Tacrolimus. An update of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of organ transplantation

Drugs

Volumn 54, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 925-975

  Spencer, Caroline M ^a   Goa, Karen L ^a   Gillis, Jane C ^a  

^a ADIS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOSPORIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; TACROLIMUS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALOPECIA; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FEMALE; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEADACHE; HEART LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFANT; INFECTION COMPLICATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; META ANALYSIS; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW; SCHOOL CHILD; TREMOR;

EID: 0030711065     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199754060-00009     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Kino T, Hatanaka H, Hashimoto M, et al. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. I. Fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological characteristics. J Antibiot 1987; 40: 1249-55
2. Tanaka H, Kuroda A, Marusawa H, et al. Physicochemical properties of FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces rsukubaensis. Transplant Proc 1987 Oct: 19 Suppl. 6: 11-6
3. Peters DH, Fitton A, Plosker GL, et al. Tacrolimus. A review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic potential in hepatic and renal transplantation. Drugs 1993 Oct; 46: 746-94
4. Brazelton TR, Morris RE. Molecular mechanisms of action of new xenobiotic immunosuppressive drugs: tacrolimus (FK506). sirolimus (rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide. Curr Opin Immunol 1996 Oct; 8: 710-20
5. Dawson TM. Immunosuppressants, immunophilins, and the nervous system. Ann Neurol 1996 Oct; 40: 559-60
6. de Mattos AM, Olyaei AJ, Bennett WM. Pharmacology of immunosuppressive medications used in renal diseases and transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 1996 Nov; 28: 631-67
7. First MR. An update on new immunosuppressive drugs undergoing preclinical and clinical trials: potential applications in organ transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 1997 Feb; 29: 303-17
8. Manez R, Jain A, Marino IR, et al. Comparative evaluation of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin A as immunosuppressive agents. Transplant Rev 1995 Apr; 9 (2): 63-76
9. Morris RE. New small molecule immunosuppressants for transplantation: review of essential concepts. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993 Nov-Dec; 12: S275-86
10. Thomson AW, Bonham CA, Zeevi A. Mode of action of tacrolimus (FK506): molecular and cellular mechanisms. Ther Drug Monit 1995 Dec; 17: 584-91
11. Morris RE. Mechanisms of action of new immunosuppressive drugs. Kidney Int 1946 Jan; 49 Suppl. 53: 26-38
12. Migita K, Eguchi K, Kawabe Y, et al. FK506 augments activation-induced programmed cell death of T lymphocytes in vivo. J Clin Invest 1995 Aug; 96: 727-32
13. Gaweco AS, Otto G, Otto HF, et al. Common and sequential overexpression patterns of T-helper cytokines during acute (cellular) rejection, and correlation of proinflammatory cytokine expression with chronic (ductopenic) rejection of human liver allografts: a study under cyclosporine, FK506, and quadruple BT 563 immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 1152-4
14. Gaweco AS, Otto G, Otto HF, et al. Distinct intragraft cytokine gene expression patterns during acute hepatic rejection under cyclosporine versus FK 506 primary immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 1994 Dec; 26: 3111-3
15. Adams DH, Lin Q. FK506 inhibits human lymphocyte migration and the production of lymphocyte chemotactic factors in liver allograft recipients. Hepatology 1996 Jun; 23: 1476-83
16. Hutchinson IV. The mode of action of Prograf® (tacrolimus) and its significance for long-term graft survival. New Horisons in Kidney Transplantation 1997 Sep; 1 (1): 22-6
17. Bagnis C, Deray G, Dubois M, et al. Comparative acute nephrotoxicity of FK-506 and ciclosporin in an isolated in situ autoperfused rat kidney model. Am J Nephrol 1997 Jan-Feb; 17: 17-24
18. Watarai Y, Yoshioka M, Togashi H, et al. Effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on renal microcirculation and nitric oxide production [abstract]. J Urol 1996 May; 155 Suppl.: 533
19. Bäckman L, Nicar M, Levy M, et al. FK506 trough levels in whole blood and plasma in liver transplant recipients. Correlation with clinical events and side effects. Transplantation 1994 Feb; 57: 519-25
20. Randhawa PS, Shapiro R, Jordan ML, et al. The histopathological changes associated with allograft rejection and drug toxicity in renal transplant recipients maintained on FK506 - clinical significance and comparison with cyclosporine. Am J Surg Pathol 1993 Jan; 17: 60-8
21. Sugito K, Morozumi K, Oikawa T. A comparative study of clinicopathologic characteristics of renal allografts under cyclosporine and FK 506 immunosuppression [abstract]. Transplant Proc 1996 Jun; 28: 1335-7
22. Wilczek HE, Brattström C, Reinholt FP, et al. Renal transplant histopathologic changes during the first year in patients treated with tacrolimus (FK 506). Transplant Proc 1996 Dec; 28: 3177
23. Randhawa PS, Tsamandas AC, Magnone M, et al. Microvascular changes in renal allografts associated with FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy. Am J Surg Pathol 1996 Mar; 20: 306-12
24. Textor SC, Burnett Jr JC, Romero JC, et al. Urinary endothelin and renal vasoconstriction with cyclosporine or FK506 after liver transplantation. Kidney Int 1995 May; 47: 1426-33
