메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 191, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 245-269

The HIV/AIDS epidemic: Its evolutionary implications for human ecology with special reference to the immune system

Author keywords

Africa; AIDS; cultural practices; evolution; heterosexual; immune system

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; ARTICLE; CULTURAL FACTOR; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; HETEROSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0030598370     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05267-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (299)
  • 3
    • 0016041964 scopus 로고
    • HL-A antigens in mummified Pre-Columbian tissues
    • [3] Stastny, P. HL-A antigens in mummified Pre-Columbian tissues. Science, 183 (1974) 864-867.
    • (1974) Science , vol.183 , pp. 864-867
    • Stastny, P.1
  • 4
    • 0011874561 scopus 로고
    • Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall
    • [4] Wallace, B. Genetic Load. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
    • (1970) Genetic Load
    • Wallace, B.1
  • 5
    • 0026574811 scopus 로고
    • A new world of infectious disease
    • [5] Merbs, C.F. A new world of infectious disease, Yr. Phys. Anth., 35 (1992) 3-42.
    • (1992) Yr. Phys. Anth. , vol.35 , pp. 3-42
    • Merbs, C.F.1
  • 6
    • 0022500394 scopus 로고
    • A perspective on the heterosexual transmission of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • [6] De Hovitz, J.A. A perspective on the heterosexual transmission of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. NY State J. Med., 86 (1986) 117-118.
    • (1986) NY State J. Med. , vol.86 , pp. 117-118
    • De Hovitz, J.A.1
  • 7
    • 0022531196 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Africa
    • [7] Imperato, P.J. The epidemiology of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Africa. NY State J. Med., 86 (1986) 118-121.
    • (1986) NY State J. Med. , vol.86 , pp. 118-121
    • Imperato, P.J.1
  • 8
    • 0022346409 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of AIDS: Current status and future prospects
    • Med. J. 1988
    • [8] Curran, J.W., Morgan, W.M., Hardy, A.M., Jaffe, H.W., Darrow, W.W. and Dowdle, W.R. The epidemiology of AIDS: current status and future prospects. Science 229 (1985) 1352-1357. Med. J. 1988.
    • (1985) Science , vol.229 , pp. 1352-1357
    • Curran, J.W.1    Morgan, W.M.2    Hardy, A.M.3    Jaffe, H.W.4    Darrow, W.W.5    Dowdle, W.R.6
  • 9
    • 0023091646 scopus 로고
    • Transmission dynamics of HIV infection
    • [9] May, R.M. and Anderson, R.M. Transmission dynamics of HIV infection. Nature, 326 (1987) 137-142.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.326 , pp. 137-142
    • May, R.M.1    Anderson, R.M.2
  • 10
    • 0020596551 scopus 로고
    • Retrovirus from a patient at risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
    • [10] Barre-Sinoussi, F., Rey, F., Nugeyre, T. et al. Retrovirus from a patient at risk for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science, 220 (1983) 868-871.
    • (1983) Science , vol.220 , pp. 868-871
    • Barre-Sinoussi, F.1    Rey, F.2    Nugeyre, T.3
  • 11
    • 0020532060 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
    • [11] Gallo, R.C., Sarin, P.S. and Gelmann, E.P. Isolation of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science, 220 (1983) 865-867.
    • (1983) Science , vol.220 , pp. 865-867
    • Gallo, R.C.1    Sarin, P.S.2    Gelmann, E.P.3
  • 12
    • 0021237243 scopus 로고
    • Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (GTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS
    • [12] Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M.G., Read, E. and Gallo, R.C. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (GTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS. Science, 224 (1984) 497-500.
    • (1984) Science , vol.224 , pp. 497-500
    • Popovic, M.1    Sarngadharan, M.G.2    Read, E.3    Gallo, R.C.4
  • 13
    • 0021261510 scopus 로고
    • Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS
    • [13] Schupbach, J., Popovic, M., Gliden, R.V., Gonda, M.A., Sarngadharan, M.G. and Gallo, R.C. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science, 224 (1984) 500-505.
    • (1984) Science , vol.224 , pp. 500-505
    • Schupbach, J.1    Popovic, M.2    Gliden, R.V.3    Gonda, M.A.4    Sarngadharan, M.G.5    Gallo, R.C.6
  • 14
    • 0022408893 scopus 로고
    • Infection by the retrovirus associated with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
    • [14] Levy, J.A., Kaminsky, L.S., Morrow, W.J.W. et al. Infection by the retrovirus associated with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med., 103 (1985) 694-699.
    • (1985) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.103 , pp. 694-699
    • Levy, J.A.1    Kaminsky, L.S.2    Morrow, W.J.W.3
  • 15
    • 0022588466 scopus 로고
    • Association of human T lymphotropic virus type III antibodies with sexual and other behaviors in a cohort of homosexual men from Boston with and without generalized lymphadenopathy
    • [15] Mayer, K.H., Ayotte, D., Groopman, J.E., Stoodard, A.M., Sarngadharan, M. and Gallo, R. Association of human T lymphotropic virus type III antibodies with sexual and other behaviors in a cohort of homosexual men from Boston with and without generalized lymphadenopathy. Am. J. Med., 80 (1986) 357-363.
    • (1986) Am. J. Med. , vol.80 , pp. 357-363
    • Mayer, K.H.1    Ayotte, D.2    Groopman, J.E.3    Stoodard, A.M.4    Sarngadharan, M.5    Gallo, R.6
  • 17
    • 0023007726 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of heterosexual transmission and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection and related conditions in Lusaka, Zambia
    • [17] Melbye, M., Bayley, A., Manuwele, J.K. et al. Evidence of heterosexual transmission and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection and related conditions in Lusaka, Zambia. Lancet, 1986, pp. 1113-1115.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 1113-1115
    • Melbye, M.1    Bayley, A.2    Manuwele, J.K.3
  • 18
    • 0001545669 scopus 로고
    • Iatronic AIDS: Unsafe medical practices and the HIV epidemic
    • [18] Minkin, S.F. Iatronic AIDS: unsafe medical practices and the HIV epidemic. Soc. Sci. Med., 33 (1991) 7, 786-790.
    • (1991) Soc. Sci. Med. , vol.33 , Issue.7 , pp. 786-790
    • Minkin, S.F.1
  • 19
    • 0023446048 scopus 로고
    • Cultural practices contributing to the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Africa
    • [19] Hrdy, D.B. Cultural practices contributing to the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Africa. Rev. Infect. Dis., 9 (1987) 6, 1109-1119.
    • (1987) Rev. Infect. Dis. , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 1109-1119
    • Hrdy, D.B.1
  • 20
    • 0024483778 scopus 로고
    • AIDS in Africa: Emerging trends
    • [20] Pela, O.A. and Platt, J.J. AIDS in Africa: emerging trends. Soc. Sci. Med., 28 (1989) 1, 1-8.
    • (1989) Soc. Sci. Med. , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-8
    • Pela, O.A.1    Platt, J.J.2
  • 21
    • 0025918860 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologists, social scientists and the structure of medical research on AIDS in Africa
    • [21] Packard, R.M., Epstein, P. Epidemiologists, social scientists and the structure of medical research on AIDS in Africa. Soc. Sci. Med., 33 (1991) 7, 771-794.
