Diverse signaling pathways in the cellular actions of insulin

American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 270, Issue 3 33-3, 1996, Pages

  Saltiel, Alan R ^a  

^a PFIZER INC   (United States)

Author keywords

intermediary metabolism; protein phosphatase; protein phosphorylation; src homology domain

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; ANTIBODY; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BINDING PROTEIN; CARBOHYDRATE; DNA; ENZYME; GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN; GROWTH FACTOR; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; INSULIN; INSULIN RECEPTOR; LIPID; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; OKADAIC ACID; PHORBOL ESTER; PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PROTEIN; PROTEIN SERINE KINASE; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RNA; SERINE; THREONINE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; DNA SYNTHESIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE; HORMONE BINDING; HUMAN; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0029929298     PISSN: 01931849     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.270.3.e375     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Anderson, N. G., J. L. Maller, N. K. Tonks, and T. W. Sturgill. Requirement for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase. Nature Lond. 343: 651-653, 1990.
2. Araki, E., M. A. Lipes, M.-E. Patti, J. C. Bruning, B. Haag III, R. S. Johnson, and C. R. Kahn. Alternative pathway of insulin signaling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature Lond. 372: 186-190, 1994.
3. Avruch, J., M. C. Alexander, J. L. Palmer, M. W. Pierce, R.A. Nemenoff, P. J. Blackshear, J. P. Tipper, and L. A. Witters. Role of insulin-stimulated protein phosphorylation in insulin action. Federation Proc. 41: 2622-2633, 1982.
4. Bollen, M., F. Dopere, J. Goris, W. Merlevede, and W. Stalmans. The nature of the decreased activity of glycogen synthase phosphatase in the liver of the adrenalectomized starved rat. Eur. J. Biochem. 144: 57-63, 1984.
5. Burant, C. F., M. K. Treuteloor, and M. G. Buse. Diabetes induced functional and structural changes in insulin receptors from rat skeletal muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 77: 260-270, 1986.
6. Burgess, J. W., I. Wada, N. Ling, M. N. Khan, J. J. Bergeron, and B. I. Posner. Decrease in beta-subunit phosphotyrosine correlates with internalization and activation of the endosomal insulin receptor kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 10077-10086, 1992.
7. Cantley, L. C., K. R. Auger, C. Carpenter, B. Duckworth, A. Graziani, R. Kapeller, and S. Soltoff. Oncogenes and signal transduction. Cell 64: 281-302, 1991.
8. Caro, J. F., M. K. Sinha, J. M. Raju, O. Itoop, W. J. Paries, E. L. Flickinger, D. Meelheim, and G. L. Pohm. Insulin receptor kinase in human skeletal muscle from obese subjects with and without noninsulin dependent diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 79: 1330-1337, 1987.
9. Chin, J. E., F. Liu, and R. A. Roth. Activation of protein kinase C-α inhibits insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. Mol. Endocrinol. 8: 51-57, 1994.
10. Cicirelli, M. F., N. K. Tonks, C. D. Diltz, J. E. Weiel, E. H. Fischer, and E. G. Krebs. Microinjection of a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibits insulin action in Xenopus oocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5514-5518, 1990.
11. Cohen, P. The structure and regulation of protein phosphatases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58: 453-508, 1989.
12. Corvera, S., S. Jaspers, and M. Pasceri. Acute inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport by the phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 9271-9275, 1991.
13. Crews, C. M., A. Alessandrini, and R. L. Erikson. The primary structure of MEK, a protein kinase that phosphorylates the ERK gene product. Science Wash. DC 258: 478-480, 1992.
14. Dent, P., W. Haser, T. A. Haystead, L. A. Vincent, T. M. Roberts, and T. W. Sturgill. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase by v-Raf in NIH 3T3 cells and in vitro. Science Wash. DC 257: 1404-1407, 1992.
15. Dent, P., A. Lavoinne, S. Nakielny, F. B. Caudwell, P. Watt, and P. Cohen. The molecular mechanism by which insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in mammalian skeletal muscle. Nature Lond. 348. 302-308, 1990.
16. Feinstein, R., H. Kanety, M. Z. Papa, B. Linenfeld, and A. Karasik. Tumor necrosis factor alpha suppresses insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and its substrate. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 26055-26058, 1993.
17. Feng, G. S., C. C. Hui, and T. Pawson. SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase as a target of protein tyrosine kinases. Science Wash. DC 259: 1607-1611, 1993.
18. Fingar, D. C., and M. J. Birnbaum. Characterization of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/90-kilodalton ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its role in insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Endocrinology 134: 728-735, 1994.