25. Textor SC, Wiesner R, Wilson DJ, et al. Systemic and renal hemodynamic differences between FK506 and cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993 Jun; 55: 1332-9
26. Watschinger B, Sayegh MH. Endothelin in organ transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 1996 Jan; 27: 151-61
27. Kumano K, Chen J, He M, et al. Role of endothelin in FK 506-induced renal hypoperfusion in rats. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27 (1): 550-3
28. Canzanello VJ, Textor SC, Taler SJ, et al. Renal sodium handling with cyclosporin A and FK506 after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995 May; 5: 1910-7
29. Mach-Pascual S, Samii K, Beris P. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia complicating FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy. Am J Hematol 1996 Aug; 52: 310-2
30. Ichihashi T, Naoe T, Yoshida H, et al. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome during FK506 therapy [letter]. Lancet 1992 Jul 4; 340: 60-1
31. Kaufman DB, Kaplan B, Kanwar YS, et al. The successful use of tacrolimus (FK506) in a pancreas/kidney transplant recipient with recurrent cyclosporine-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Transplantation 1995 Jun 27; 59: 1737-9
32. McCauley J, Bronsther O, Fung J, et al. Treatment of cyclosporin-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome with FK506 [letter]. Lancet 1989 Dec 23/30; 11: 1516
33. McCashland TM, Donovan JP, Amelsberg A, et al. Bile acid metabolism and biliary secretion in patients receiving orthotopic liver transplants: differing effects of cyclosporine and FK506. Hepatology 1994 Jun; 19: 1381-9
34. Söderhahl G, Groth C-G, Angelin B, et al. FK506 improves recovery of bile secretion following orthotopic liver transplantation in man. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 1125
35. Sauer P, Stiehl A, Otto G, et al. In patients with orthotopic liver transplantation, serum markers of cholestasis are unreliable indicators of biliary secretion. J Hepatol 1995 May; 22: 561-4
36. Dhar DK, Nagasue N, Uchida M, et al. Effective prevention of ischemic injury of the dearterialized canine liver by FK506 pretreatment. Transplantation 1993 Dec; 56: 1555-8
37. Jin MB, Yamagishi H, Ochiai T, et al. Protective effect of FK 506 on hepatic energy metabolism in warm ischemic canine livers induced by total hepatic vascular exclusion. Transplant Proc 1996 Apr; 28: 1108-10
38. Okano K, Hamamoto I, Izuishi K, et al. Ameliorative effect of FK 506 on cold ischemia reperfusion injury of the rat liver. Transplant Proc 1994 Aug; 26: 2367-9
39. Kim YI, Akizuki S, Kawano K, et al. FK 506 prevents critical warm ischemia damage to the pig liver and improves hepatic microcirculatlion. Transplant Proc 1994 Aug; 26: 2384-7
40. Kawano K, Bowers JL, Clouse ME. Protective effect of FK506 on hepatic injury following cold ischemic preservation and transplantation: influence on hepatic microcirculation. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 362-3
41. Kawano K, Bowers JL, Kim YI, et al. FK506 reduces oxidative hepatic injury following cold ischemic preservation and transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996 Jun; 28: 1902-3
42. Steinmüller TM, Gräf K-J, Schleieher J, et al. The effect of FK506 versus cyclosporine on glucose and lipid metabolism - a randomized trial. Transplantation 1994 Sep 27; 58: 669-74
43. Krentz AJ, Dousset B, Mayer D, et al. Metabolic effects of cyclosporin A and FK 506 in liver transplant recipients. Diabetes 1993 Dec; 42: 1753-9
44. Senninger N, Golling M, Datsis K, et al. Glucose metabolism following liver transplantation and immunosuppression with cyclosporine A or FK506. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 1127-8
45. Redmon JB, Olson LK, Armstrong MB, et al. Effects of tacrolimus (FK506) on human insulin gene expression, insulin mRNA levels, and insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells. J Clin Invest 1996 Dec; 98: 2786-93
46. Ishizuka J, Gugliuzza KK, Wassmuth Z, et al. Effects of FK506 and cyclosporin on dynamic insulin secretion from isolated dog pancreatic islets. Transplantation 1993 Dec; 56: 1486-90
47. Tamura K, Fujimura T, Tsutsumi T, et al. Transcriptional inhibition of insulin by FK506 and possible involvement of FK506 binding protein-12 in pancreatic β-cell. Transplantation 1995 Jun 15; 59: 1606-13
48. Ricordi C, Zeng Y, Alejandro R, et al. Effect of FK 506 on human pancreatic islets following renal subcapsular transplantation in diabetic nude mice. Transplant Proc 1992 Jun; 24: 1042
49. Ueki M, Yasunami Y, Ina K, et al. Diahetogcnic effects of FK506 on renal subcapsular islet isografts in rat. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1993 Apr; 20: 11-9
50. Hohage H, Arlt M, Brückner D, et al. Effects of cyclosporin A and FK 506 on lipid metabolism and fibrinogen in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transpl 1997 Jun; 11: 225-30
51. Abouljoud MS, Levy MF, Klintmalm GB, et al. Hyperlipidemia after liver transplantation: long-term results of the FK506/ cyclosporine a US multicenter trial. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 1121-3
52. Venkataramanan R, Swaminathan A, Prasad T, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995 Dec; 29: 404-30
53. Pirsch JD, Miller J, Deierhoi MH, et al. A comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine for immunosuppression after cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation 1997 Apr 15; 63: 977-83
