Psychosocial and physical correlates of chronic depression

Psychiatry Research

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 149-159

  Hays, Judith C ^a   Krishnan, K Ranga R ^a   George, Linda K ^b   Pieper, Carl F ^a   Flint, Elizabeth P ^a   Blazer, Dan G ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Elderly; Functional impairment; Major depressive episode; Medical comorbidity; Social support; Stressful life events

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHYSICAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHRONIC DISEASE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DISABLED PERSONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT ADMISSION; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; SICK ROLE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 0030683507     PISSN: 01651781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-1781(97)00105-4     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Akiskal, H.S., 1982. Factors associated with incomplete recovery in primary depressive illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 43, 266-271.
2. American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV), APA, Washington DC.
3. Angst, J., Preisig, M., 1995. Outcome of a clinical cohort of unipolar, bipolar and schizoaffective patients: results of a prospective study from 1959 to 1985. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 146, 17-23.
4. Baldwin, R.C., Benbow, S.M., Marriott, A., Tomenson, B., 1993. Depression in old age: a reconsideration of cerebral disease in relation to outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 82-90.
5. Baldwin, R.C., Jolley, D.J., 1986. The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry 149, 574-583.
6. Blazer, D.G., 1983. Impact of late-life depression on the social network. American Journal of Psychiatry 140, 162-166.
7. Blazer, D.G., Hughes, D.C., George, L.K., 1992. Age and impaired subjective social support: predictors of depressive symptoms at one-year follow-up. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180, 172-178.
8. Brodaty, H., Harris, L., Peters, K., et al., 1993. Prognosis of depression in the elderly: a comparison with younger subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 589-596.
9. Brown, G.W., Harris, T.O., Hepworth, C., Robinson, R., 1994. Clinical and psychosocial origins of chronic depressive episodes. II: a patient enquiry. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 457-465.
10. Brugha, T.S., Bebbington, P.E., MacCarthy, B., Sturt, E., Wykes, T., Potter, J., 1990. Gender, social support and recovery from depressive disorders: a prospective clinical study. Psychological Medicine 20, 147-156.
11. Burvill, P.W., Hall, W.D., Stampfer, H.G., Emmerson, J.P., 1991. The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 64-71.
12. Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Keller, M., 1990. Outcomes of patients with chronic affective disorder: a five-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 1627-1633.
13. Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., McHugh, P.R., 1975. 'Mini-Mental State'. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12, 189-198.
14. Galanos, A.N., Fillenbaum, G.G., Cohen, H.J., Burchett, B.M., 1994. The comprehensive assessment of community dwelling elderly: Why functional status is not enough. Aging (Milano) 6, 343-351.
15. George, L.K., 1996a. Social and economic factors related to psychiatric disorders in late life. In: Busse, E.W., Blazer, D.G. (Eds.), Textbook of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2nd ed. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 129-154.
16. George, L.K., 1996b. Social factors and illness. In: Binstock, R.H., George, L.H., Marshall, V.W., Myers, G.C., Schulz, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, 4th ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 229-252.
17. George, L.K., Blazer, D.G., Hughes, D.C., Fowler, N., 1989. Social support and the outcome of major depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 478-485.
18. Hinrichsen, G.A., Hernandez, N.A., 1993. Factors associated with recovery from and relapse into major depressive disorder in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 1820-1825.
19. Howland, R.H., 1993. Chronic depression. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 44, 633-639.
20. Hughes, D.C., DeMallie, D., Blazer, D.G., 1993. Does age make a difference in the effects of physical health and social support on the outcome of major depressive episode? American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 728-733.
21. Katz, I.R., 1996. On the inseparability of mental and physical health in aged persons: lessons from depression and medical comorbidity. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 4, 1-16.
22. Keller, M.B., 1994. Depression: a long-term illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 9-15.
23. Keller, M.B., Lavori, P.W., Mueller, T.I., et al., 1992. Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression: a 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 809-816.
24. Koenig, H.G., Shelp, F., Goli, V., Cohen, H.J., Blazer, D.G., 1989. Survival and health care utilization in elderly medical inpatients with major depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37, 599-606.
25. Montgomery, S.A., Åsberg, M., 1979. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 382-389.
26. Moos, R.H., 1990. Depressed outpatients' life contexts, amount of treatment, and treatment outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178, 105-112.
27. Murphy, E., 1994. The course and outcome of depression in late life. In: Schneider, L.S., Reynolds, C.F. III, Lebowitz, B.D., Friedhoff, A.J. (Eds.), Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp. 81-97.
28. Paykel, E.S., 1994. Relapse recurrence and chronicity in depression. Journal of the International Academy of Biomedical Drug Research 9, 9-20.
29. Radloff, L.S., 1977. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measures 1, 385-401.
30. Robins, L.N., Helzer, J.E., Croughan, J., Ratcliff, K.S., 1981. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 381-389.
31. Rush, A.J., Laux, G., Giles, D.E., et al., 1995. Clinical characteristics of outpatients with chronic major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 34, 25-32.
32. Sargeant, J.K., Bruce, M.L., Florio, L.P., Weissman, M.M., 1990. Factors associated with 1-year outcome of major depression in the community. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 519-526.
33. Scott, J., 1991. Epidemiology, demography and definitions. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 6, 1-12.
34. Sherbourne, C.D., Hays, R.D., Wells, K.B., 1995. Personal and psychosocial risk factors for physical and mental health outcomes and course of depression among depressed subjects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63, 345-355.
35. Steffens, D.C., Hays, J.C., George, L.K., Krishnan, K.R.R., Blazer, D.G., 1996. Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of number of previous depressive episodes in the depressed elderly. Journal of Affective Disorders 39, 99-106.
36. Spitzer, R.L., 1983. Psychiatric diagnosis: are clinicians still necessary? Comprehensive Psychiatry 24, 399-411.
37. Swindle, R.W., Cronkite, R.C., Moos, R.H., 1989. Life stressors, social resources, coping and the 4-year course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98, 468-477.
38. Szádóczky, E., Fazekas, I., Rihmer, Z., Arató, M., 1994. The role of psychosocial and biological variables in separating chronic and non-chronic major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 32, 1-11.
39. Tuma, T.A., 1996. Effect of age on the outcome of hospital treated depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, 76-81.