19. Freidenberg, C. R., K. R. Henry, K. K. Klein, D. R. Reichart, and J. M. Olefsky. Decreased kinase activity of insulin receptors from adipocytes of noninsulin dependent diabetic subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 79: 240-250, 1987.
20. Gaulton, G. N. Differential regulation of glycosylated phosphatidylinositol subtypes by insulin. Diabetes 40: 1297-1304, 1991.
21. Guan, K. L., and J. E. Dixon. Protein phosphatase activity of an essential virulence determinant in Yersinia. Science Wash. DC 249: 553-556, 1990.
22. Hess, S. L., C. R. Suchin, and A. R. Saltiel. The specific protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid differentially modulates insulin action. J. Cell. Biochem. 45: 374-380, 1991.
23. Hosumi, Y., K. Shii, W. Ogawa, H. Matuba, M. Yoshida, Y. Okada, K. Yokono, M. Kasuga, S. Babe, and R. A. Roth. Characterization of a 60 kDa substrate of the insulin receptor kinase. J Biol. Chem. 269: 11498-11502, 1994.
24. Hubbard, S. R., L. Wei, L. Ellis, and W. A. Hendrickson. Crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of the human insulin receptor. Nature Lond. 372: 746-754, 1994.
25. Jhun, B. H., D. W. Rose, B. L. Seely, L. Rameh, L. Cantley, A. R. Saltiel, and J. M. Olefsky. Microinjection of the SH2 domain of the 85-kilodalton subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibits insulin-induced DNA synthesis and c-fos expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 7466-7475, 1994.
26. Kahn, C. R., and M. F. White. The insulin receptor and the molecular mechanism of insulin action. J. Clin. Invest. 82: 1151-1156, 1988.
27. Kasuga, M., F. A. Karlsson, and C. R. Kahn. Insulin stimulates the phosphorylation of the 95,000 dalton subunit of its own receptor. Science Wash. DC 215: 185-187, 1982.
28. Kelly, K. L., I. Merida, E. H. A. Wong, D. DiCenzo, and J. M. Mato. A phospho-oligosaccharide mimics the effect of insulin to inhibit isoproterenol-dependent phosphorylation of phospholipid methyltransferase in isolated adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 15285-15290, 1987.
29. Kenner, K. A., D. E. Hill, J. M. Olefsky, and J. Kusari. Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by insulin and IGF-1. J. Biol Chem. 268: 25455-25462, 1993.
30. Knight, J. B., K. Yamauchi, and J. E. Pessin. Divergent insulin and platelet-derived growth factor regulation of focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation, and rearrangement of actin stress fibers. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10199-10203, 1995.
31. Krebs, E. G., and E. H. Fischer. Interconversions of a tocopherol and its oxidation products. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20: 150-157, 1956.
32. Kuhne, M. R., T. Pawson, G. E. Lienhard, and G. S. Feng. The insulin receptor substrate-1 associates with the SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase Syp. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 11479-11481, 1993.
33. Kyriakis, J., H. App, X.-F. Zhang, P. Banerjee, D. L. Brautigan, U. R. Rapp, and J. Avruch. Raf-1 activates MAP kinase-kinase. Nature Lond. 358: 417-421, 1992.
34. Lavan, B. E., and G. E. Lienhard. The insulin-elicited 60 kDa phosphotyrosine protein in rat adipocytes is associated with phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. J. Biol Chem. 268: 5921-5928, 1993.
35. Lazar, D. F., J. J. Knez, M. E. Medof, P. Cuatrecasas, and A. R. Saltiel. Stimulation of glycogen synthesis by insulin in human erythroleukemia cells requires the synthesis of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 9665-9669, 1994.
36. Lazar, D. F., R. J. Wiese, M. J. Brady, C. C. Mastick, S. B. Waters, K. Yamauchi, J. E. Pessin, P. Cuatrecasas, and A. R. Saltiel. MEK inhibition does not block the stimulation of glucose utilization by insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 20801-20807, 1995.
37. Lechleider, R. J., S. Sugimoto, A. M. Bennett, A. S. Kashishian, J. A. Cooper, S. E. Shoelson, C. T. Walsh, and B. G. Neel. Activation of the SH2 containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHPTP2 by its binding site, phosphotyrosine 1009, on the human PDGF receptor beta. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 21478-21481, 1993.
38. Lin, T.-A., X. Kong, A. R. Saltiel, P. J. Blackshear, and J. C. Lawrence, Jr. Control of PHAS-1 by insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: synthesis, degradation, and phosphorylation by a rapamycin-sensitive and MAP-kinase independent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. In press.