54. Firdaous I, Hassoun A, Otte JB, et al. HPLC-microparticle enzyme immunoassay specific for tacrolimus in whole blood of hepatic and renal transplant patients. Clin Chem 1995 Sep; 41: 1292-6
55. Gonschior A-K, Christians U, Winkler M, et al. Simplified high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for measurement of tacrolimus and its metabolites and cross-validation with microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Ther Drug Monit 1995 Oct; 17: 504-10
56. Bauer S, Mai I, Roots I. Modification of the Abbott IM, tacrolimus (FK 506) assay for estimation of low FK 506 blood levels [abstract]. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1996; 353 Suppl.: 149
57. Taylor PJ, Jones A, Balderson GA, et al. Sensitive, specific quantitative analysis of tacrolimus (FK506) in blood by liquid chromatography - electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 1996 Feb; 42: 279-85
58. Winkler M, Christians U, Baumann J, et al. Evaluation of the Pro-Trac tacrolimus monoclonal whole-blood enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring of tacrolimus levels in patients after kidney, heart, and liver transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 1996 Dec; 18: 640-6
59. Lee JW, Sukovaty RL, Farmen RH, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506): validation of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for and application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ther Drug Monit 1997 Apr; 19: 201-7
60. MacFarlane G, Scheller D, Ersfeld D, et al. A simplified whole blood enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ProTrac II) for tacrolimus (FK506) using proteolytic extraction in place of organic solvents. Ther Drug Monit 1996 Dec; 18: 698-705
61. Warty V, Zuckerman S, Venkataramanan R, et al. Tacrolimus analysis: a comparison of different methods and matrices. Ther Drug Monit 1995 Apr; 17: 159-67
62. x methods. Ther Drug Monit 1996 Dec; 18: 706-9
63. BeDell LS, editor. Mosby's Complete Drug Reference. Physicians GenRx. 7th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby, 1997: 1945-8
64. Plosker GL, Barradell LB. Cyclosporin: a review of its pharmacological properties and role in the management of graft versus host disease. Clin Immunother 1996 Jan; 5: 59-90
65. Morris-Stiff G, Ostrowski K, Balaji V, et al. Prospective randomised study comparing tacrolimus (Prograf®) and cyclosporin (Neoral®) as primary immunosuppression in 80 consecutive adult cadaveric renal transplants at a single institution [abstract no. 339]. 8th Congress of the European Society for Organ Transplantation 1997 Sep 2-6; Budapest: 212
66. Zervos XA, Weppler D, Fragulidis GP, et al. Comparison of Prograf with Neoral as primary immunosuppression in hepatitis C patients after orthotopic liver transplantation [abstract no. 34]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting; 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 93
67. Fisher RA, Ham JM, Seaman D, et al. A prospective randomized trial of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with Neoral or tacrolimus following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) [abstract no. 38]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting; 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 94
68. Holman MJ, Ahsan N, Dhillon S, et al. A randomized, prospective, comparative study of tacrolimus-mycophenolate mofetil and Neoral-mycophenolate mofetil in kidney transplantation [abstract no. 173]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting; 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 128
69. Mirzu DF, Gunson BK, Soonawalla Z, et al. Reduced acuterejection alter liver transplantation with Neoral-based triple immunosuppression [letter]. Lancet 1997 Mar 8; 349: 701-2
70. Todo S, Fung JJ, Starzl TE, et al. Single-center experience with primary orthotopic liver transplantation with FK 506 immunosuppression. Ann Surg 1994 Sep; 220: 297-309
71. Jain AB, Fung JJ, Todo S, et al. One thousand consecutive primary orthotopic liver transplants under FK 506: survival and adverse events. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 1099-104
72. Fung JJ, Eliasziw M, Todo S, et al. The Pittsburgh randomized trial of tacrolimus compared to cyclosporine for hepatic transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 1996 Aug; 183: 117-25
73. Neuhaus P, Pichlmayr R, Williams R, et al. Randomised trial; comparing tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin in prevention of liver allograft rejection. Lancet 1994 Aug 13; 344: 423-8
74. The U.S. Multicenter FK506 Liver Study Group. A comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine for immunosuppression in liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 1994 Oct 27; 331: 1110-5
75. Pichlmayr R, Winkler M, Neuhaus P, et al. Three-year follow-up of the European multicenter tacrolimus (FK506) liver study. Transplant Proc 1997; 29 (5): 2499-502
76. Roberts JP, The US FK506 Liver Study Group. Three-year follow-up of liver transplant patients in the US comparative trial of tacrolimus and cyclosporine-based regimens [abstract no. 306]. 16th International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Barcelona 1996: 185
77. Wiesner RH, for the U.S. FK506 Study Group. Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin in liver transplantation. Five-year follow up of the U.S. phase III comparative, randomized study [abstract no. 35]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting: 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 93
78. Starzl TE, Donner A, Eliasziw M, et al. Randomised trialomania? The multicentre liver transplant trials of tacrolimus. Lancet 1995 Nov 18; 346: 1346-50