    • (1991) Soc. Sci. Med. , vol.33 , Issue.7 , pp. 771-794
    • Packard, R.M.1    Epstein, P.2
  • 22
    • 0026345420 scopus 로고
    • An idiotypic network model of AIDS immunopathogenesis
    • [22] Hoffman, G.W., Kion, T.A., Grant, M.D. An idiotypic network model of AIDS immunopathogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 88 (1991) 3060-3064.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.88 , pp. 3060-3064
    • Hoffman, G.W.1    Kion, T.A.2    Grant, M.D.3
  • 23
    • 0026418303 scopus 로고
    • Anti-HIV and anti-antiMHC antibodies in alloimmune and autoimmune mice
    • [23] Kion, T.A., Hoffman, G.W. Anti-HIV and anti-antiMHC antibodies in alloimmune and autoimmune mice. Science, 253 (1991) 1138-1140.
    • (1991) Science , vol.253 , pp. 1138-1140
    • Kion, T.A.1    Hoffman, G.W.2
  • 25
    • 0025834491 scopus 로고
    • AIDS research turned upside down
    • [25] Maddox, J. AIDS research turned upside down. Nature, 353 (1991) 297.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.353 , pp. 297
    • Maddox, J.1
  • 26
    • 0025661455 scopus 로고
    • The social epidemiology of Africa's AIDS epidemic
    • [26] Larson, A. The social epidemiology of Africa's AIDS epidemic. African Affairs, 89 (1990) 354, 5-25.
    • (1990) African Affairs , vol.89 , Issue.354 , pp. 5-25
    • Larson, A.1
  • 27
    • 0011914065 scopus 로고
    • 'Crossing over: The interspecies traffic of emerging infections'
    • Oct.
    • [27] Morse, S.S. 'Crossing over: the interspecies traffic of emerging infections', J. HIH Res., Vol. 6, Oct. 1994, pp. 52-56.
    • (1994) J. HIH Res. , vol.6 , pp. 52-56
    • Morse, S.S.1
  • 29
    • 0011868329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropological interpretation, human ecological perspectives and the role of forest fires in human evolution
    • Preprints, Second Annual Symposium, CIIS
    • [29] Caldararo, N.L. Anthropological interpretation, human ecological perspectives and the role of forest fires in human evolution. In: A Living Anthropology in Service to the World, Preprints, Second Annual Symposium, CIIS, 1996, pp. 58-70.
    • (1996) A Living Anthropology in Service to the World , pp. 58-70
    • Caldararo, N.L.1
  • 31
    • 0023051553 scopus 로고
    • AIDS in Africa
    • [31] Linke, U. AIDS in Africa. Science, 231 (1986) 203.
    • (1986) Science , vol.231 , pp. 203
    • Linke, U.1
  • 32
    • 0023048397 scopus 로고
    • AIDS and female circumcision
    • [32] Burton, M.L. AIDS and female circumcision. Science, 231 (1986) 1236.
    • (1986) Science , vol.231 , pp. 1236
    • Burton, M.L.1
  • 33
    • 84981890614 scopus 로고
    • Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: A functional analysis
    • [33] Hayes, R.O. Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis. Am. Ethnol., 2 (1975) 4, 617-633.
    • (1975) Am. Ethnol. , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 617-633
    • Hayes, R.O.1
  • 34
    • 0011887735 scopus 로고
    • Personal Communication
    • [34] Burton, M.L. Personal Communication, 1986.
    • (1986)
    • Burton, M.L.1
  • 35
    • 79954786527 scopus 로고
    • The violence of power: The gential mutilation of females
    • [35] Hosken, F.P. The violence of power: the gential mutilation of females. Heresies, 6 (1978) 28-36; Hosken, F.P. The epidemiology of female genital mutilations. Tropical Doctor, 1978, pp. 150-156.
    • (1978) Heresies , vol.6 , pp. 28-36
    • Hosken, F.P.1
  • 36
    • 0018139966 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of female genital mutilations
    • [35] Hosken, F.P. The violence of power: the gential mutilation of females. Heresies, 6 (1978) 28-36; Hosken, F.P. The epidemiology of female genital mutilations. Tropical Doctor, 1978, pp. 150-156.
    • (1978) Tropical Doctor , pp. 150-156
    • Hosken, F.P.1
  • 37
    • 84970235107 scopus 로고
    • Sequelas of female circumcision
    • [36] Verzin, J.A. Sequelas of female circumcision. Tropical Doctor, 5 (1975) 163-169.
    • (1975) Tropical Doctor , vol.5 , pp. 163-169
    • Verzin, J.A.1
  • 38
    • 9344230725 scopus 로고
    • Infibulation complicating pregnancy
    • [37] Dewurst, C. and Michelson, A. Infibulation complicating pregnancy. Brit. Med. J., 2 (1964) 1412-1413.
    • (1964) Brit. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 1412-1413
    • Dewurst, C.1    Michelson, A.2
  • 40
    • 0015337342 scopus 로고
    • Gynaecology in the country of the sewn women
    • [39] Pieters, G. Gynaecology in the country of the sewn women. Acta Chir. Belg., 3 (1972) 173-193. See also, Win News, 2 (1976) 3, 19.
    • (1972) Acta Chir. Belg. , vol.3 , pp. 173-193
    • Pieters, G.1
  • 41
    • 0015337342 scopus 로고
    • [39] Pieters, G. Gynaecology in the country of the sewn women. Acta Chir. Belg., 3 (1972) 173-193. See also, Win News, 2 (1976) 3, 19.
    • (1976) Win News , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 19
  • 43
    • 0011868330 scopus 로고
    • The views of Sudanese gynecologists, midwives and college students on female circumcision
    • Alexandria, WHO
    • [41] Gasim, B. The views of Sudanese gynecologists, midwives and college students on female circumcision. WHO/EMRO Tech. Pub. 2 (1982) 300-311, Alexandria, WHO.
    • (1982) WHO/EMRO Tech. Pub. , vol.2 , pp. 300-311
    • Gasim, B.1
  • 45
    • 0011887736 scopus 로고
    • Community study on female circumcision in Somalia. Intermediate and late health hazards
    • Alexandria, WHO
    • [43] Hussein, F.M.H., Shah, H.P., Hasir, S. et al. Community study on female circumcision in Somalia. Intermediate and late health hazards. WHO/EMRO Tech. Pub. 2 (1982) 278-299, Alexandria, WHO.
    • (1982) WHO/EMRO Tech. Pub. , vol.2 , pp. 278-299
    • Hussein, F.M.H.1    Shah, H.P.2    Hasir, S.3
  • 46
    • 85084550250 scopus 로고
    • 'Selling her Kiosk': Kikuyu notions of sexuality and sex for sale in Mathare Valley, Kenya
    • Caplan, P. (Ed.), Tavistock Publications, London
    • [44] Nelson, N. 'Selling her Kiosk': Kikuyu notions of sexuality and sex for sale in Mathare Valley, Kenya. In: Caplan, P. (Ed.), The Cultural Construction of Sexuality. Tavistock Publications, London, 1987, pp. 217-239.
