The Xenopus Brachyury promoter is activated by FGF and low concentrations of activin and suppressed by high concentrations of activin and by paired-type homeodomain proteins

Genes and Development

Volumn 11, Issue 23, 1997, Pages 3265-3276

  Latinkić, Brancko V ^a   Umbhauer, Muriel ^a,b   Neal, Kathy A ^a   Lerchner, Walter ^a   Smith, James C ^a   Cunliffe, Vincent ^a,c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Activin; Brachyury; FGF; goosecoid; Homeodomain; Mesoderm induction; Mix. 1; Thresholds; Xenopus; Xotx2

Indexed keywords

ACTIVIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMBRYO; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE REPRESSION; HOMEOBOX; MESODERM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

ANIMALIA; VERTEBRATA; XENOPUS BRACHYURY; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

EID: 0030668506     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.23.3265     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Amaya, E. and K.L. Kroll. 1997. A method for generating transgenic frog embryos. In Methods in cell biology. Molecular embryology: Methods and protocols (ed. P. Sharpe and I. Masonl, Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ. (In press).
2. Artinger, M., I. Blitz, K. Inoue, U. Tran, and K.W.Y. Cho. 1997. Interaction of goosecoid and brachyury in Xenopus mesoderm patterning. Mech. Dev. 65: 187-196.
3. Asashima, M., H. Nakano, K. Shimada, K. Kinoshita, K. Ishii, H. Shibai, and N. Ueno. 1990. Mesodermal induction in early amphibian embryos by activin A (erythroid differentiation factor). Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 198: 330-335.
4. Blitz, I.L. and K.W.Y. Cho. 1995. Anterior neurectoderm is progressively induced during gastrulation: The role of the Xenopus homeobox gene orthodenticle. Development 121: 993-1004.
5. Blumberg, B., C.V.E. Wright, E.M. De Robertis, and K.W.Y. Cho. 1991. Organizer-specific homeobox genes in Xenopus laevis embryos. Science 253: 194-196.
6. Cho, K.W.Y., B. Blumberg, H. Steinbeisser, and E.M. De Robertis. 1991. Molecular nature of Spemann's organizer: The role of the Xenopus homeobox gene goosecoid. Cell 67: 1111-1120.
7. Clements, D., H.C. Taylor, B.G. Herrmann, and D. Stott. 1996. Distinct regulatory control of the Brachyury gene in axial and non-axial mesoderm suggests separation of mesodermal lineages early in mouse gastrulation. Mech. Dev. 56: 139-149.
8. Conlon, F.L., S.G. Sedgwick, K.M. Weston, and J.C. Smith. 1996. Inhibition of Xbra transcription activation causes defects in mesodermal patterning and reveals autoregulation of Xbra in dorsal mesoderm. Development 122: 2427-2435.
9. Corbo, J.C., M. Levine, and R.W. Zeller. 1997. Characterization of a notochord-specific enhancer from the Brachyury promoter region of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. Development 124: 589-602.
10. Cunliffe, V. and J.C. Smith. 1992. Ectopic mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos caused by widespread expression of a Brachyury homologue. Nature 358: 427-430.
11. _. 1994. Specification of mesodermal pattern in Xenopus laevis by interactions between Brachyury, noggin, and Xwnt-8. EMBO J. 13: 349-359.
12. Dale, L. and J.M. Slack. 1987. Fate map for the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis. Development 99: 527-551.
13. Desplan, C., J. Theis, and P.H. O'Farrell. 1988. The sequence specificity of homeodomain-DNA interaction. Cell 54: 1081-1090.
14. Dyson, S. and J.B. Gurdon. 1996. Activin signalling has a necessary function in Xenopus early development. Curr. Biol. 7: 81-84.
15. Goriely, A., M. Stella, C. Coffinier, D. Kessler, C. Mailhos, S. Dessain, and C. Desplan. 1996. A functional homologue of goosecoid in Drosophila. Development 122: 1641-1650.
16. Green, J.B.A., H.V. New, and J.C. Smith. 1992. Responses of embryonic Xenopus cells to activin and FGF are separated by multiple dose thresholds and correspond to distinct axes of the mesoderm. Cell 71: 731-739.
17. Green, J.B.A., J.C. Smith, and J.C. Gerhart. 1994. Slow emergence of a multithreshold response to activin requires cell-contact-dependent sharpening but not prepattern. Development 120: 2271-2278.
18. Green, J.B.A., T.L. Cooke, J.C. Smith, and R.M. Grainger. 1997. Anteroposterior neuraxis specification induced by activin-induced mesoderm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 8596-8601.
19. Gurdon, J.B., P. Harger, A. Mitchell, and P. Lemaire. 1994. Activin signalling and response to a morphogen gradient. Nature 371: 487-492.