79. Morris RE, Brown Jr BWm. Tacrolimus for prevention of liver allograft rejection: clinical trials and tribulations. Lancet 1995 Nov 18; 346: 1310-1
80. Neuhaus P, Langrehr JM, Williams R, et al. Tacrolimus-based immunosuppression after liver transplantation: a randomised study comparing dual versus triple low-dose oral regimens. Transpl Int 1997; 10: 253-61
81. Busuttil RW, Holt CD. Tacrolimus (FK506) is superior to cyclosporine in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997 Feb-Mar; 29: 534-8
82. Jain A, Fung JJ, Todo S, et al. More than 6 years actual follow-up: primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus [abstract]. Hepatology 1996 Oct; 24 (4 Pt2): 181
83. Gayowski TJP, Marino IR, Doyle HR, et al. Primary liver transplantation in U.S. veterans under FK506 immunosuppression: a prospective trial [abstract]. Hepatology 1995 Oct; 22 (4 Pt2): 420
84. Anand AC, Hubscher SG, Gunson BK, et al. Timing, significance, and prognosis of late acute liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 1995 Nov 27; 60: 1098-103
85. Platz K-P, Tullius SG, Mueller AR, et al. Incidence and outcome of chronic rejection in CyA- and FK 506-treated patients. Transplant Proc 1996 Dec; 28: 3183-4
86. Jain AB, Singhal A, Fung JJ, et al. Chronic rejection following primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus [abstract]. Hepatology 1995 Oct; 22 (4 Pt2): 434
87. Singh N, Gayowski T, Ndimbie OK, et al. Recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus: association with rejection and increased immunosuppression after transplantation. Surgery 1996 Apr; 119: 452-6
88. Vierling JM, Villamil FG, Rojter SE, et al. Morbidity and mortality of recurrent hepatilis C infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Viral Hepatitis 1997; 4 Suppl. 1: 117-24
89. Lake JR, for the U.S. FK 506 Multicenter Trial Investigators. Outcome of hepatitis C virus-infected primary liver transplants: 5-year follow-up of the U.S. randomized, comparative study [abstract no. 272]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting; 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 152
90. Mueller AR, Platz KP, Bechstein WO, et al. The optimal immunosuppressant after liver transplantation according to diagnosis: cyclosporine A or FK506? Clin Transplant 1995 Jun; 9: 176-84
91. Mueller A, Platz K-P, Berg T, et al. Long-term follow-up in hepatitis C patients with respect to immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 1996 Dec; 28: 3241-2
92. Van Thiel DH, Baddour N, Fagiuoli S, et al. Alpha-interferon treatment of hepatitis C in patients with liver allografts treated with either FK-506 or cyclosporin A. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994 Sep; 6: 787-91
93. Muller R, Samuel D, Fassati LR, et al. EUROHEP consensus report on the management of liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 1994 Dec; 21: 1140-3
94. Bronsther O, Ersoz S, Tugcu M, et al. Liver transplantation for HBV-related disease under immunosuppression with tacrolimus: an experience with 78 consecutive cases. J Okla State Med Assoc 1995 Mar; 88: 103-8
95. Platz K-P, Mueller AR, Haller GW, et al. Hepatitis B recurrence in relation to immunosuppression and acute allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1996 Dec; 28: 3236-7
96. Flamm SL, Marcos A, Gordon FD, et al. Tacrolimus is associated with decreased survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation with chronic hepatitis B infection [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1996 Apr; 110 Suppl.: 1190
97. Devlin J, Williams R. on behalf of the European FK506 Liver Study Group. Transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: comparing tacrolimus versus cyclosporine tor immunosuppression and the outcome in elective transplants. Transplantation 1996 Nov 15; 62: 1251-5
98. US Multicenter FK 506 Liver Study Group. Use of FK 506 for the prevention of recurrent allograft rejections after successful conversion from cyclosporine refractory rejection. Transplant Proc 1993 Feb; 25 (1): 635-7
99. Klintmalm GBG, Goldstein R, Gonwa T, et al. Use of Prograf (FK 506) as rescue therapy for refractory rejection after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993 Feb; 25 (1): 679-88
100. Sher L, Cosenza CA, Michel J, et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus as rescue therapy for chronic rejection in orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 1997 Jul 27; 64 (2): 258-63
101. Busuttil RW, U.S. Multicenter FK 506 Liver Study Group. FK506 (tacrolimus, Prograf Rm) as rescue therapy in liver transplant patients with drug-resistant immune rejection [abstract]. Hepatology 1995 Oct; 22 (4 Pt2): 398
102. Fung JJ, Todo S, Tzakis A, et al. Conversion of liver allograft recipients from cyclosporine to FK 506-based immunosuppression: benefits and pitfalls. Transplant Proc 1991 Feb; 23: 14-21
103. Jain A, Fung JJ, Todo S, et al. More than six years actual follow-up: conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus for chronic liver allograft rejection [abstract]. Hepatology 1996 Oct; 24 (4 Pt2): 181
104. Reggiani P, Orsenigo R, Gatti S, et al. Conversion to rescue therapy with FK 506: data from eight liver transplant patients. Transplant Proc 1994 Dec; 26: 3597-8
105. Winkler M, Ringe B, Jost U, et al. Conversion from cyclosporin to FK 506 after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1993 Nov; 6: 319-24
106. Charco R, Murio E, Fdo A, et al. Early use of FK 506 as rescue therapy for refractory liver allograft rejection [abstract]. Hepatology 1996 Oct; 24 (4 Pt2): 173
