S.3
  • 51
    • 0025702417 scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Pontiac fever due to Legionella anisa
    • Fenstersheib MD, Miller M, Diggins S, et al. Outbreak of Pontiac fever due to Legionella anisa. Lancet 1990;2:35-37.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 35-37
    • Fenstersheib, M.D.1    Miller, M.2    Diggins, S.3
  • 52
    • 0026684584 scopus 로고
    • Communitywide outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a grocery store mist machine
    • Mahoney FJ, Hoge CW, Farley TA, et al. Communitywide outbreak of Legionnaires' disease associated with a grocery store mist machine. J Infect Dis 1992;165:736-9.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.165 , pp. 736-739
    • Mahoney, F.J.1    Hoge, C.W.2    Farley, T.A.3
  • 53
    • 0021875323 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial legionellosis in surgical patients with head and neck cancer, implications for epidemiological reservoir and mode of transmission
    • Johnson JT, Yu VL, Best MG, et al. Nosocomial legionellosis in surgical patients with head and neck cancer, implications for epidemiological reservoir and mode of transmission. Lancet 1985;2:298-300.
    • (1985) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 298-300
    • Johnson, J.T.1    Yu, V.L.2    Best, M.G.3
  • 54
    • 0027254982 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: Aspiration as a primary mode of disease acquisition
    • Blatt SP, Parkinson MD, Pace E, et al. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: aspiration as a primary mode of disease acquisition. Am J Med 1993;95:16-22.
    • (1993) Am J Med , vol.95 , pp. 16-22
    • Blatt, S.P.1    Parkinson, M.D.2    Pace, E.3
  • 55
    • 0003575504 scopus 로고
    • Legionella in cooling towers: Practical research, design, treatment, and control guidelines
    • Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology
    • Broadbent CR. Legionella in cooling towers: practical research, design, treatment, and control guidelines. In: Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors. Legionella- current status and emerging perspectives. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology; 1993. p. 217-22.
    • (1993) Legionella- current Status and Emerging Perspectives , pp. 217-222
    • Broadbent, C.R.1
  • 56
    • 0025381588 scopus 로고
    • Disinfection of water distribution systems for Legionella: A review of application procedures and methodologies
    • Muraca P, Yu VL, Goetz A. Disinfection of water distribution systems for Legionella: a review of application procedures and methodologies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990,11:79-88.
    • (1990) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.11 , pp. 79-88
    • Muraca, P.1    Yu, V.L.2    Goetz, A.3
  • 58
    • 0023943794 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease associated with a hospital water system: A five-year progress report on continuous hyperchlormation
    • Helms CM, Massanari RM, Wenzel RP. et al. Legionnaires' disease associated with a hospital water system: A five-year progress report on continuous hyperchlormation. JAMA 1988;259:2423-7.
    • (1988) JAMA , vol.259 , pp. 2423-2427
    • Helms, C.M.1    Massanari, R.M.2    Wenzel, R.P.3
  • 59
    • 0025364666 scopus 로고
    • Reduction in Legionella pneumophila through heat flushing followed by continuous supplemental chlorination of hospital hot water
    • Snyder MB, Siwicki M, Wireman J, et al. Reduction in Legionella pneumophila through heat flushing followed by continuous supplemental chlorination of hospital hot water J Infect Dis 1990;162:127-32.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.162 , pp. 127-132
    • Snyder, M.B.1    Siwicki, M.2    Wireman, J.3
  • 60
    • 0020413458 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of ozone in eradication of Legionella pneumophila from hospital plumbing fixtures
    • Edelstein PH, Whittaker RE, Kreiling RL, Howell CL Efficacy of ozone in eradication of Legionella pneumophila from hospital plumbing fixtures. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982;44.1330-4.
    • (1982) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 1330-1334
    • Edelstein, P.H.1    Whittaker, R.E.2    Kreiling, R.L.3    Howell, C.L.4
  • 61
    • 0028267756 scopus 로고
    • Controlled evaluation of copper-silver ionization in eradicating Legionella pneumophila from a hospital water distribution system
    • Liu Z, Stout JE, Tedesco L, et al. Controlled evaluation of copper-silver ionization in eradicating Legionella pneumophila from a hospital water distribution system. J Infect Dis 1994,169:919-22.
    • (1994) J Infect Dis , vol.169 , pp. 919-922
    • Liu, Z.1    Stout, J.E.2    Tedesco, L.3
  • 62
    • 0031550146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia
    • CDC Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia MMWR 1997;46(RR-1):1-79.
    • (1997) MMWR , vol.46 , Issue.RR-1 , pp. 1-79
  • 64
    • 0022645781 scopus 로고
    • Ervthromycin prophylaxis for Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients in a contaminated hospital environment
    • Vereerstraeten P, Stotear JC, Schoutens-Serruys E, et al. Ervthromycin prophylaxis for Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients in a contaminated hospital environment. Transplantation 1986;41-52-4.