39. Lin, T.-A., and J. C. Lawrence, Jr. Activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases does not increase glycogen synthesis or glucose transport in rat adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 21255-21261, 1994.
40. Lipfert, L., B. Hamouich, M. D. Sheller, B. S. Cobb, J. T. Parsons, and J. S. Brugge. Integrin-dependent phosphorylation and activation of the protein tyrosine kinase pp125FAK in platelets. J. Cell Biol. 119: 905-911, 1992.
41. Low, M. G., and A. R. Saltiel. Structural and functional roles of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol in membranes. Science Wash. DC 239: 268-275, 1988.
42. Manchester, J., X. Kong, O. H. Lowry, and J. C. Lawrence, Jr. Ras signaling in the activation of glucose transport by insulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 4644-4648, 1994.
43. Mastick, C. C., M. J. Brady, and A. R. Saltiel. Insulin stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of caveohn. J. Cell Biol. 129: 1523-1531, 1995.
44. Mastick, C. C., H. Kato, J. Roberts, C. T., D. LeRoith, and A. R. Saltiel. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptors similarly stimulate deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis despite differences in cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Endocrinology 135: 214-222, 1994.
45. Mato, J. M., K. L. Kelly, A. Abler, L. Jarett, B. E. Corkey, J. A. Cashel, and D. Zopf. Partial structure of an insulin-sensitive glycophospholipid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146: 764-770, 1987.
46. McClain, D. A. Insulin action in cells expressing truncated or kinase-defective insulin receptors. Dissection of multiple hormone signaling pathways. Diabetes Care 13: 302-316, 1990.
47. Milarski, K. L., D. F. Lazar, R. J. Wiese, and A. R. Saltiel. Detection of a 60 kD tyrosine phosphorylated protein in insulin-stimulated hepatoma cells that associates with the SH2 domain of PI-3 kinase. Biochem. J. 308: 579-583, 1995.
48. Milarski, K. L., and A. R. Saltiel. Expression of catalytically inactive Syp phosphatase in 3T3 cells blocks stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 21239-21243, 1994.
49. Milarski, K. L., G. Zhu, C. G. Pearl, D. J. McNamara, E. M. Dobrusin, D. MacLean, A. Thieme-Sefler, Z. Y. Zhang, T. Sawyer, S. J. Decker, J. E. Dixon, and A. R. Saltiel. Sequence specificity in recognition of the epidermal growth factor receptor by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 23634-23639, 1993.
50. Misek, D. E., and A. R. Saltiel. An inositol phosphate glycan derived from a Trypanosoma brucei glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol mimics some of the metabolic actions of insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 16266-16273, 1992.
51. Misek, D. E., and A. R. Saltiel. An inositol phosphate glycan derived from a Trypanosoma brucei glycosyl phosphatidylmositol promotes protein dephosphorylation in rat epididymal adipocytes. Endocrinology 135: 1869-1876, 1994.
52. Mooney, R. A., and D. L. Anderson. Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor in permeabilized adipocytes is coupled to a rapid dephosphorylation reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 6850-6857, 1989.
53. Myers, M. G. J., J. M. Backer, X. J. Sun, S. Shoelson, P. Hu, J. Schlessinger, M. Yoakim, B. Schaffhausen, and M. F. White. IRS-1 activates phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase by associating with src homology 2 domains of p85. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10350-10354, 1992.
54. Ohmichi, M., K. Matuoka, T. Takenawa, and A. R. Saltiel. Growth factors differentially stimulate the phosphorylation of shc proteins and their association with Grb2 in PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 1143-1148, 1994.
55. Ohmichi, M., L. Pang, V. Ribon, and A. R. Saltiel. Divergence of signaling pathways for insulin in PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. Endocrinology 133: 46-56, 1993.
56. Okada, T., Y. Kawano, T. Sekakibara, O. Hazeki, and M. Ui. Essential role of PI-3 kinase in insulin-induced glucose transport and antilipolysis in rat adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 3568-3573, 1994.
57. Olivier, A. R., L. M. Ballou, and G. Thomas. Differential regulation of S6 phosphorylation by insulin and EGF in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells: insulin activation of type I phosphatase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 4720-4724, 1988.
58. O'Neill, T. J., A. Craparo, and T. A. Gustafson. Characterization of an interaction between insulin receptor substrate 1 and the insulin receptor by using the two-hybrid system. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 6433-6442, 1994.
59. Ortmeyer, H. K., N. L. Bodkin, K. Lilley, J. Lamer, and B. C. Hansen. Chiroinositol deficiency and insulin resistance. I. Urinary excretion rate of chiroinositol is directly associated with insulin resistance in spontaneously diabetic rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 132: 640-645, 1993.