107. Rucay P, Samuel D, Farges O, et al. FK506 as treatment of late acute rejection in liver transplant patients. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 1105-6
108. McDiarmid SV, Klintmalm GB, Busuttil RW. FK506 conversion for intractable rejection of the liver allograft. Transpl Int 1993 Nov; 6: 305-12
109. McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW, Ascher NL, et al. FK506 (tacrolimus) compared with cyclosporine for primary immunosuppression after pediatric liver transplantation: results from the U.S. Multicenter Trial. Transplantation 1995 Feb 27; 59: 530-6
110. Schroeder TJ, First MR, Gaber AO. Monitoring and management of immunosuppression in paediatric transplant patients. Clin Immunother 1995 Dec; 4: 425-44
111. Kocoshis SA, Tzakis A, Todo S, et al. Pediatric liver transplantation. History, recent innovations, and outlook for the future. Clin Pediatr 1993 Jul; 32: 386-92
112. Jain A, Mieles L, Todo S, et al. Primary liver transplantation in children under tacrolimus [abstract]. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 Aug; 10: C78
113. Inomata Y, Tanaka K, Egawa H, et al. The evolution of immunosuppression with FK506 in pediatric living-related liver transplantation. Transplantation 1996 Jan 27; 61: 247-52
114. McDiarmid SV, Busuttil RW. Primary immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus after pediatric liver transplantation [abstract]. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 Aug; 10: C41
115. Jain A, Reyes J, Mieles L, et al. Conversion of pediatric liver allograft recipients from cyclosporin to tacrolimus based immunosuppression [abstract]. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 Aug; 10: C77
116. McDiarmid SV, The US Multicenter FK506 Liver Study Group. Long-term experience with tacrolimus in rescue of pediatric liver transplant patients [abstract no. 164]. 16th International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Barcelona 1996: 346
117. Bhatnagar V, Dhawan A, Rela M, et al. Experience with FK506 conversion therapy for liver allograft rejection in children [abstract]. Gut 1994; 35 Suppl. 2: 21
118. Reding R, Wallemacq P, de Ville de Goyet J, et al. Rescue tacrolimus therapy for refractory rejection after pediatric liver transplantation. A 6-year experience in 47 children [abstract]. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 Aug; 10: C41
119. Egawa H, Esquivel CO, So SK. et al. FK506 conversion therapy in pediatric liver transplantation. Transplantation 1994 Apr; 57: 1169-73
120. McDiarmid SV, Wallace P, Vargas J, et al. The treatment of intractable rejection with tacrolimus (FK506) in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995 Apr; 20: 291-9
121. Vincenti F, Laskow DA, Neylan JF. One year follow-up of an open-label trial of FK506 for primary kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1996 Jun 15; 61: 1576-81
122. Suthanthiran M, Strom TB. Renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 1994 Aug 11; 331: 365-76
123. Shapiro R, Jordan ML, Scantlebury VP, et al. A prospective, randomised trial of FK 506/prednisone vs FK 506/azathioprine/prednisone in renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 814-7
124. Mayer AD, Dmitrewski J, Squifflet J-P, et al. Multicentre randomized trial comparing tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine in the prevention of renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 1997; 64 (3): 436-43
125. Ochiai T, Fukao K, Takahashi K, et al. Phase III study of FK 506 in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 829-33
126. Shapiro R, Jordan ML, Scantlebury VP, et al. Tacrolimus in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996 Aug; 28: 2117-8
127. Yokoyama I, Uchida K, Fukao T, et al. FK506: long-term study in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 818-21
128. Opelz G. Effect of the maintenance immunosuppressive drug regimen on kidney transplant outcome. Transplantation 1994 Aug 27; 58: 443-6
129. Filo RS, for the FK506 Kidney Transplant Study Group. Tacrolimus in kidney transplantation: two-year results of the U.S., randomized, comparative, phase III study [abstract no. 292]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting; 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 157
130. Solez K, Racusen LC, for the FK506 Kidney Transplant Study Group and European Tacrolimus Multicentre Renal Study Group. Banff classification analysis of renal morphology in clinical trials of tacrolimus (FK506) vs. cyclosporine (CsA) in renal trasplantation [abstract no. 277]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting; 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 154
131. Felldin M, Bäckman L, Brattström C, et al. Rescue therapy with tacrolimus (FK 506) in renal transplant recipients - a Scandinavian multicenter analysis. Transpl Int 1997 Jan; 10: 13-8
132. Heemann U, Behrend M, Friedrich J, et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus rescue therapy following kidney transplantation [abstract]. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996 Jun; 11: A279
133. Jordan ML, Naraghi R, Shapiro R, et al. Tacrolimus rescue therapy for renal allograft rejection - five-year experience. Transplantation 1997 Jan 27; 63: 223-8
134. Woodle ES, Thistlethwaite JR, Gordon JH, et al. A multicenter trial of FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy in refractory acute renal allograft rejection: a report of the Tacrolimus Kidney Transplantation Rescue Study Group. Transplantation 1996 Sep 15; 62: 594-9