    • (1986) Transplantation , vol.41 , pp. 52-54
    • Vereerstraeten, P.1    Stotear, J.C.2    Schoutens-Serruys, E.3
  • 65
    • 1842286260 scopus 로고
    • Prospects for vaccine development
    • Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology
    • Horwitz MA, Marston BJ, Broome CV, Breiman RF Prospects for vaccine development, in: Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors Legionella, current status and emerging perspectives. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology, 1993. p. 296-7.
    • (1993) Legionella, Current Status and Emerging Perspectives , pp. 296-297
    • Horwitz, M.A.1    Marston, B.J.2    Broome, C.V.3    Breiman, R.F.4
  • 66
    • 0019382368 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from water systems: Methods and preliminary results
    • Tobin JO'H, Swann RA, Bartlett CLR Isolation of Legionella pneumophila from water systems: methods and preliminary results. BMJ 1981;282:515-7.
    • (1981) BMJ , vol.282 , pp. 515-517
    • Tobin, J.O'.H.1    Swann, R.A.2    Bartlett, C.L.R.3
  • 67
    • 0026691840 scopus 로고
    • Each water outlet is a unique ecologic niche for Legionella pneumophila
    • Marne TJ, Haldane D, Bezanson C, Peppard R. Each water outlet is a unique ecologic niche for Legionella pneumophila. Epidemiol Infect 1992;108:261-70.
    • (1992) Epidemiol Infect , vol.108 , pp. 261-270
    • Marne, T.J.1    Haldane, D.2    Bezanson, C.3    Peppard, R.4
  • 68
    • 9844253623 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of Legionella pneumophila in the potable water of one floor of a hospital
    • Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology
    • Marne TJ, Berzcason G, Fox J, et al. Dynamics of Legionella pneumophila in the potable water of one floor of a hospital. In: Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, DuFour AP, editors. Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives. Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology; 1993. p. 238-40.
    • (1993) Legionella: Current Status and Emerging Perspectives , pp. 238-240
    • Marne, T.J.1    Berzcason, G.2    Fox, J.3
  • 69
    • 0028215566 scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease outbreaks and cooling towers with amplified Legionella concentrations
    • Shelton BC, Flanders WD, Morris GK. Legionnaires' disease outbreaks and cooling towers with amplified Legionella concentrations. Curr Microbiol 1994;28:359-63.
    • (1994) Curr Microbiol , vol.28 , pp. 359-363
    • Shelton, B.C.1    Flanders, W.D.2    Morris, G.K.3
  • 70
    • 0020539415 scopus 로고
    • Legionellaceae in the hospital water-supply
    • Best M, Stout J, Muder RR, et al. Legionellaceae in the hospital water-supply. Lancet 1983;1-307-10
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 307-310
    • Best, M.1    Stout, J.2    Muder, R.R.3
  • 71
    • 0024315201 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionella micdadei pneumonia: 10 years experience and a case-control study
    • Doebbeling BN, Ishak MA, Wade BH, et al Nosocomial Legionella micdadei pneumonia: 10 years experience and a case-control study. J Hosp Infect 1989;13:289-98.
    • (1989) J Hosp Infect , vol.13 , pp. 289-298
    • Doebbeling, B.N.1    Ishak, M.A.2    Wade, B.H.3
  • 73
    • 0031574825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained transmission of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease - Arizona and Ohio
    • CDC. Sustained transmission of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease - Arizona and Ohio, MMWR 1997;46:416-21.
    • (1997) MMWR , vol.46 , pp. 416-421
  • 74
    • 84944662236 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease uncovered in a prospective pneumonia study: Implications for underdiagnosis
    • Muder RR, Yu VL, McClure JK, et al. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease uncovered in a prospective pneumonia study: implications for underdiagnosis JAMA 1983;249:3184-8.
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.249 , pp. 3184-3188
    • Muder, R.R.1    Yu, V.L.2    McClure, J.K.3
  • 75
    • 0023190510 scopus 로고
    • Discovery of occult Legionella pneumonia in a long-stay hospital: Results of prospective serologic survey
    • Brennen C, Vickers JP, Yu VL, Puntereri A, Yee YC. Discovery of occult Legionella pneumonia in a long-stay hospital: results of prospective serologic survey. BMJ 1987;295-306-7.
    • (1987) BMJ , vol.295 , pp. 306-307
    • Brennen, C.1    Vickers, J.P.2    Yu, V.L.3    Puntereri, A.4    Yee, Y.C.5
  • 76
    • 0025907388 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: Lessons from a four-year prospective study
    • Marrie TJ, MacDonald S, Clarke K, Haldane D Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: lessons from a four-year prospective study. Am J Infect Control 1991;19:79-85.
    • (1991) Am J Infect Control , vol.19 , pp. 79-85
    • Marrie, T.J.1    MacDonald, S.2    Clarke, K.3    Haldane, D.4
  • 77
    • 0018745107 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: A continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center
    • Baltimore
    • Haley CE, Cohen ML, Halter J, Meyer RD. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: a continuing common-source epidemic at Wadsworth Medical Center. Medicine (Baltimore) 1979; 90:583-6.