    • (1987) The Cultural Construction of Sexuality , pp. 217-239
    • Nelson, N.1
  • 47
    • 0011900562 scopus 로고
    • Genital mutilation of women in Africa
    • Oct. 1976, California Institute of Technology and Personal Communication
    • [45] Hosken, F.P. Genital mutilation of women in Africa. Munger Africana Library Notes, issue 36, Oct. 1976, California Institute of Technology and Personal Communication, 1986.
    • (1986) Munger Africana Library Notes , Issue.36
    • Hosken, F.P.1
  • 48
    • 0013985587 scopus 로고
    • Weibliche zirkumzision und infibulation in Athiopien
    • [46] Huber, A. Weibliche zirkumzision und infibulation in Athiopien. Acta Tropica, 1966, pp. 87-91.
    • (1966) Acta Tropica , pp. 87-91
    • Huber, A.1
  • 49
    • 0017647903 scopus 로고
    • Circoncision feminine en Cote d'Ivorie
    • [47] Silberstein, A.J. Circoncision feminine en Cote d'Ivorie. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop., 57 (1977) 3, 129-135.
    • (1977) Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 129-135
    • Silberstein, A.J.1
  • 52
    • 0001535779 scopus 로고
    • Circumcision and excision in Egyptian Nubia
    • [50] Kennedy, J.G. Circumcision and excision in Egyptian Nubia. Man., 5 (1970) 2, 175-191.
    • (1970) Man. , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 175-191
    • Kennedy, J.G.1
  • 54
    • 85008342692 scopus 로고
    • Views of future health workers in Somalia on female circumcision
    • [52] Gallo, P. Views of future health workers in Somalia on female circumcision. Med. Anthropol. Ort., 17 (1986) 3, 71-73.
    • (1986) Med. Anthropol. Ort. , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 71-73
    • Gallo, P.1
  • 59
    • 0011886061 scopus 로고
    • Health nutrition and population in Central Kenya, 1890-1945
    • Cordell, D.D. and Gregory, J.W. (Eds.), Westview Press, London
    • [57] Dawson, M.H. Health nutrition and population in Central Kenya, 1890-1945. In: Cordell, D.D. and Gregory, J.W. (Eds.), African Population and Capitalism: A historical Perspective. Westview Press, London, 1987, pp. 201-220.
    • (1987) African Population and Capitalism: A Historical Perspective , pp. 201-220
    • Dawson, M.H.1
  • 62
    • 0011901701 scopus 로고
    • The case for a Haitian origin of the AIDS epidemic
    • Feldman, D. and Johnson, T.M. (Eds.), Praeger, New York
    • [60] Moore, A., LeBaron, R.D. The case for a Haitian origin of the AIDS epidemic. In: Feldman, D. and Johnson, T.M. (Eds.), The Social Dimensions of AIDS. Praeger, New York, 1986, pp. 77-93.
    • (1986) The Social Dimensions of AIDS , pp. 77-93
    • Moore, A.1    LeBaron, R.D.2
  • 63
    • 0023758587 scopus 로고
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases
    • [61] Simonson, J.N., Cameron, D.W., Gakinya, M. et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. N. Engl. J. Med., 319 (1988) 5, 274-278.
    • (1988) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.319 , Issue.5 , pp. 274-278
    • Simonson, J.N.1    Cameron, D.W.2    Gakinya, M.3
  • 64
    • 0029415850 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of HIV infection among long distance truck drivers in Kenya
    • [62] Mbugua, G.G., Muthami, L.N., Mutura, C.W. et al. 'Epidemiology of HIV infection among long distance truck drivers in Kenya', East African Med. J., Vol. 72, 8 (1995) 514-518.
    • (1995) East African Med. J. , vol.72 , Issue.8 , pp. 514-518
    • Mbugua, G.G.1    Muthami, L.N.2    Mutura, C.W.3
  • 65
    • 0024852705 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of HIV in East African lorry drivers
    • [63] Carswell, J.W., Lloyd, G. and Howells, J. 'Prevalence of HIV in East African lorry drivers', AIDS, 3 (1989) 759-761.
    • (1989) AIDS , vol.3 , pp. 759-761
    • Carswell, J.W.1    Lloyd, G.2    Howells, J.3
  • 68
    • 0022496521 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus seropositivity among children 1 to 24 months old in Kinshasa, Zaire
    • [66] Mann, J.M., Davachi, F., Quinn, T.C. et al. Risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus seropositivity among children 1 to 24 months old in Kinshasa, Zaire. Lancet, 1986, 654-656.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 654-656
    • Mann, J.M.1    Davachi, F.2    Quinn, T.C.3
  • 69
    • 0022996838 scopus 로고
    • Are medical injections a risk factor for HIV infection in children?
    • [67] Lepage, P., Vande Perre, P., Carael, M. and Butzler, J.P. Are medical injections a risk factor for HIV infection in children? Lancet. 1986, 1103-1104.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 1103-1104
    • Lepage, P.1    Vande Perre, P.2    Carael, M.3    Butzler, J.P.4
  • 72
    • 0024599212 scopus 로고
    • No evidence for the contamination of live oral poliomyelitis vaccines with simian immunodeficiency virus
    • [70] Ohta, Y., Tsujimoto. H., Ishikawa, K. et al. No evidence for the contamination of live oral poliomyelitis vaccines with simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS, 3 (1989) 183-185.
    • (1989) AIDS , vol.3 , pp. 183-185
    • Ohta, Y.1    Tsujimoto, H.2    Ishikawa, K.3
  • 74
    • 0011914230 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology: Europe and Africa
    • Ebbesen, P., Biggar, R.J. and Melbye, M. eds, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia
    • [72] Melbye, M., Biggar, R.J. and Ebbesen, P. Epidemiology: Europe and Africa. In: Ebbesen, P., Biggar, R.J. and Melbye, M. eds, AIDS, A Basic Guide for Clinicians. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1984, pp. 29-41.
    • (1984) AIDS, A Basic Guide for Clinicians , pp. 29-41
    • Melbye, M.1    Biggar, R.J.2    Ebbesen, P.3
  • 77
    • 0011905809 scopus 로고
    • A mask on the face of death
    • [75] Selzer, R. A mask on the face of death. Life, 10 (1987) 58-64.
    • (1987) Life , vol.10 , pp. 58-64
    • Selzer, R.1
  • 78
    • 0004054121 scopus 로고
    • New York, Double-day/Anchor (originally published in 1937)
    • [76] Herskovits, M.J. Life in a Haitian Valley. New York, Double-day/Anchor (originally published in 1937), 1971; Metraux, A. Le Vaudou Haitien. Paris, Gallimard, 1958.
    • (1971) Life in a Haitian Valley
    • Herskovits, M.J.1
  • 79
    • 0004266752 scopus 로고
    • Paris, Gallimard
    • [76] Herskovits, M.J. Life in a Haitian Valley. New York, Double-day/Anchor (originally published in 1937), 1971; Metraux, A. Le Vaudou Haitien. Paris, Gallimard, 1958.
