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1842275608
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note
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+) mRNA (5 μg) was used to synthesize cDNA with the Stratagene cDNA synthesis kit. cDNA fragments were then ligated unidirectionally into Eco RI-Xho I-digested pGAD-GH GAL4 activation domain plasmid (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA).
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16
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1842319662
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note
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+ prototrophic colonies were recovered, of which 27 were β-Gal-positive.
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19
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1842277527
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J. A. Printen, M. J. Brady, A. R. Saltiel, data not shown
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J. A. Printen, M. J. Brady, A. R. Saltiel, data not shown.
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20
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0345178066
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Lane, M.D.5
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21
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0018276872
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De Herreros, A.G.1
Birnbaum, M.J.2
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23
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1842266795
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-
note
-
2-DYKDDDDK-COOH) was introduced into pCl-neo (Promega, Madison, WI) by ligating complementary oligonudeotides into Nhe I-Eco RI-digested vector. A 1.0-kb Eco RI fragment from clone B1-1 was cloned in-frame at the Eco RI site of the resulting plasmid, producing plasmid pF-PTG. The FLAG-PTG fusion is expressed from the strong cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer-promoter.
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25
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1842307292
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note
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CHO-IR cells transfected with pFPTG were sonicated in PP1 homogenization buffer (9) and centrifuged at 14000g for 10 min at 4°C to remove nuclei and cell debris. FLAG-PTG was immunoprecipitated from the supernatant by incubation with 10 μg of anti-FLAG (Kodak, New Haven, CT) for 1 hour at 4°C. Immune complexes were precipitated by incubation with protein A/G-agarose for 1 hour at 4°C and washed four times with homogenization buffer before the addition of SDS-sample buffer. Immunoprecipitates and subcellular fractions were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with either FLAG monoclonal antibody or with affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to PP1.
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26
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1842402127
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note
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CHO-IR cells were washed three times with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, scraped in homogenization buffer, and samples sonicated and centrifuged at 2500g to remove nuclei and unlysed cells. The postnuclear supernatant was removed and centrifuged for 15 min at 10,000g and 1 hour at 100,00Og to pellet plasma membranes and glycogen pellets, respectively. The final supernatant was called cytosol.
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27
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1842278476
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note
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A 1.0-kb Eco R1 fragment from clone B1-1, encoding residues 8 to 293 of PTG, was subcloned into the Eco R1 site of pGEX-5X-3 expression vector. The GST-PTG fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)LysS and purified by affinity chromatography on glutathione-Sepharose beads.
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28
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1842317775
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note
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2+. At the end of the incubation period SDS-sample buffer was added, proteins were separated by SOS-PAGE, and radiolabeled phosphorylase a was visualized by autoradiography and quantitated by scintillation counting.
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30
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1842343685
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note
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Glycogen synthase, phosphorylase kinase, and PKA assays: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were lysed in 1 ml of homogenization buffer and incubated with 25 μg of fusion protein immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose beads for 1 hour at 4°C. The beads were washed four times with homogenization buffer and assayed for bound glycogen synthase in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate (9). Phosphorylase kinase activity was determined as above (21). PKA activity was determined with bacterially expressed NH2-terminal portion of RG1 (5 μg) in the presence and absence of 0.1 mM dibutyryl-cyclic AMP (dbcAMP). PP1 and PP2A: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were lysed in 1 ml of homogenization buffer and incubated as above with fusion protein. After extensive washing, the beads were assayed for phosphatase activity in the presence of 0, 3, and 500 nM okadaic acid. Activity loss between 0 and 3 nM is attributed to PP2A activity; loss between 3 and 500 nM is due to PP1 activity (2). Okadaic acid (500 nM) completely inhibited all phosphatase activity on the beads or in the starting extract.
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34
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0028170809
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S. Shenolikar and A. C. Nairn, Adv. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 23, 1 (1991); S. Shenolikar, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10, 55 (1994).
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Shenolikar, S.1
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36
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1842281423
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We thank M. Chang for the pCl-neo/FLAG construct, A. Nairn for PP1α cDNA, and J. Lawrence for antibodies to PP1Cα and glycogen synthase
-
We thank M. Chang for the pCl-neo/FLAG construct, A. Nairn for PP1α cDNA, and J. Lawrence for antibodies to PP1Cα and glycogen synthase.
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