135. Cronin II DC, Bruce DS, Newell KA, et al. Tacrolimus therapy for refractory renal allograft rejection: experience with steroid withdrawal [abstract]. Transplant Proc 1997 Feb-Mar; 29: 307
136. Ellis D, Shapiro R, Jordan ML, et al. Comparison of FK-506 and cyclosporine regimens in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 1994 Apr; 8: 193-200
137. Shapiro R, Scantlebury VP, Jordan ML, et al. Tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation. Transplantation 1996 Dec 27; 62: 1752-8
138. Offner G, Latta K, Bökenkamp A, et al. Tacrolimus for rescue of renal transplantation in children [abstract]. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 Aug; 10: C42
139. Corey HE, Tellis V, Schechner R. Improved renal allograft survival in children treated with FK 506 (tacrolimus) rescue therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 Dec; 10: 720-2
140. Shapiro R, Scantlebury VP, Jordan ML, et al. FK506 in pediatric kidney transplantation - primary and rescue experience. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9 Suppl.: 43-8
141. Birk PE, Cook ME, Schmidt WJ, et al. Preliminary experience with FK 506 in pediatric renal transplant recipients: a single-center report. Transplant Proc 1996 Apr; 28: 993-4
142. McKee M, Segev D, Wise B, et al. Initial experience with FK506 (tacrolimus) in pediatric renal transplant recipients. J Pediatr Surg 1997 May; 32 (5): 688-90
143. Banner N, Yacoub M, Khaghani A, et al. A comparison of tacrolimus and cyclosporin as immunosuppression after heart transplantation [abstract no. 131]. Heart 1997 May; 77 Suppl. 1: P38
144. Meiser BM, Überfuhr P, Fuchs A, et al. Is tacrolimus (FK506) superior to cyclosporine for primary immunosuppression after heart transplantation? [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Feb; 29 Suppl. A: 61-2
145. Pham SM, Kormos RL, Hattler BG, et al. A prospective trial of tacrolimus (FK 506) in clinical heart transplantation: intermediate-term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996 Apr; 111: 764-72
146. Tsamandas AC, Pham SM, Seaberg EC, et al. Adult heart transplantation under tacrolimus (FK506) immunosuppression: histopathologic observations and comparison to a cyclosporine-based regimen with lympholytic (ATG) induction. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997 Jul; 16: 723-34
147. Meiser BM, Schulze C, Fuchs A, et al. FK506 is superior to OKT3 for rescue therapy in cases of persistent rejection after intrathoracic transplantation [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15 (1 Pt2): S94
148. Chapman SA, Lake K, Hoffman F, et al. Tacrolimus in cardiac transplant (CTx) recipients [abstract]. Pharmacotherapy 1996 Jan-Feb; 16: 138
149. Armitage JM, Fricker FJ, del Nido P, et al. A decade (1982 to 1992) of pediatric cardiac transplantation and the impact of FK-506 immunosuppression. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993 Mar; 105: 464-73
150. Swenson JM, Fricker FJ, Armitage JM. Immunosuppression switch in pediatric heart transplant recipients: cyclosporine to FK 506. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995 Apr; 25: 1183-8
151. West LJ, Coles JG, Benson LN, Decreased dependence on adjunct therapy in paediatric heart transplant patients converted to tacrolimus-based immunosupppressive therapy [abstract]. Pediatr Nephrol 1996 Aug; 10: C57
152. Haddow GK. Anaesthesia for patients after lung transplantation. Can J Anacsth 1997 Feb; 44: 182-97
153. Dowling RD, Miller DL. Immunosuppressive therapy for lung transplantation. Clin immunother 1996 Apr; 5: 253-9
154. Bolman RM. Advantage-FK 506: reduced chronic rejection for lung transplant recipients. Ann Thorac Surg 1995 Sep; 60: 495-6
155. Keenan RJ, Konishi H, Kawai A, et al. Clinical trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1995 Sep; 60: 580-5
156. Reichenspurner H, Meiser BM, Kur F, et al. First experience with FK 506 for treatment of chronic pulmonary rejection. Transplant Proc 1995 Jun; 27: 2009
157. Knoop C, Antoine M, Vachiéry JL, et al. FK 506 rescue therapy for irreversible airway rejection in heart-lung transplant recipients: report on live cases. Transplant Proc 1994 Dec; 26: 3240-1
158. Bolman III RM. Pediatric lung and heart-lung transplantation. Transplant Proc 1994 Feb; 26: 211-3
159. Noyes BE, Kurland G, Orenstein DM, et al. Experience with pediatric lung transplantation. J Pediatr 1994 Feb; 124: 261-8
160. Calafiore R. Perspectives in pancreatic and islet cell transplantation for the therapy of IDDM. Diabetes Care 1997 May; 20: 889-96
161. Bartlett ST, Schweitzer EJ, Johnson LB, et al. Equivalent success of simultaneous pancreas kidney and solitary pancreas transplantation. A prospective trial of tacrolimus immunosuppression with percutaneous biopsy. Ann Surg 1996 Oct; 224: 440-52
162. Landgraf R. Impact of pancreas transplantation on diabetic secondary complications and quality of life. Diabetologia 1996 Dec; 39: 1415-24
163. Ciancio G, Burke GW, Roth D, et al. Use of intravenous FK506 to treat acute rejection in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients on maintenance oral FK506. Transplantation 1997 Mar 15; 63: 785-8
164. American Diabetes Association. Pancreas transplantation for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997 Jan; 20 Suppl. 1: 54
165. Gruessner RWG, Burke GW, Stratta R, et al. A multicenter analysis of the first experience with FK506 for induction and rescue therapy after pancreas transplantation. Transplantation 1996 Jan 27; 61: 261-73
166. Corry RJ, Egidi MF, Shapiro R, et al. Pancreas transplantation with enteric drainage under tacrolimus induction therapy [abstract]. Transplant Proc 1997 Feb-Mar; 29: 642
