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Palynological examination of five mudstone samples collected from a 7-m-thick floodplain sequence immediately underlying the type locality of A. nyktos indicates the site is Pilosisporites notensis Zone (Aptian) in age. This age determination is based on the presence of the spore Pilosisporites notensis in one of the samples examined. This spore makes its first appearance in Australia at the base of the Aptian (23) and continues up into the Albian (24). The site is not Albian in age because none of the samples examined contained any spore or pollen species that make stratigraphically younger first appearances within the overlying Crybelosporites striatus, Coptospora paradoxa, or Phimopollenites pannosus spore-pollen zones, all of them of Albian age. The Aptian age determination for the type locality is supported by the fission track dating of detrital zircons obtained from volcaniclastic sandstone 50 cm above the bone-bearing conglomerate. The 21 zircons dated yield a pooled age of 122.5 ±8 million years (Ma) (1σ) with a chi-squared probability of 99.7%. The pooled age represents the age of the source volcanic rocks because vitrinite reflectance measurements of coalified plant fragments from the site indicate the sediments have not experienced burial temperatures greater than 77°C. This is well below the partial annealing temperature for zircon (200°C), which indicates they have not been thermally annealed. This interpretation substantiates an earlier fission track study by Green (25) on detrital zircon from similar volcaniclastic sandstones of Crybelosporites striatus Zone age in the Otway Basin, ∼130 km to the west of Rat Rocks. Green (25) obtained a pooled fission track age that overlapped its chronobiostratigraphic age, suggesting that the lag time between eruption, erosion, transport, and deposition was probably on the order of a few million years. The pooled age for Flat Rocks, therefore, suggests that the site is probably situated close to the base of the Aptian, which ranges, according to the time scale of Gradstein et al. (26), from 121 to 112.5 Ma.
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T.H.R and P.V.-R. acknowledge the long-term support of the Committee for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic Society. We thank J. Archibald, J. Bonaparte, W. Clemens, A. Crompton, F. Goin, J. Hopson, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, D. W. Krause, J. Lillegraven, M. McKenna, R. Pascual, D. Sigogneau-Russell, R. Sloan, F. Szalay, L. Van Valen, M. Woodburne, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful commentary on this manuscript and F. Coffa, C. de Groot, A. Dyer, D. Gelt, R. Jackson, P. Littlefield, S. Morton, I. Stewart, and P. Trusler for technical assistance.
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