The evaluation and treatment of first-episode psychosis

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 653-661

  Sheitman, Brian B ^a,b   Lee, Heidi ^c   Strauss, Rael ^c   Lieberman, Jeffrey A ^b  

^a Dorothea Dix Hospital   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; FLUPENTIXOL; FLUPHENAZINE; HALOPERIDOL; MOLINDONE; PIMOZIDE;

CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0030716801     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/23.4.653     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: The Association, 1994.
2. Andreasen, N.C., and Olsen, S. Negative v positive schizophrenia: Definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39:789-794, 1982.
3. Beasley, C.M.; Tollefson, G.; Tran, P.; Satterlee, W.; Sanger, T.; Hamilton, S.; and the Olanzapine HGAD Study Group. Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: Acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 14:111-123, 1996.
4. Bromet, E.J.; Schwartz, J.E.; Fenning, S.; Geller, L.; Jandorf, L.; Kovasznay, B.; Lavelle, J.; Miller, A.; Pato, C.; Ram, R.; and Rich, C. The epidemiology of psychosis: The Suffolk County mental health project. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18(2):243-255, 1992.
5. Carpenter, W.T., Jr., and Kirkpatrick, B. The heterogeneity of the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14(4):645-652, 1988.
6. Chakos, M.H.; Mayerhoff, D.I.; Loebel, A.D.; Alvir, J.M.; and Lieberman, J.A. Incidence and correlates of acute extrapyramidal symptoms in first episode of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28(1):81-86, 1992.
7. Chouljian, T.L.; Shumway, M.; Balancio, E.; Dwyer, E.V.; Surber, R.; and Jacobs, M. Substance use among schizophrenic outpatients: Prevalence, course, and relation to functional status. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 7(1):19-24, 1995.
8. Crow, T.J.; MacMillan, J.F.; Johnson, A.L.; and Johnstone, E.C. The Northwick Park study of first episodes of schizophrenia: II. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148:120-127, 1986.
9. DeQuardo, J.R.; Carpenter, C.F.; and Tandon, R. Patterns of substance abuse in schizophrenia: Nature and significance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 28(3):267-275, 1994.
10. Dixon, L.; Haas, G.; Weiden, P.J.; Sweeney, J.; and Frances, A.J. Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: Clinical correlates and reasons for use. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148:224-230, 1991.
11. Doran, A.R.; Breier, A.; and Roy A. Differential diagnosis and diagnostic systems in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(1):17-33, 1986.
12. Feighner, J.P.; Robins, E.; Guze, S.B.; Woodruff, R.A.; Winokur, G.; and Munoz, R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26:57-63, 1972.
13. Fenton, W.S. Course and outcome in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 10:40-44, 1997.
14. Frances, A.; Docherty, J.P.; and Kahn, D.A. Treatment of schizophrenia. The Expert Consensus Guidelines Series. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(Suppl. 12B):1-57, 1996.
15. Frances, A.; First, M.B.; and Pincus, H.A. DSM-IV Guidebook. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
16. Gift, T.E.; Strauss, J.S.; Harder, D.W.; Kokes, R.E.; and Ritzler, B.A. Established chronicity of psychotic symptoms in first-admission schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(6):779-784, 1981.
17. Goldstein, M.J. Further data concerning the relationship between premorbid adjustment and paranoid symptomatology. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4(2):236-243, 1978.
18. Gupta, S.; Hendricks, S.; Kenkel, A.M.; Bhatia, S.C.; and Haffke, E.A. Relapse in schizophrenia: Is there a relationship to substance abuse? Schizophrenia Research, 20:153-156, 1996.
19. Guy, W., ed. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, revised. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publication No. (ADM) 76-338, 1976.
20. Häfner, H., and Nowotny, B. Epidemiology of early-onset schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 245:80-92, 1995.
21. Harrison, G.; Croudace, T.; Mason, P.; Glazebrook, C.; and Medley, I. Predicting the long-term outcome of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 26(4):697-705, 1996.
22. Johnstone, E.C.; Crow, T.J.; Johnson, A.L.; and MacMillan, J.F. The Northwick Park Study of first episodes of schizophrenia: I. Presentation of the illness and problems relating to admission. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148:115-120, 1986.
23. Kane, J.M.; Honigfeld, G.; Singer, J.; Meltzer, H.; and the Clozaril Collaborative Study Group. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45:789-796, 1988.
24. Kane, J.M.; Rifkin, A.; Quitkin, F.; Nayak, D.; and Ramos-Lorenzi, J. Fluphenazine vs. placebo in patients with remitted, acute first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39:70-73, 1982.
25. Kay, S.R.; Fiszbein, A.; and Opler, L.A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2):261-275, 1987.
26. Keshavan, M.S., and Schooler, N.R. First-episode studies in schizophrenia: Criteria and characterization. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18(3):491-513, 1992.
27. Kirch, D.G.; Keith, S.J.; and Matthews, S.M. Research on first-episode psychosis: Report on a National Institute of Mental Health workshop. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18(2):179-184, 1992.
28. Kopala, L.C.; Fredrikson, D.; Good, K.P.; and Honer, W.G. Symptoms in neuroleptic-naive, first episode schizophrenia: Response to risperidone. Biological Psychiatry, 39:296-298, 1996.
29. Koreen, A.R.; Siris, S.G.; Chakos, M.; Alvir, J.; Mayerhoff, D.; and Lieberman, J.A. Depression in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(11):1643-1648, 1993.
30. Krawieka, M.; Goldberg, D.; and Vaughn, M. A standardized psychiatric assessment scale for rating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55:299-308, 1977.
31. Lieberman, J.A.; Jody, D.; Alvir, J.; Ashtari, M.; Levy, D.L.; Bogerts, B.; Degreef, G.; Mayerhoff, D.I.; and Cooper, T. Brain morphology, dopamine, and eye-tracking in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50:357-367, 1993a.