20. Gurdon, J.B., A. Mitchell, and D. Mahony. 1995. Direct and continuous assessment by cells of their position in a morphogen gradient. Nature 376: 520-521.
21. Gurdon, J.B., A. Mitchell, and K. Ryan. 1996. An experimental system for analyzing response to a morphogen gradient. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 93: 9334-9338.
22. Halpern, M.E., R.K. Ho, C. Walker, and C.B. Kimmel. 1993. Induction of muscle pioneers and floor plate is distinguished by the zebrafish no tail mutation. Cell 75: 99-111.
23. Hanes, S.D. and R. Brent. 1991. A genetic model for interaction of the homeodomain recognition helix with DNA. Science 251: 426-430.
24. Harland, R.M. 1991. In situ hybridization: An improved whole mount method for Xenopus embryos. Methods Cell Biol. 36: 675-685.
25. Herrmann, B.G., S. Labeit, A. Poutska, T.R. King, and H. Lehrach. 1990. Cloning of the T gene required in mesoderm formation in the mouse. Nature 343: 617-622.
26. Huang, H.-C., L.C. Murtaugh, P.D. Vize, and M. Whitman. 1995. Identification of a potential regulator of early transcriptional responses to mesoderm inducers in the frog embryo. EMBO J. 14: 5965-5973.
27. Johnson, A.D. and P.A. Krieg. 1994. pXeX, a vector for efficient expression of cloned sequences in Xenopus embryos. Gene 147: 223-226.
28. Jones, C.M., N. Armes, and J.C. Smith. 1996. Signalling by TGF-β family members: Short-range effects of Xnr-2 and BMP-4 contrast with the long-range effects of activin. Curr. Biol. 6: 1468-1475.
29. Kaufmann, E., H. Paul, H. Friedle, A. Metz, M. Scheucher, J.H. Clement, and W. Knöchel. 1996. Antagonistic actions of activin A and BMP-2/4 control dorsal lip-specific activation of the early response gene XFD-1' in Xenopus laevis embryos. EMBO J. 15: 6739-6749.
30. Kispert, A. and B.G. Herrmann. 1993. The Brachyury gene encodes a novel DNA binding protein. EMBO J. 12: 3211-3220.
31. Kispert, A., B. Korschorz, and B.G. Herrmann. 1995a. The T protein encoded by Brachyury is a tissue-specific transcription factor. EMBO J. 14: 4763-4772.
32. Kispert, A., H. Ortner, J. Cooke, and B.G. Herrmann. 1995b. The chick Brachyury gene: Developmental expression pattern and response to axial induction by localized activin. Dev. Biol. 168:406-415.
33. Kobel, H.R. and L. Du Pasquier. 1986. Genetics of polyploid Xenopus. Trends Genet. 3: 310-315.
34. Lustig, K.D., K.L. Kroll, E.E. Sun, and M.W. Kirschner. 1996. Expression cloning of a Xenopus T-related gene (Xombi) involved in mesodermal patterning and blastopore lip formation. Development 122: 4001-4012.
35. Mead, P.E., I.H. Brivanlou, C.M. Kelley, and L.I. Zon. 1996. BMP-4-responsive regulation of dorsal-ventral patterning by the homeobox protein Mix.1. Nature 382: 357-360.
36. Mohun, T.J., M.V. Taylor, N. Garrett, and J.B. Gurdon. 1989. The CArG promoter sequence is necessary for muscle-specific transcription of the cardiac actin gene in Xenopus embryos. EMBO J. 8: 1153-1161.
37. Nieuwkoop, P.D. and J. Faber. 1967. Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
38. Nonchev, S., M. Maconochie, C. Vesque, S. Aparicio, L. Ariza-McNaughton, M. Manzanares, K. Maruthainar, A. Kuroiwa, S. Brenner, P. Charnay, and R. Krumlauf. 1996. The conserved role of Krox-20 in directing Hox gene expression during vertebrate hindbrain segmentation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 9339-9345.
39. O'Reilly, M.-A.J., J.C. Smith, and V. Cunliffe. 1995. Patterning of the mesoderm in Xenopus: Dose-dependent and synergistic effects of Brachyury and Pintallavis. Development 121: 1351-1359.
40. Pannese, M., C. Polo, M. Andreazzoli, R. Vignali, B. Kablar, G. Barsacchi, and E. Boncinelli. 1995. The Xenopus homologue of Otx2 is a maternal homeobox gene that demarcates and specifies anterior body regions. Development 121: 707-720.
41. Rao, Y. 1994. Conversion of a mesodermalizing molecule, the Xenopus Brachyury gene, into a neuralizing factor. Genes & Dev. 8: 939-947.
42. Reilly, K.M. and D.A. Melton. 1996. Short-range signaling by candidate morphogens of the TGF beta family and evidence for a relay mechanism of induction. Cell 86: 743-754.
43. Roberts, S.G. and M.R. Green. 1995. Dichotomous regulators. Nature 375: 105-106.
44. Rosa, F.M. 1989. Mix.1, a homeobox mRNA inducible by mesoderm inducers, is expressed mostly in the presumptive endodermal cells of Xenopus embryos. Cell 57: 965-974.
45. Ruiz i Altaba, A. and T.M. Jessell. 1992. Pintallavis, a gene expressed in the organizer and midline cells of frog embryos: Involvement in the development of the neural axis. Development 116: 81-93.