    • (1958) Le Vaudou Haitien
    • Metraux, A.1
  • 80
    • 0011911873 scopus 로고
    • Historia y folklore africano en america, cuadernos de trabajo
    • Departmento de Etnologia y Antropologia Social, Mexico, D.F., Agosto
    • [77] Picoche, M. Origenes Del Pueblo Haitiano. Historia y Folklore Africano en America, Cuadernos de Trabajo, Departmento de Etnologia y Antropologia Social, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico, D.F., Agosto, 27 (1980) 1-48.
    • (1980) Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia , vol.27 , pp. 1-48
    • Picoche, M.1
  • 81
    • 0011836505 scopus 로고
    • Condoms and cosmology: The fractal person and sexual risk in Rwanda
    • [78] Taylor, C.C. 'Condoms and cosmology: the fractal person and sexual risk in Rwanda', Paper delivered at the American Antropological Association Meetings, 1988.
    • (1988) American Antropological Association Meetings
    • Taylor, C.C.1
  • 82
    • 0022816317 scopus 로고
    • AIDS in Africa: An epidemiologic paradigm
    • [79] Quinn, T.C., Mann, J.M., Curran, J.W. and Piot, P. AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm. Science, 234 (1986) 955-963.
    • (1986) Science , vol.234 , pp. 955-963
    • Quinn, T.C.1    Mann, J.M.2    Curran, J.W.3    Piot, P.4
  • 83
    • 0011834877 scopus 로고
    • Anarchy, abjection and absurdity: A case of metaphoric medicine among the Tabwa and Zaire
    • Lola Romanucci-Ross, Daniel E. Moerman and Laurence R. Tancredi, (Eds.), Praeger, New York
    • [80] Roberts, Allen F. Anarchy, abjection and absurdity: a case of metaphoric medicine among the Tabwa and Zaire. In: Lola Romanucci-Ross, Daniel E. Moerman and Laurence R. Tancredi, (Eds.), The Anthropology of Medicine: from Culture to Method, Praeger, New York, 1983, pp. 119-133.
    • (1983) The Anthropology of Medicine: from Culture to Method , pp. 119-133
    • Roberts, A.F.1
  • 84
    • 0022972688 scopus 로고
    • False-positive Western Blot reactions to Human Immunodeficiency Virus in blood donors
    • [81] Courouce, A., Miller, J., Richard, D. False-positive Western Blot reactions to Human Immunodeficiency Virus in blood donors. Lancet, 1986, pp. 921-922.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 921-922
    • Courouce, A.1    Miller, J.2    Richard, D.3
  • 86
    • 0022460605 scopus 로고
    • Blood donations reactive for HIV in Western Blot, but non-infective in culture and recipients of blood
    • [83] Van Der Poel, C.L., Reesink, H.W., Tersmette, T., Lelie, P.N., Huisman, H. and Miedema, F. Blood donations reactive for HIV in Western Blot, but non-infective in culture and recipients of blood. Lancet. 1986, pp. 752-753.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 752-753
    • Van Der Poel, C.L.1    Reesink, H.W.2    Tersmette, T.3    Lelie, P.N.4    Huisman, H.5    Miedema, F.6
  • 87
    • 0022541248 scopus 로고
    • HIV IgM antibodies in risk groups who are seronegative on ELISA testing
    • [84] Bedariada, G., Cambie, G., D'Agostino, F. et al. HIV IgM antibodies in risk groups who are seronegative on ELISA testing. Lancet. 1986, pp. 570-571.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 570-571
    • Bedariada, G.1    Cambie, G.2    D'Agostino, F.3
  • 88
    • 0022637352 scopus 로고
    • Lack of antibodies to adult T-cell leukaemia virus and to AIDS virus in Isreali Falashas
    • [85] Karpas, A., Maayaan, S., Raz, R. Lack of antibodies to adult T-cell leukaemia virus and to AIDS virus in Isreali Falashas. Nature, 319 (1986) 794.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.319 , pp. 794
    • Karpas, A.1    Maayaan, S.2    Raz, R.3
  • 89
    • 0022627289 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of detection of antibody to the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Virus by Enzyme Immunoassay, Immune-fluorescence, and Western Blot methods
    • [86] Gallo, D., Diggs, J.L., Shell, G.R., Daily, P.J., Hoffman, M.N. and Riggs, J.L. Comparison of detection of antibody to the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Virus by Enzyme Immunoassay, Immune-fluorescence, and Western Blot methods. J. Clin. Microbiol., 23 (1986) 6, 1049-1051.
    • (1986) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 1049-1051
    • Gallo, D.1    Diggs, J.L.2    Shell, G.R.3    Daily, P.J.4    Hoffman, M.N.5    Riggs, J.L.6
  • 90
    • 0022639734 scopus 로고
    • Detection in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III-related antigens and anti-human T-cell lymphotropic Virus type-III antibodies by anticomplementary immunofluroescence
    • [87] Blumberg, R.S., Sandstrom, E.G., Paradis, T.J., Neumeyer, D.N., Sarngadharan, M.G., Hartshorn, K.L., Byington, R.E., Hirsch, M.S. and Schooley, R.T. Detection in human T-cell lymphotropic Virus type III-related antigens and anti-human T-cell lymphotropic Virus type-III antibodies by anticomplementary immunofluroescence. J. Clin. Microbiol., 23 (1986) 6, 1072-1077.
    • (1986) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 1072-1077
    • Blumberg, R.S.1    Sandstrom, E.G.2    Paradis, T.J.3    Neumeyer, D.N.4    Sarngadharan, M.G.5    Hartshorn, K.L.6    Byington, R.E.7    Hirsch, M.S.8    Schooley, R.T.9
  • 91
    • 36849151987 scopus 로고
    • Striking the balance on AIDS
    • [88] Mboup, S., Richard, D., Boye, C. et al. Striking the balance on AIDS. Nature, 326 (1987) 734.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.326 , pp. 734
    • Mboup, S.1    Richard, D.2    Boye, C.3
  • 92
    • 0023652772 scopus 로고
    • New questions about AIDS test accuracy
    • [89] Barnes, D.M. New questions about AIDS test accuracy. Science, 238 (1987) 884-885.
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 884-885
    • Barnes, D.M.1
  • 95
    • 0022006656 scopus 로고
    • Elisa HTLV retrovirus antibody reactivity associated with malaria and immune complexes in healthy Africans
    • [92] Biggar, R.J., Gigase, P.L., Melbye, M. et al. Elisa HTLV retrovirus antibody reactivity associated with malaria and immune complexes in healthy Africans. Lancet. 1985, pp. 520-523; Biggar, R.J. The AIDS problem in Africa. Lancet., 1986, pp. 79-84.