60. Ostlund, R. E. J., J. B. McGill, I. Herskowitz, D. M. Kipnis, J. V. Santiago, and W. R. Sherman. D-Chiro-inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 9988-9992, 1993
61. Panayotou, G., and M. D. Waterfield. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase: a key enzyme in diverse signaling processes. Trends Cell Biol. 2: 358-360, 1992.
62. Pang, L., D. F. Lazar, D. E. Moller, J. S. Flier, and A. R. Saltiel. The stimulation of pp42mapkinase by insulin does not correlate with its metabolic actions in cells overexpressing mutant insulin receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196: 301-310, 1993.
63. Pang, L., K. L. Milarski, M. Ohmichi, Y. Takata, J. M. Olefsky, and A. R. Saltiel. Mutation of the two carboxyl-terminal tyrosines in the insulin receptor results in enhanced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 10604-10608, 1994.
64. Pang, L., C.-F. Zheng, K.-L. Guan, and A. R. Saltiel. Nerve growth factor stimulates a novel protein kinase in PC-12 cells that phosphorylates and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK). Biochem. J. 307: 513-519, 1995.
65. Pelicci, G., L. Lanfrancone, F. Grignani, J. McGlade, F. Cavallo, G. Forni, I. Nicoletti, F. Grignani, T. Pawson, and P. G. Pelicci. A novel transforming protein (SHC) with an SH2 domain is implicated in mitogenic signal transduction. Cell 70: 93-104, 1992.
66. Pillay, T. S., T. Sasaoka, and J. M. Olefsky. Insulin stimulates the tyrosine dephosphorylation of pp125 focal adhesion kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 991-994, 1995.
67. Pronk, G. J., J. McGlade, G. Pelicci, T. Pawson, and J. L. Bos. Insulin-induced phosphorylation of the 46-and 52-kDa Shc proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 5748-5753, 1993.
68. Pronk, G. J., A. M. Vries-Smith, L. Buday, J. Downward, J. A. Maasen, R. H. Medema, and J. L. Bos. Involvement of Shc in insulin and EGF-induced activation of p21ras. Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 1575-1581, 1994.
69. Ray, L. B., and T. W. Sturgill. Rapid stimulation by insulin of a serine/threonine kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes that phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 1502-1506, 1987.
70. Rice, K. M., G. E. Lienhard, and C. W. Garner. Regulation of the expression of pp160, a putative insulin receptor signal protein, by insulin, dexamethasone and 1-methylisobutylxanthine in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 10163-10167, 1992.
71. Robinson, L. J., Z. F. Razzack, J. C. Lawrence, and D. E. James. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is not sufficient for stimulation of glucose transport or glycogen synthase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 26422-26427, 1993.
72. Romero, G., G. Gamez, L. C. Huang, K. Lilley, and L. Luttrell. Anti-inositol glycan antibodies selectively block some of the actions of insulin in intact BC3H1 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1476-1480, 1990.
73. Rose, D. W., A. R. Saltiel, S. J. Decker, M. Majumdar, and J. M. Olefsky. IRS-1 is required for insulin-mediated mitogenic signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 797-801, 1993.
74. Rozakis-Adcock, M., J. McGlade, G. Mbamalu, G. Pelicci, R. Daly, W. Li, A. Batzer, S. Thomas, J. Brugge, P. G. Pelicci, J. Schlessinger, and T. Pawson. Association of the Shc and Grb2/Sem5 SH2-containing proteins is implicated in activation of ther ras pathway by tyrosine kinases. Nature Lond. 360: 689-692, 1992.
75. Saltiel, A. R. Insulin generates an enzyme modulator from hepatic plasma membranes: regulation of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase pyruvate dehydrogenase, and adenylate cyclase. Endocrinology 120: 967-972, 1987.
76. Saltiel, A. R., and P. Cuatrecasas. Insulin stimulates the generation from hepatic plasma membranes of modulators derived from an inositol glycolipid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 5793-5797, 1986.
77. Saltiel, A. R., J. A. Fox, P. Sherline, and P. Cuatrecasas. Insulin-stimulated hydrolysis of a novel glycolipid generates modulators of cAMP phosphodiesterase. Science Wash. DC 233: 967-972, 1986.
78. Saltiel, A. R., and L. R. Sorbara-Cazan. Inositol glycan mimics the action of insulin on glucose utilization in rat adipocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149: 1084-1092, 1987.