46. Rupp, R.A.W., L. Snider, and H. Weintraub. 1994. Xenopus embryos regulate the nuclear localization of XMyoD. Genes & Dev. 8: 1311-1323.
47. Ryan, K., N. Garrett, A. Mitchell, and J.B. Gurdon. 1996. Eomesodermin, a key early gene in Xenopus mesoderm differentiation. Cell 87: 989-1000.
48. Sambrook, J., E.F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
49. Schulte-Merker, S., R.K. Ho, B.G. Herrmann, and C. Nüsslein-Volhard. 1992. The protein product of the zebrafish homologue of the mouse T gene is expressed in nuclei of the germ ring and the notochord of the early embryo. Development 116: 1021-1032.
50. Schulte-Merker, S., F.M. van Eeden, M.E. Halpern, C.B. Kimmel, and C. Nüsslein-Volhard. 1994. No tail (ntl) is the zebrafish homologue of the mouse T (Brachyury) gene. Development 120: 1009-1015.
51. Sive, H.L. 1993. The frog prince-ss: A molecular formula for dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus. Genes & Dev. 7: 1-12.
52. Slack, J.M.W. 1984. Regional biosynthetic markers in the early amphibian embryo. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 80: 289-319.
53. _. 1994. Inducing factors in Xenopus early embryos. Curr. Biol. 4: 116-126.
54. Smith, J.C. 1993. Purifying and assaying mesoderm-inducing factors from vertebrate embryos. In Cellular interactions in development-A practical approach (ed. D. Hartley), pp 181-204. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
55. Smith, J.C. and J.M.W. Slack. 1983. Dorsalization and neural induction: Properties of the organizer in Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 78: 299-317.
56. Smith, J.C., B.M.J. Price, N.K. Van, and D. Huylebroeck. 1990. Identification of a potent Xenopus mesoderm-inducing factor as a homologue of activin A. Nature 345: 732-734.
57. Smith, J.C., B.M.J. Price, J.B.A. Green, D. Weigel, and B.G. Herrmann. 1991. Expression of a Xenopus homolog of Brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction. Cell 67: 79-87.
58. Smith, S.T. and J.B. Jaynes. 1996. A conserved region of engrailed, shared among all en-, gsc-, Nk1-, Nk2- and msh-class homeoproteins, mediates active transcriptional repression in vivo. Development 122: 3141-3150.
59. Stennard, F., G. Carnac, and J.B. Gurdon. 1996. The Xenopus T-box gene, Antipodean, encodes a vegetally localised maternal mRNA and can trigger mesoderm formation. Development 122: 4179-4188.
60. Tada, M., M.-A.J. O'Reilly, and J.C. Smith. 1997. Analysis of competence and of Brachyury autoinduction by use of hormone-inducible Xbra. Development 124: 2225-2234.
61. Thomsen, G., T. Woolf, M. Whitman, S. Sokol, J. Vaughan, W. Vale, and D.A. Melton. 1990. Activins are expressed early in Xenopus embryogenesis and can induce axial mesoderm and anterior structures. Cell 63: 485-493.
62. Treisman, J., E. Harris, D. Wilson, and C. Desplan. 1992. The homeodomain: A new face for the helix-turn-helix? BioEssays 14: 145-150.
63. Umbhauer, M., C.J. Marshall, C.S. Mason, R.W. Old, and J.C. Smith. 1995. Mesoderm induction in Xenopus caused by activation of MAP kinase. Nature 376: 58-62.
64. Vize, P.D. 1996. DNA sequences mediating the transcriptional response of the Mix.2 homeobox gene to mesoderm induction. Dev. Biol. 177: 226-231.
65. Vize, P.D., D.A. Melton, A. Hemmati-Brivanlou, and R.M. Harland. 1991. Assays for gene function in developing Xenopus embryos. Methods Cell Biol. 36: 367-387.
66. Vodicka, M.A. and J.C. Gerhart. 1995. Blastomere derivation and domains of gene expression in the Spemann Organizer of Xenopus laevis. Development 121: 3505-3518.
67. Watabe, T., S. Kim, A. Candia, U. Rothbacher, C. Hasbimoto, K. Inoue, and K.W.Y. Cho. 1995. Molecular mechanisms of Spemann's organizer formation: Conserved growth factor synergy between Xenopus and mouse. Genes & Dev. 9: 3038-3050.
68. Weeks, D.L. and D.A. Melton. 1987. A maternal mRNA localized to the vegetal hemisphere in Xenopus eggs codes for a growth factor related to TGF-beta. Cell 51: 861-867.
69. Wilson, D., G. Sheng, T. Lecuit, N. Dostatni, and C. Desplan. 1993. Cooperative dimerization of Paired class homeo domains on DNA. Genes & Dev. 7: 2120-2134.
70. Zernicka-Goetz, M., J. Pines, K. Ryan, K.R. Siemering, J. Haseloff, M.J. Evans, and J.B. Gurdon. 1996. An indelible lineage marker for Xenopus using a mutated green fluorescent protein. Development 122: 3719-3724.
71. Zhang, J. and M.L. King. 1996. Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a nov T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning. Development 122: 4119-4129.