    • (1985) Lancet , pp. 520-523
    • Biggar, R.J.1    Gigase, P.L.2    Melbye, M.3
  • 96
    • 0022643886 scopus 로고
    • The AIDS problem in Africa
    • [92] Biggar, R.J., Gigase, P.L., Melbye, M. et al. Elisa HTLV retrovirus antibody reactivity associated with malaria and immune complexes in healthy Africans. Lancet. 1985, pp. 520-523; Biggar, R.J. The AIDS problem in Africa. Lancet., 1986, pp. 79-84.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 79-84
    • Biggar, R.J.1
  • 97
    • 38649133255 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of H9/HTLV-III and ENV-80 ELISAs as screening tools in Tropical Africa: Prevalence of anti-LAV/HTLV-III in some Zambian patients
    • [93] Fleming, A.F., Kazi, A.R., Schneider, J. et al. Comparison of H9/HTLV-III and ENV-80 ELISAs as screening tools in Tropical Africa: prevalence of anti-LAV/HTLV-III in some Zambian patients. AIDS-Forschung (AIFO), 8 (1986) 434-440.
    • (1986) AIDS-forschung (AIFO) , vol.8 , pp. 434-440
    • Fleming, A.F.1    Kazi, A.R.2    Schneider, J.3
  • 98
    • 0011828505 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of commerical kits for the detection of anti-LAV antibodies in blood donors
    • Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Paris, Elsevier
    • [94] Courouce, A.M., Benhamou, E., Devailly, J. and Chamaret, S. Comparison of commerical kits for the detection of anti-LAV antibodies in blood donors. In: Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Paris, Elsevier, 1987, pp. 183-188; Alter, H.J. Transmission of LAV/HTLV-III by blood products. Ibid: 159-166.
    • (1987) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , pp. 183-188
    • Courouce, A.M.1    Benhamou, E.2    Devailly, J.3    Chamaret, S.4
  • 99
    • 0011914581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of LAV/HTLV-III by blood products
    • [94] Courouce, A.M., Benhamou, E., Devailly, J. and Chamaret, S. Comparison of commerical kits for the detection of anti-LAV antibodies in blood donors. In: Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Paris, Elsevier, 1987, pp. 183-188; Alter, H.J. Transmission of LAV/HTLV-III by blood products. Ibid: 159-166.
    • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , pp. 159-166
    • Alter, H.J.1
  • 100
    • 0011911874 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of LAV/HTLV-III in Africa
    • Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds)., Paris, Elsevier
    • [95] Mann, J.M. The epidemiology of LAV/HTLV-III in Africa. In: Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds)., Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Paris, Elsevier, 1987, pp. 131-136.
    • (1987) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , pp. 131-136
    • Mann, J.M.1
  • 101
    • 0023195881 scopus 로고
    • Clinical epidemiology, not seroepidemiology, is the answer to Africa's AIDS problem
    • [96] Konotey-Ahulu, FID. Clinical epidemiology, not seroepidemiology, is the answer to Africa's AIDS problem. Bri. Med. J., 294 (1987) 1593-1594.
    • (1987) Bri. Med. J. , vol.294 , pp. 1593-1594
    • Konotey-Ahulu, F.I.D.1
  • 102
    • 0022587279 scopus 로고
    • AIDS: A challenge for the public helath
    • [97] Acheson, E.D. AIDS: a challenge for the public helath. Lancet, (1986) 662-666.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 662-666
    • Acheson, E.D.1
  • 104
    • 0022515346 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-Associated Virus (HTLV-III/LAV) in Venezuelan populations
    • [99] Volsky, D.J., Rodriguez, L., Dewhurst, S. et al. Antibodies to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-Associated Virus (HTLV-III/LAV) in Venezuelan populations. AIDS Res. Human Retro, 2 (1986) 2, 79-92.
    • (1986) AIDS Res. Human Retro , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 79-92
    • Volsky, D.J.1    Rodriguez, L.2    Dewhurst, S.3
  • 105
    • 0022412733 scopus 로고
    • Natural anitbodies to HTLV-III/LAV among aboriginal Amazonia Indians in Venezuela
    • [100] Rodriguez, L., Dewhurst, S., Sinangil, F., Merino, F., Godoy, G. and Volsky, D.J. Natural anitbodies to HTLV-III/LAV among aboriginal Amazonia Indians in Venezuela. Lancet, (1985) 1098-1100.
    • (1985) Lancet , pp. 1098-1100
    • Rodriguez, L.1    Dewhurst, S.2    Sinangil, F.3    Merino, F.4    Godoy, G.5    Volsky, D.J.6
  • 106
    • 0022632670 scopus 로고
    • False-positive tests for HIV-I antibodies in alcoholic patients with hepatitis
    • [101] Mendelhall, C.L., Roselle, G.A., Grossman, C.J. et al. False-positive tests for HIV-I antibodies in alcoholic patients with hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 314 (1986) 921-922.
    • (1986) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.314 , pp. 921-922
    • Mendelhall, C.L.1    Roselle, G.A.2    Grossman, C.J.3
  • 107
    • 0023239065 scopus 로고
    • Acquired Immunodificiency Syndrome in low-incidence areas
    • [102] Fleming, D., Cochi, S.L., Steece, R.S. and Hull, H.F. Acquired Immunodificiency Syndrome in low-incidence areas. J. Am.Med. Assoc., 258 (1987) 6, 785-787.
    • (1987) J. Am.med. Assoc. , vol.258 , Issue.6 , pp. 785-787
    • Fleming, D.1    Cochi, S.L.2    Steece, R.S.3    Hull, H.F.4
  • 108
    • 0022777501 scopus 로고
    • Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (LAV/HTLV-III)-reactive antibodies in African sera from southeastern Tanzania
    • [103] Schubach, J. and Tanner, M. Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (LAV/HTLV-III)-reactive antibodies in African sera from southeastern Tanzania. Acta Tropica, 43 (1986) 195-206.
    • (1986) Acta Tropica , vol.43 , pp. 195-206
    • Schubach, J.1    Tanner, M.2
  • 109
    • 0023137671 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome
    • [104] Peterson, N.C., Ho, E.W., Brown, M.L., Yamamoto, J.K. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. Science, 235 (1987) 790-793.
    • (1987) Science , vol.235 , pp. 790-793
    • Peterson, N.C.1    Ho, E.W.2    Brown, M.L.3    Yamamoto, J.K.4
  • 110
    • 0027222068 scopus 로고
    • Viral quasispecies
    • [105] Eigen, M., Viral quasispecies, Sci. Am., 269 (1993) 1, 42-48.
    • (1993) Sci. Am. , vol.269 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-48
    • Eigen, M.1
  • 111
    • 0024551045 scopus 로고
    • A novel virus-like infectious agent in patients with AIDS
    • [106] Lo, S., Wai-Kuo Shih, J., Yang, N. et al. A novel virus-like infectious agent in patients with AIDS. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 40 (1989) 2, 218-226.
    • (1989) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 218-226
    • Lo, S.1    Wai-Kuo Shih, J.2    Yang, N.3
  • 112
    • 0025339404 scopus 로고
    • Mycoplasmas in the AIDS spotlight
    • [107] Wright, K. Mycoplasmas in the AIDS spotlight. Science, (1990) 682-683.
    • (1990) Science , pp. 682-683
    • Wright, K.1
  • 113
    • 0025760977 scopus 로고
    • HIV and mycoplasma-associated disease: Are animal lentiviruses and mycoplasmal infections a reference model?