79. Sasaoka, T., D. W. Rose, B. H. Jhun, A. R. Saltiel, B. Draznin, and J. M. Olefsky. Evidence for a functional role of Shc proteins in mitogenic signaling induced by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 13689-13694, 1994.
80. Songyang, Z., S. E. Shoelson, C. Choudhuri, G. Gish, T. Pawson, W. G. Haser, F. King, T. Roberts, S. Radnufsky, R. J. Zechleider, B. G. Neel, K. B. Birge, J. E. Fajardo, M. M. Chou, H. Hanafusa, B. Schaufthausen, and L. C. Cantley. SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72: 767-778, 1993.
81. Sun, X. J., P. Rothenberg, C. R. Kahn, J. M. Backer, E. Araki, P. A. Wilden, D. A. Cahill, B. J. Goldstein, and M. F. White. Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein. Nature Lond. 352: 73-77, 1991.
82. Takata, Y., N. J. Webster, and J. M. Olefsky. Mutation of the two carboxyl-terminal tyrosines results in an insulin receptor with normal metabolic signaling but enhanced mitogenic signaling properties. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 9135-9139, 1991.
83. Tamemoto, H., T. Kadowaki, K. Tobe, T. Yagi, H. Sakura, T. Hayakawa, Y. Terauchi, K. Ueki, Y. Kaburagi, S. Satoh, H. Sekihara, S. Yoshioka, H. Horikoshi, Y. Furuta, Y. Ikawa, M. Kasuga, Y. Yazaki, and S. Aizawa. Insulin resistance and growth retardation in mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-1. Nature Lond. 372: 182-186, 1994.
84. Tonks, N. K., C. D. Diltz, and E. H. Fischer. Characterization of the major protein-tyrosine-phosphatases of human placenta. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 6731-6737, 1988.
85. Toth, B., M. Bollen, and W. Stalmans. Acute regulation of hepatic protein phosphatases by glucagon, insulin and glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14061-14066, 1988.
86. Treadway, J. L., A. L. Fratelli, and J. F. Pessin. Intramolecular subunit interactions between insulin and IGF-1 alpha-beta half receptors induced by ligand and Mn/Mg ATP binding. Biochemistry 31: 11801-11805, 1992.
87. Van den Berghe, N., D. M. Ouwens, J. A. Maassen, M. G. H. van Mackelenbergh, H. C. M. Sips, and H. M. J. Krans. Activation of the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway alone is not sufficient to induce glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 2372-2377, 1994.
88. Waters, S. B., K. H. Holt, S. E. Ross, L.-J. Syu, K.-L. Guan, A. R. Saltiel, G. A. Koretzky, and J. E. Pessin. Desensitization of ras activation by a MEK-dependent disassociation of the SOS-Grb2 complex. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 20883-20890, 1995.
89. Waters, S. B., K. Yamauchi, and J. E. Pessin. Functional expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 is required for insulin stimulated mitogenic signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 22231-22234, 1994.
90. White, M. F., and C. R. Kahn. The insulin signaling system. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 1-4, 1994.
91. Wiese, R. J., C. C. Mastick, D. F. Lazar, and A. R. Saltiel. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase is not sufficient for the hormonal stimulation of glucose uptake, lipogenesis, or glycogen synthesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 3442-3446, 1995.
92. Wilden, P. A., K. Siddle, E. Haring, J. M. Backer, M. F. White, and C. R. Kahn. The role of insulin receptor kinase domain autophosphorylation in receptor-mediated activities. Analysis with insulin and anti-receptor antibodies. J Biol. Chem. 267: 13719-13727, 1992.
93. Wood, K. M., C. Sarnecki, T. M. Roberts, and J. Blenis. Ras mediates nerve growth factor receptor modulation of three signal transducing protein kinases: MAP kinase, raf-1, and RSK. Cell 68: 1041-1050, 1992.
94. Yamauchi, K., K. L. Milarski, A. R. Saltiel, and J. E. Pessin. Protein tyrosine-specific phosphatase SHPTP2 is a required positive effector for insulin downstream signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 664-668, 1994.
95. Yamauchi, K., V. Ribon, A. R. Saltiel, and J. E. Pessin. Identification of the major insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylated Syp binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 17716-17722, 1995.
96. Zheng, C.-F., M. Ohmichi, A. R. Saltiel, and K.-L. Guan. Growth factor induced MEK activation is primarily mediated by an activator different from c-raf. Biochemistry 33: 5595-5599, 1994.
97. Zhu, G., S. J. Decker, and A. R. Saltiel. Direct analysis of the binding of Src-homology 2 domains of phospholipase C to the activated epidermal growth factor receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 9559-9563, 1992.