    • (1979) Medicine , vol.90 , pp. 583-586
    • Haley, C.E.1    Cohen, M.L.2    Halter, J.3    Meyer, R.D.4
  • 78
    • 84944285518 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease' epidemiologic demonstration of cooling towers as a source
    • Garbe PL, Davis BJ, Weisfield JS, et al. Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease' epidemiologic demonstration of cooling towers as a source. JAMA 1985;254:521-4.
    • (1985) JAMA , vol.254 , pp. 521-524
    • Garbe, P.L.1    Davis, B.J.2    Weisfield, J.S.3
  • 79
    • 0023156556 scopus 로고
    • A community hospital outbreak of Legionellosis: Transmission by potable hot water
    • Hanrahan JP, Morse DL, Scharf VB, et al. A community hospital outbreak of Legionellosis: transmission by potable hot water. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125.639-49
    • (1987) Am J Epidemiol , vol.125 , pp. 639-649
    • Hanrahan, J.P.1    Morse, D.L.2    Scharf, V.B.3
  • 81
    • 0023181798 scopus 로고
    • Routine cultunng for Legionella in the hospital environment may be a good idea, a three-hospital prospective study
    • Yu VL, Beam TR, Lumish RM, et al Routine cultunng for Legionella in the hospital environment may be a good idea, a three-hospital prospective study. Am J Med Sci 1987;294: 97-9.
    • (1987) Am J Med Sci , vol.294 , pp. 97-99
    • Yu, V.L.1    Beam, T.R.2    Lumish, R.M.3
  • 82
    • 0025907387 scopus 로고
    • Screening for nosocomial legionellosis by culture of the water supply and targeting of high-risk patients for specialized laboratory testing
    • Goetz A, Yu VL. Screening for nosocomial legionellosis by culture of the water supply and targeting of high-risk patients for specialized laboratory testing. Am J Infect Control 1991;19:63-6
    • (1991) Am J Infect Control , vol.19 , pp. 63-66
    • Goetz, A.1    Yu, V.L.2
  • 83
    • 0029809094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of technology on the emergence of infectious diseases
    • Breiman RF. Impact of technology on the emergence of infectious diseases. Epidemiol Rev 1996,18:4-9.
    • (1996) Epidemiol Rev , vol.18 , pp. 4-9
    • Breiman, R.F.1
  • 84
    • 0026768667 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of culture methods and an immunofluorescent assay for the detection of Legionella pneumophila in domestic hot water devices
    • Alarv M, Joly JR. Comparison of culture methods and an immunofluorescent assay for the detection of Legionella pneumophila in domestic hot water devices. Curr Microbiol 1992;25:19-23.
    • (1992) Curr Microbiol , vol.25 , pp. 19-23
    • Alarv, M.1    Joly, J.R.2
  • 85
    • 0025034216 scopus 로고
    • Failure of a diagnostic monoclonal Immunofluorescent reagent to detect Legionella pneumophila in environmental samples
    • Vickers RM, Stout JE. Yu VL. Failure of a diagnostic monoclonal Immunofluorescent reagent to detect Legionella pneumophila in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990;56.2912-4.
    • (1990) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.56 , pp. 2912-2914
    • Vickers, R.M.1    Stout, J.E.2    Yu, V.L.3
  • 86
    • 0027161468 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Legionella spp. in cooling tower water by the polymerase chain reaction method
    • Koide M, Saito A, Kusano N, Higa F Detection of Legionella spp. in cooling tower water by the polymerase chain reaction method. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993;59 1943-6.
    • (1993) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.59 , pp. 1943-1946
    • Koide, M.1    Saito, A.2    Kusano, N.3    Higa, F.4
  • 87
    • 0028263393 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and conventional culture for the detection of legionellas in hospital water samples
    • Maiwald M, Kissel K, Srimuang S, Doeberitz MVK, Sonntag H-G. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and conventional culture for the detection of legionellas in hospital water samples. J Appl Bactenol 1994,76 216-25
    • (1994) J Appl Bactenol , vol.76 , pp. 216-225
    • Maiwald, M.1    Kissel, K.2    Srimuang, S.3    Doeberitz, M.V.K.4    Sonntag, H.-G.5
  • 88
    • 0028927936 scopus 로고
    • Nonculturable Legionella pneumophila associated with Acanthamoeba castellantt: Detection ot the bacterium using DNA amplitication and hybridization
    • Hav J, Seal DV, Billclifte B, Freer JH. Nonculturable Legionella pneumophila associated with Acanthamoeba castellantt: detection ot the bacterium using DNA amplitication and hybridization J Appl Bactenol 1995;7861-5.
    • (1995) J Appl Bactenol , vol.78 , pp. 61-65
    • Hav, J.1    Seal, D.V.2    Billclifte, B.3    Freer, J.H.4
  • 89
    • 0030185892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legionella-like amoebal pathogens - Phylogenic status and possible role in respiratory disease
    • Adeleke A, Pruckler J, Benson R, et al. Legionella-like amoebal pathogens - phylogenic status and possible role in respiratory disease Emerg Intect Dis 1996,2.225-30.
    • (1996) Emerg Intect Dis , vol.2 , pp. 225-230
    • Adeleke, A.1    Pruckler, J.2    Benson, R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.