    • [108] Di Gurado, G. HIV and mycoplasma-associated disease: are animal lentiviruses and mycoplasmal infections a reference model? Res. Virol., 142 (1991) 71-72.
    • (1991) Res. Virol. , vol.142 , pp. 71-72
    • Di Gurado, G.1
  • 115
    • 0022977960 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to HTLV-IV associated with chronic, fatal illness resembling 'slim disease'
    • [110] Molbak, K., Laurtizen, E., Fernandes, D., Bottiger, B. and Biberfeld, G. Antibodies to HTLV-IV associated with chronic, fatal illness resembling 'slim disease', Lancet, 1986, pp. 1214-1215.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 1214-1215
    • Molbak, K.1    Laurtizen, E.2    Fernandes, D.3    Bottiger, B.4    Biberfeld, G.5
  • 116
    • 0011868335 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS
    • [111] Clavel, F., Guetard, D., Brun-Vezinet, F. et al. Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. Science, 343 (1986) 223-246.
    • (1986) Science , vol.343 , pp. 223-246
    • Clavel, F.1    Guetard, D.2    Brun-Vezinet, F.3
  • 117
    • 0023648812 scopus 로고
    • Cloning of HTLV-IV and its relation to Simian and Human Immunodefiency Viruses
    • [112] Kornfeld, H., Riedel, N., Viglianti, G.A., Hirsch, V. and Mullins, J.I. Cloning of HTLV-IV and its relation to Simian and Human Immunodefiency Viruses. Nature, 326 (1987) 610-613.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.326 , pp. 610-613
    • Kornfeld, H.1    Riedel, N.2    Viglianti, G.A.3    Hirsch, V.4    Mullins, J.I.5
  • 118
    • 0022499420 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus from macaques with simian AIDS and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys
    • [113] Murphey-Corb, M., Martin, L.N., Rangan, S.R.S. et al. Isolation of an HTLV-III-related retrovirus from macaques with simian AIDS and its possible origin in asymptomatic mangabeys. Nature, 321 (1986) 435-437.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.321 , pp. 435-437
    • Murphey-Corb, M.1    Martin, L.N.2    Rangan, S.R.S.3
  • 119
    • 0025343127 scopus 로고
    • Genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to HIV-1
    • [114] Huet, T., Cheynier, R., Meyerhans, A. et al. Genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to HIV-1. Nature, 345 (1990) 356-359.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 356-359
    • Huet, T.1    Cheynier, R.2    Meyerhans, A.3
  • 120
    • 0023044194 scopus 로고
    • The origin of HTLV-1
    • [115] Ishida, T. and Hinuma, Y. The origin of HTLV-1. Nature, 322 (1986) 504.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.322 , pp. 504
    • Ishida, T.1    Hinuma, Y.2
  • 121
    • 0026653475 scopus 로고
    • LTR sequence and phylogentic analysis of a newly discovered variant of HTLV-1 isolated from the Hagahai of Papua New Guinea
    • [116] Saksena, N.K., Sherman, M.P., Yanagihara, R., Dube, D.K., and Poiesz, B.J., LTR sequence and phylogentic analysis of a newly discovered variant of HTLV-1 isolated from the Hagahai of Papua New Guinea, Virology, 189(1) (1992) 1-9.
    • (1992) Virology , vol.189 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Saksena, N.K.1    Sherman, M.P.2    Yanagihara, R.3    Dube, D.K.4    Poiesz, B.J.5
  • 122
    • 0028100455 scopus 로고
    • Primate T-lymphotropic virus type 1 LTR sequence variation and its phylogenetic analysis: Compatibility with an African origin of PTLV-1
    • [117] Vandamme, A.M., Liu, H.F., Goubau, P. and Desmyter, J., Primate T-lymphotropic virus type 1 LTR sequence variation and its phylogenetic analysis: compatibility with an African origin of PTLV-1, Virology, 202(1) (1994) 212-223.
    • (1994) Virology , vol.202 , Issue.1 , pp. 212-223
    • Vandamme, A.M.1    Liu, H.F.2    Goubau, P.3    Desmyter, J.4
  • 123
    • 0029921375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endemicity and phylogeny of the Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II subtype A from the Kayapo Indians of Brazil: Evidence for limited regional dissemination
    • [118] Switzer, W.M., Black, F.L., Pieniazek, D. et al. Endemicity and phylogeny of the Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II subtype A from the Kayapo Indians of Brazil: Evidence for limited regional dissemination, AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 12(7) (1996) 635-639.
    • (1996) AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses , vol.12 , Issue.7 , pp. 635-639
    • Switzer, W.M.1    Black, F.L.2    Pieniazek, D.3
  • 126
    • 0023225854 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, clinical significance, and strain specificity of neutralizing antibody to the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus
    • [121] Prince, A., Pascual, M., Kosolapov, L.B. et al. Prevalence, clinical significance, and strain specificity of neutralizing antibody to the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. J. Infect. Dis., 156 (1987) 268-272.
    • (1987) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.156 , pp. 268-272
    • Prince, A.1    Pascual, M.2    Kosolapov, L.B.3
  • 128
    • 0029060857 scopus 로고
    • Controversy: Is KS really caused by new herpesvirus?
    • [123] Conn, Jon, Controversy: is KS really caused by new herpesvirus?, Science, 268 (1995) 1847-1848.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 1847-1848
    • Conn, J.1
  • 129
    • 0021806430 scopus 로고
    • Genomic diversity of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type III, HTLV-III
    • [124] Wong-Staal, F., Shaw, G.M., Hahn, B.H. et al. Genomic diversity of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type III, HTLV-III. Science, 229 (1985) 759-762.
    • (1985) Science , vol.229 , pp. 759-762
    • Wong-Staal, F.1    Shaw, G.M.2    Hahn, B.H.3
  • 130
    • 0022541470 scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS
    • [125] Hahn, B.H., Shaw, G.M., Taylor, M.E. et al. Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS. Science, 232 (1986) 1549-1553.
    • (1986) Science , vol.232 , pp. 1549-1553
    • Hahn, B.H.1    Shaw, G.M.2    Taylor, M.E.3
  • 132
    • 0029960939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AIDS pathogenesis: A finite immune response to blame?'
    • [127] Miedema, F. and Klein, M.R., AIDS pathogenesis: a finite immune response to blame?'. Science, 272 (1996) 505-506.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 505-506
    • Miedema, F.1    Klein, M.R.2
  • 133
    • 0023699928 scopus 로고
    • Group specific component (GC) and HIV disease
    • [128] Rosenberger, D.F., Werner, P.A., Steinman, R. et al. Group specific component (GC) and HIV disease. Disease Markers 6(4) (1988) 269-274.
    • (1988) Disease Markers , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 269-274
    • Rosenberger, D.F.1    Werner, P.A.2    Steinman, R.3
  • 134
    • 0023092659 scopus 로고
    • Association of different allelic forms of group specific component with susceptibility to and clinical manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection
    • [129] Eales, L.J., Parkin, J.M., Forester, S.M. et al. Association of different allelic forms of group specific component with susceptibility to and clinical manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Lancet, (1987) 99-1002.