167. Gruessner RWG. for the Tacrolimus Pancreas Transplant Study Group. Tacrolimus in pancreas transplantation: a multicentre analysis. Clin Transpl 1997 Aug; 11: 299-312
168. Stratta RJ, et al for the FK/MMF Multi-Center Study Group. Simultaneous use of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil in combined panreas-kidney transplant recipients: a multicenter report. Transplant Proc 1997 Feb-Mar; 29: 654-5
169. Tesi RJ, Byer-Ashe M, Jaspan J. Conversion of pancreas transplants to FK 506 from CsA. Transplant Proc 1995 Dec; 27: 3032-3
170. El-Ghoroury M, Hariharan S, Peddi VR, et al. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in kidney and pancreas transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1997 Feb-Mar; 29: 649-51
171. Ketel BL, Turton-Weeks S, Reed K, et al. Tacrolimus-based vs cyclosporine-based immunotherapy in combined kidneypancreas transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996 Apr; 28: 899
172. Hariharan S, Munda R, Cavallo T, et al. Rescue therapy with tacrolimus after combined kidney/pancreas and isolated pancreas transplantation in patients with severe cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Transplantation 1996 Apr 27; 61: 1161-5
173. Ricordi C, Carroll P, Tzakis A, et al. Outcome of human islet isolation and allotransplantation in 20 consecutive cases. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1992; 5 Suppl. 1: 193-8
174. Alejandro R, Tzakis A, Ricordi C, et al. Combined liver-islet allotransplantation in man under FK 506. Transplant Proc 1991 Feb; 23: 789-92
175. Brousse N, Goulet O, Small bowel transplantation: unique problems but now standard treatment for small bowel insufficiency. BMJ 1996 Feb 3; 312: 261-2
176. Grant D, on behalf of the International Intestinal Transplant Registry. Current results of intestinal transplantation. Lancet 1996 Jun 29; 347: 1801-3
177. Abu-Elmagd K, Todo S, Tzakis A, et al. Rejection of human intestinal allografts: alone or in combination with the liver. Transplant Proc 1994 Jun; 26: 1430-1
178. Decg HJ. Prophylaxis and treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease: current state, implications of new immunopharmacologic compounds and future strategies to prevent and treat acute GVHD in high-risk patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994; 14 Suppl. 4: 56-60
179. Soutar RL, King DJ. Bone marrow transplantation. BMJ 1995 Jan 7; 310: 31-6
180. Storb R, Anasetti C, Appelbaum FR, et al. Immunosuppressive agents for prevention of graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15 Suppl. 1: 98-103
181. Fay JW, Wingard JR, Antin JH, et al. FK506 (tacrolimus) monotherapy for prevention of graft-versus-host disease after histocompatible sibling allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1996 Apr 15; 87: 3514-9
182. Devine SM, Geller RB, Dix SP, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) combined wild methotrexate is effective in preventing acute graft verses host disease following related donor allogeneic bone marrow transplantation [abstract]. Blood 1995 Nov 15; 86 Suppl. 1: 395
183. Nash RA, Etzioni R, Storb R, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) alone or in combination with methotrexate or methylprednisolone for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from HLA-matched siblings: a single-center study. Blood 1995 Jun 15; 85: 3746-53
184. Uberti JP, Silver SM, Adams PT, et al. Tacrolimus and methotrexate for the prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in patients with hematological malignacies. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997 Jun; 19 (12): 1233-8
185. Fay JW, Nash RA, Wingard JR, et al. FK 506-based immunosuppression for prevention of graft versus host disease after unrelated donor marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 1995 Feb; 27: 1374
186. Nash RA, Piñeiro LA, Storb R, et al. FK506 in combination with methotrexate for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from matched unrelated donors. Blood 1996 Nov; 88: 3634-41
187. Przepiorka D, Ippoliti C, Khouri I, et al. Tacrolimus and minidose methotrexate for prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease after matched unrelated donor marrow transplantation. Blood 1996 Dec 1; 88: 4383-9
188. Kanamaru A, Takemoto Y, Kakishita E. FK506 treatment of graft-versus-host disease developing or exacerbating during prophylaxis and therapy with cyclosporin and/or other immunosuppressants. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995 Jun; 15: 885-9
189. Tzakis AG, Abu-Elmagd K, Fung JJ, et al. FK 506 rescue in chronic graft-versus-host-disease after bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 1991 Dec; 23: 3225-7
190. Platz K-P, Mueller AR, Blumhardt G, et al. Nephrotoxicity following orthotopic liver transplantation: a comparison between cyclosporine and FK506. Transplantation 1994 Jul; 58: 170-8
191. McCauley J. The nephrotoxicity of FK506 as compared with cyclosporin. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertension 1993 Jul; 2: 662-9
192. Katari SR, Magnone M, Shapiro R, et al. Clinical features of acute reversible tacrolimus (FK 506) nephrotoxicity in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transpl 1997 Jun; 11: 237-42
193. Monsour Jr HP, Wood RP, Dyer CH, et al. Renal insufficiency and hypertension as long-term complications in liver transplantation. Semin Liver Dis 1995 May; 15: 123-32
194. Singh N, Gayowski T, Wagener M, et al. Infectious complications in liver transplant recipients on tacrolimus: prospective analysis of 88 consecutive liver transplants. Transplantation 1994 Oct 15; 58: 774-8