32. Lieberman, J.A.; Jody, D.; Geisler, S.; Alvir, J.; Loebel, A.; Szymanski, S.; Woerner, M.; and Borenstein, M. Time course and biologic correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50:369-376, 1993b.
33. Lieberman, J.A.; Koreen, A.R.; Chakos, M.; Sheitman, B.; Woerner, M.; Alvir, J.; and Bilder, R. Factors influencing treatment response and outcome of first-episode schizophrenia: Implications for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 9:5-9, 1996.
34. Lieberman, J.A.; Matthews, S.M.; and Kirch, D.G. First-episode psychosis: Part II. Editor's introduction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18(3):349, 1992.
35. Loebel, A.D.; Lieberman, J.A.; Alvir, J.; Mayerhoff, D.I.; Geisler, S.H.; and Szymanski, S.R. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(9):1183-1188, 1992.
36. Marder, S.R., and Meibach, R.C. Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(6):825-835, 1994.
37. Maurer, K., and Häfner, H. Methodological aspects of onset assessment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 15(3):265-276, 1995.
38. May, P.; Tuma, A.H.; and Dixon, W.J. Schizophrenia - A follow-up study of results of treatment: I. Design and other problems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33:474-478, 1976a.
39. May, P.; Tuma, A.H.; and Dixon, W.J. Schizophrenia: A follow-up study of the results of five forms of treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38:776-784, 1981.
40. May, P.; Tuma, A.H.; Yale, C.; Potepan, P.; and Dixon, W.J. Schizophrenia - A follow-up study of results of treatment: II. Hospital stay over two to five years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33:481-486, 1976b.
41. McGlashan, T.H., and Carpenter, W.T., Jr. Postpsychotic depression in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33:231-239, 1976.
42. McGlashan, T.H., and Johannessen, J.O. Early detection and intervention with schizophrenia: Rationale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(2):201-222, 1996.
43. Nuechterlein, K.H.; Dawson, M.E.; Gitlin, M.; Ventura, J.; Goldstein, M.J.; Snyder, K.S.; Yee, C.M.; and Mintz, J. Developmental processes in schizophrenic disorders: Longitudinal studies of vulnerability and stress. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18(3):387-425, 1992.
44. Nuechterlein, K.H.; Dawson, M.E.; Ventura, J.; Gitlin, M.; Subotnik, K.L.; Snyder, K.S.; Mintz, J.; and Bartzokis, G. The vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic relapse: A longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(Suppl. 382):58-64, 1994.
45. Overall, J.E., and Gorham, D.R. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10:799-812, 1962.
46. Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. The Scottish first episode schizophrenia study: I. Patient identification and categorisation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150:331-333, 1987a.
47. Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. The Scottish first episode schizophrenia study: II. Treatment - Pimozide versus flupenthixol. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150:334-338, 1987b.
48. Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. The Scottish first episode schizophrenia study: VII. Two-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80:597-602, 1989.
49. Simpson, G.M., and Angus, J.W.S. A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 212(Suppl.):11-19, 1970.
50. Simpson, G.M.; Lee, J.H.; Zoubok, B.; and Gardos, G. A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology, 4:171-179, 1979.
51. Siris, S.G. Diagnosis of secondary depression in schizophrenia: Implications for DSM-IV. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(1):75-97, 1991.
52. Spitzer, R.L.; Endicott, J.; and Robins, E. Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35(6):773-782, 1978a.
53. Spitzer, R.L.; Endicott, J.; and Robins, E. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Change Version (SADS-C). New York: Biometrics Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1978b.
54. Strauss, J.S., and Carpenter, W.T., Jr. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia: I. Characteristics of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27:739-746, 1972.
55. Susser, E.; Fennig, S.; Jandorf, L.; Amador, X.; and Bromet, E. Epidemiology, diagnosis and course of brief psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152:1743-1748, 1995.
56. Szymanski, S.; Cannon, T.; Gallacher, F.; Erwin, R.J.; and Gur, R.E. Course and treatment response in first episode and chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153:519-525, 1996.
57. Szymanski, S.; Masiar, S.; Mayerhoff, D.; Loebel, A.; Geisler, S.; Pollack, S.; Kane, J.; and Lieberman, J. Clozapine response in treatment-refractory first-episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 35:278-280, 1994.
58. Tohen, M.; Stoll, A.L.; Strakowski, S.M.; Faedda, G.L.; Mayer, P.V.; Goodwin, D.C.; Kilbrener, M.L.; and Madigan, A.M. The McLean first-episode psychosis project: Six-month recovery and recurrence outcome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18(2):273-282, 1992.
59. Waddington, J.L.; Youssef, H.A.; and Kinsella, A. Sequential cross-sectional and 10-year prospective study of severe negative symptoms in relation to duration of initially untreated psychosis in chronic schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 25:849-857, 1995.
60. Wing, J.K.; Cooper, J.E.; and Sartorius, N. The Description and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms: An Instruction Manual for the PSE and Catego Systems. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
61. World Health Organization. Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to Their Classification in Accordance With the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: The Organization, 1978.
62. Wyatt, R.J. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(2):325-351, 1991.
63. Wyatt, R.J. Early intervention for schizophrenia: Can the course of illness be altered? Biological Psychiatry, 38:1-3, 1995.
64. Yung, A.R., and McGorry, P.D. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(2):353-370, 1996.