    • (1987) Lancet , pp. 99-1002
    • Eales, L.J.1    Parkin, J.M.2    Forester, S.M.3
  • 135
    • 0011914232 scopus 로고
    • Histocompatibility antigens, protective immunity, and HIV-1'
    • [130] Taylor, R., Histocompatibility antigens, protective immunity, and HIV-1', J. NIH Res., 6 (1994) 68-71.
    • (1994) J. NIH Res. , vol.6 , pp. 68-71
    • Taylor, R.1
  • 136
    • 0023866863 scopus 로고
    • Immunological consequences of HIV infection: Advantage of being low responder cast doubts on vaccine development
    • [131] Martinez, A.C., De la Hera, A., Alonso, J.M., et al. Immunological consequences of HIV infection: advantage of being low responder cast doubts on vaccine development. Lancet, (1988) 454-457.
    • (1988) Lancet , pp. 454-457
    • Martinez, A.C.1    De La Hera, A.2    Alonso, J.M.3
  • 137
    • 0029591922 scopus 로고
    • Elusive HIV-suppressor factors found'
    • [132] Baiter, M., Elusive HIV-suppressor factors found', Science, 270 (1995) 1560-1561.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 1560-1561
    • Baiter, M.1
  • 138
    • 0021821364 scopus 로고
    • The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An update
    • [133] Fauci, A.S., Masur, M.D., Gelmann, E.P. et al. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: an update. Ann. Int. Med., 102 (1985) 800-813.
    • (1985) Ann. Int. Med. , vol.102 , pp. 800-813
    • Fauci, A.S.1    Masur, M.D.2    Gelmann, E.P.3
  • 139
    • 0022470531 scopus 로고
    • Natural history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in Zaire
    • [134] Mann, J.M., Colebunders, R.L., Khonde, N. et al. Natural history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in Zaire. Lancet, (1986) 707-709.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 707-709
    • Mann, J.M.1    Colebunders, R.L.2    Khonde, N.3
  • 140
    • 0022543298 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of HTLV-III? LAV in household contracts of patients with confirmed AIDS and controls in Kinshasa, Zaire
    • [135] Mann, J.M., Quinn, T.C., Francis, H. et al. Prevalence of HTLV-III? LAV in household contracts of patients with confirmed AIDS and controls in Kinshasa, Zaire. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 256 (1986) 6721-6724.
    • (1986) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.256 , pp. 6721-6724
    • Mann, J.M.1    Quinn, T.C.2    Francis, H.3
  • 141
    • 0023946127 scopus 로고
    • Isotypic restriction of the antibody response to HIV
    • [136] Khalife, J., Guy, B., Capron, M. et al. Isotypic restriction of the antibody response to HIV. AIDS Res. Human Retro viruses., 4 (1988) 1, 3-9.
    • (1988) AIDS Res. Human Retro Viruses. , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-9
    • Khalife, J.1    Guy, B.2    Capron, M.3
  • 143
    • 0022600178 scopus 로고
    • Possible genetic susceptibility to the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in hemophiliacs
    • [138] Jacob, L., Maisonneuve, P., Sereni, D., Sultan, Y., Laroche, C. and Gazengel, C. Possible genetic susceptibility to the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in hemophiliacs. Ann. Int. Med. 104 (1986) 1, 130.
    • (1986) Ann. Int. Med. , vol.104 , Issue.1 , pp. 130
    • Jacob, L.1    Maisonneuve, P.2    Sereni, D.3    Sultan, Y.4    Laroche, C.5    Gazengel, C.6
  • 144
    • 0026523297 scopus 로고
    • Viruses, cancer and the MHC
    • [139] Klitz, W. Viruses, cancer and the MHC. Nature, 356 (1992) 17-18.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 17-18
    • Klitz, W.1
  • 145
    • 0028209861 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation with specific antigen can block superantigen-mediated deletion of T-cells in vivo
    • [140] McCormack, J.E., Kappler, J. and Marrack, P., Stimulation with specific antigen can block superantigen-mediated deletion of T-cells in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 2086-2090.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 2086-2090
    • McCormack, J.E.1    Kappler, J.2    Marrack, P.3
  • 146
    • 0027250808 scopus 로고
    • How does HIV cause AIDS?
    • [141] Weiss, R.A. How does HIV cause AIDS? Science, 260 (1993) 1273-1279.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 1273-1279
    • Weiss, R.A.1
  • 147
    • 0026580868 scopus 로고
    • Superantigens and endogenous retroviruses: A confluence of puzzles
    • [142] Coffin, J.M. Superantigens and endogenous retroviruses: a confluence of puzzles. Science, 255 (1992) 411-413.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 411-413
    • Coffin, J.M.1
  • 148
    • 0026329183 scopus 로고
    • Selective depletion in HIV infection of T-cells that bear specific T-celt receptor V 9β sequences
    • [143] Imberti, L., Sottini, A., Bettinardi, A., Puoti, M. and Primi, D. Selective depletion in HIV infection of T-cells that bear specific T-celt receptor V 9β sequences. Science, 254 (1991) 860-862.
    • (1991) Science , vol.254 , pp. 860-862
    • Imberti, L.1    Sottini, A.2    Bettinardi, A.3    Puoti, M.4    Primi, D.5
  • 149
    • 0027297036 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis in AIDS
    • [144] Gougeon, M.L. and Montagnier, L. Apoptosis in AIDS. Science, 260 (1993) 1269-1270.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 1269-1270
    • Gougeon, M.L.1    Montagnier, L.2
  • 151
    • 0026481026 scopus 로고
    • Seppuku and autoimmunity
    • [146] Honjo, T., Seppuku and autoimmunity. Science, 258 (1992) 591-592.
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , pp. 591-592
    • Honjo, T.1
  • 152
    • 0028149786 scopus 로고
    • Checkpoints of duelling dimers foil death wishes
    • [147] Oltvai, Z.N. and Korsmeyer, S.J., Checkpoints of duelling dimers foil death wishes. Cell, 79(2) (1994) 189-192.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.79 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-192
    • Oltvai, Z.N.1    Korsmeyer, S.J.2
  • 153
    • 0027485461 scopus 로고
    • Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis
    • [148] Hockmeyer, S.J., Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell, 75(2) (1993) 241-251.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.75 , Issue.2 , pp. 241-251
    • Hockmeyer, S.J.1
  • 154
    • 0029062573 scopus 로고
    • Induction of apoptosis in unifected lymphocytes by HIV-1 Tat protein
    • [149] Li, C.J., Friedman, D.J., Wang, C., Metelev, V. and Pardee, A.B., Induction of apoptosis in unifected lymphocytes by HIV-1 Tat protein. Science, 268 (1995) 429-432.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 429-432
    • Li, C.J.1    Friedman, D.J.2    Wang, C.3    Metelev, V.4    Pardee, A.B.5
  • 156
    • 0027282044 scopus 로고
    • Bcl-x, a Bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death
    • [151] Boise, L.H., Gonzalez-Garcia, M., Postema, C.E., Ding, L., Lindsten, T. et al. Bcl-x, a Bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell, 74(4) (1993) 597-608.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.74 , Issue.4 , pp. 597-608
    • Boise, L.H.1    Gonzalez-Garcia, M.2    Postema, C.E.3    Ding, L.4    Lindsten, T.5
  • 157
    • 0022975334 scopus 로고
    • Transfusion-acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection among immunocompromized persons
    • [152] Anderson, K.C., Gorgone, B.C., Marlink, R.G. et al. Transfusion-acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection among immunocompromized persons. Ann. Int. Med. 105 (1986) 5, 519-527.