195. Singh N, Gayowski T, Wagener MM, et al. Clinical spectrum of invasive cryptococcosis in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus. Clin Transpl 1997 Feb; 11: 66-70
196. Krentz AJ, Dmitrewski J, Mayor D, et al. Effects of immunosuppressive agents on glucose metabolism: implications for the development of post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Clin Immunother 1995 Aug; 4: 103-23
197. Newell KA, Alonso EM, Whitington PF, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplantation: interplay between primary Epstein-Barr virus infection and immunosuppression. Transplantation 1996 Aug 15; 62: 370-5
198. Mueller AR, Platz K-P, Bechstein W-O, et al. Neurotoxicity after orthotopic liver transplantation. A comparison between cyclosporine and FK506. Transplantation 1994 Jul; 58: 155-70
199. Johnson LB, Kuo PC, Plotkin JS, et al. Increased incidence of FK506 induced glucose intolerance following liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C [abstract]. Hepatology 1996 Oct; 24 (4 Pt2): 529
200. Atkison P, Joubert G, Barron A, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with tacrolimus in paediatric transplant patients. Lancet 1995 Apr 8; 345: 894-6
201. Dhawan A, Mack DR, Langnas AN, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [letter]. Lancet 1995 Jun 24; 345: 1644-5
202. Natazuka T, Ogawa R, Kizaki T, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [leller]. Lancet 1995 Jun 24; 345: 1644
203. Dollinger MM, Plevris JN, Chauhan A, et al. Tacrolimus and cardiotoxicity in adult liver transplant recipients [letter]. Lancet 1995 Aug 19; 346: 507
204. Mignat C. Clinically significant drug interactions with new immunosuppressive agents. Drug Saf 1997 Apr; 16: 267-78
205. Christians U, Schmidt G, Bader A, et al. Identification of drugs inhibiting the in vitro metabolism of tacrolimus by human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996 Mar; 41: 187-90
206. Iwasaki K, Matsuda H, Nagase K, et al. Effects of 23 drugs on the metabolism of FK506 by human liver microsomes. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1993 Nov; 82: 209-16
207. Matsuda H, Iwasaki K, Shiraga T, et al. Interactions of FK506 (tacrolimus) wilh clinically important drugs. Res Commun Mol Path Pharmacol 1996 Jan; 91: 57-64
208. Seifeldin RA, Marcos-Alvarez A, Gordon FD. Nifedipine interaction with tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. Ann Pharmacother 1997 May; 31: 571-5
209. Floren LC, Bekersky I, Benet LZ, et al. Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 Jul; 62: 41-9
210. Vincent I, Furlan V, Debray D, et al. Effects of antifungal agents on the pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity of FK506 in paediatric liver transplant recipients [abstract no. A24]. 35th Int Conf Anti micro Ag Chemother 1995 Sep 17: 5
211. Wingard JR, Nash RA, Ratanatharathorn V, et al. Lack of interaction between tacrolimus (FK506) and methotrexate (MTX) in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients [abstract no. 1570]. Blood 1995 Nov 15; 86 Suppl. 1: 396
212. Zucker K, Rosen A, Tsaroucha A, et al. Augmentation of mycophenolate mofetil pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients receiving Prograf and Cellcept in combination therapy [abstract]. Transplant Proc 1997 Feb-Mar; 29: 334-6
213. Seifeldin R, Marcos-Alvarez A, Lewis WD. Effect of nifedipine on renal function in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus. Clin Ther 1996 May-Jun; 18: 491-6
214. Andrews PA, Sen M, Chang RWS. Racial variation in dosage requirements of tacrolimus [letter]. Lancet 1996 Nov 23; 348: 1446
215. Lake JR, Gorman KJ, Esquivel CO, et al. The impact of immunosuppressive regimens on the cost of liver transplantation - results from the U.S. FK506 multicenter trial. Transplantation 1995 Nov 27; 60: 1089-95
216. Dew MA, Harris RC, Simmons RG, et al. Quality-of-life advantages of FK 506 vs conventional immunosuppressive drug therapy in cardiac transplantation. Transplant Proc 1991 Dec; 23: 3061-4
217. Gjertson DW, Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, The relative effects of FK506 and cyclosporine on short- and long-term kidney graft survival. Transplantation 1995 Dec 27; 60: 1384-8
218. Short R. More data fuel tacrolimus' challenge against cyclosporin. Inpharma 1996 Sep 21; 1055: 13-4
219. McKenna M, Alexander G, Jones M, et al. Economic analysis of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin in prevention of liver allograft rejection. Eur Hosp Pharm 1996 Sep; 2 (4)
220. Neylan JF, FK506 Kidney Transplant Study Group. Sullivan EM, et al. Assessment of the frequency and costs of post-transplant hospitalizations in patients receiving tacrolimus versus cyclosporine [abstract no. 617]. American Society of Transplant Physicians 16th Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions & Business Meeting; 1997 May 10-14; Chicago: 239
221. Harrison DM, Stewart AS, Koneru B, et al. Reduction in hospital stay after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996 Apr; 28: 896
222. Millis JM, Cronin DC, Newell KA, et al. Tacrolimus treatment of steroid-resistant rejection provides economic advantages compared with OKT3 therapy. Transplant Proc 1997 Feb-Mar; 29: 1549
223. Danovitch GM. Cyclosporin or tacrolimus: which agent to choose? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997 Aug; 12: 1566-8
224. lehikawa Y, Hanafusa T, Kyo M, et al. Three-times-daily monotherapy with tacrolimus (FK 506) in kidney transplantation. Int Urol 1996 May; 3: 180-3