    • (1986) Ann. Int. Med. , vol.105 , Issue.5 , pp. 519-527
    • Anderson, K.C.1    Gorgone, B.C.2    Marlink, R.G.3
  • 158
    • 0022645094 scopus 로고
    • AIDS in haemophiliacs and homosexuals
    • [153] Bloom, A.L. AIDS in haemophiliacs and homosexuals. Lancet. (1986) 36.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 36
    • Bloom, A.L.1
  • 160
    • 0021812072 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of antibody to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in patients with classic hemophilia (Factor VIII deficiency)
    • [155] Lederman, M.M., Ratnoff, O.D., Oscar, D., Evatt, B.L., and McDougal, J.S. Acquisition of antibody to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in patients with classic hemophilia (Factor VIII deficiency), Ann. Int. Med. 102 (1985) 753-757.
    • (1985) Ann. Int. Med. , vol.102 , pp. 753-757
    • Lederman, M.M.1    Ratnoff, O.D.2    Oscar, D.3    Evatt, B.L.4    McDougal, J.S.5
  • 161
    • 84944285317 scopus 로고
    • Infection with HTLV-III/LAV and transfusion-associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
    • [156] Jaffe, H.W., Sarngadharan, M.G., DeVico, A.L. et al. Infection with HTLV-III/LAV and transfusion-associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 254(6) (1985) 770-773.
    • (1985) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.254 , Issue.6 , pp. 770-773
    • Jaffe, H.W.1    Sarngadharan, M.G.2    DeVico, A.L.3
  • 162
    • 0022595881 scopus 로고
    • Lymphadenopathy-associated virus/Human T-lymphotropic virus type III in allogenic bone marrow transplantation
    • [157] Bierling, P., Cordonnier, C., Duedari, N., Vernant, J., Leibowitch, J. and Mathez, D. Lymphadenopathy-associated virus/Human T-lymphotropic virus type III in allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Ann. Int. Med., 104 (1986) 1, 131, Burger, H., Weiser, B., Robinson, W.S. et al. Transmission of lymphadenophy-associated virus/Human T-lymphotropic virus type III in sexual partners, 81 (1986) 5-10.
    • (1986) Ann. Int. Med. , vol.104 , Issue.1 , pp. 131
    • Bierling, P.1    Cordonnier, C.2    Duedari, N.3    Vernant, J.4    Leibowitch, J.5    Mathez, D.6
  • 164
    • 0021157680 scopus 로고
    • Etiology of AIDS
    • [158] Ammann, A.J. Etiology of AIDS, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 252 (1984) 10, 1221-1282, Curran, J. W., Lawrence, D.N., Jaffe, H. et al. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N. Eng. J. Med. 310 (1984) 69-75.
    • (1984) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.252 , Issue.10 , pp. 1221-1282
    • Ammann, A.J.1
  • 165
    • 0021369439 scopus 로고
    • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions
    • [158] Ammann, A.J. Etiology of AIDS, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 252 (1984) 10, 1221-1282, Curran, J. W., Lawrence, D.N., Jaffe, H. et al. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N. Eng. J. Med. 310 (1984) 69-75.
    • (1984) N. Eng. J. Med. , vol.310 , pp. 69-75
    • Curran, J.W.1    Lawrence, D.N.2    Jaffe, H.3
  • 166
    • 0024436990 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of transfusion-associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Factors influencing the rate of progression to disease
    • [159] Ward, J.W., Bush, T.J., Perkins, H.A. et al. The natural history of transfusion-associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Factors influencing the rate of progression to disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 321 (1989) 947-952.
    • (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.321 , pp. 947-952
    • Ward, J.W.1    Bush, T.J.2    Perkins, H.A.3
  • 167
    • 0025266794 scopus 로고
    • The influence of age on the latency period to AIDS in people infected by HIV through blood transfusion
    • [160] Blaxhult, A., Granath, F., Lidman, K., Giesecke, J. The influence of age on the latency period to AIDS in people infected by HIV through blood transfusion. AIDS, 4 (1990) 125-129.
    • (1990) AIDS , vol.4 , pp. 125-129
    • Blaxhult, A.1    Granath, F.2    Lidman, K.3    Giesecke, J.4
  • 168
    • 0025602159 scopus 로고
    • A cohort study of 89 HIV-1-infected patients contaminated by blood products: Bordeaux 1981-1989
    • [161] Msellati, P., Dupon, M., Morlat, P. et al. A cohort study of 89 HIV-1-infected patients contaminated by blood products: Bordeaux 1981-1989. AIDS, 4 (1990) 1105-1109.
    • (1990) AIDS , vol.4 , pp. 1105-1109
    • Msellati, P.1    Dupon, M.2    Morlat, P.3
  • 169
    • 0027290682 scopus 로고
    • Development of AIDS in people with transfusion-acquired HIV infection
    • [162] Kopec-Schrader, E., Tindall, B., Learmont, J., Wylie, B. and Kaldor, J.M., Development of AIDS in people with transfusion-acquired HIV infection. AIDS, 7 (1993) 1009-1013.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 1009-1013
    • Kopec-Schrader, E.1    Tindall, B.2    Learmont, J.3    Wylie, B.4    Kaldor, J.M.5
  • 170
    • 0022490175 scopus 로고
    • Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus antigen (HIV-Ag) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during acute and chronic infection
    • [163] Goudsmit, P., Paul, D.A., Lange, J.M.A. et al. Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus antigen (HIV-Ag) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid during acute and chronic infection. Lancet. (1986) 177-180.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 177-180
    • Goudsmit, P.1    Paul, D.A.2    Lange, J.M.A.3
  • 171
    • 0028804160 scopus 로고
    • Genomic structure of an attenuated quasi species of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients
    • [164] Deacon, N.J., Tyskin, A., Solaman, A. et al. Genomic structure of an attenuated quasi species of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients, Science, 270 (1995) 988-991.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 988-991
    • Deacon, N.J.1    Tyskin, A.2    Solaman, A.3
  • 172
    • 0023915727 scopus 로고
    • AIDS and HIV infection: New perspectives
    • [165] Pinching, A., Weiss, R.A. and Miller, D. AIDS and HIV infection: new perspectives. Br. Med. Bul., 44 (1988) 1, 1-19; see also, Tulane University School of Medicine study reported in Science, 263 (1994) 27.
    • (1988) Br. Med. Bul. , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-19
    • Pinching, A.1    Weiss, R.A.2    Miller, D.3
  • 173
  • 174
    • 0011870877 scopus 로고
    • LAV infection by blood and blood derivatives
    • Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Elsevier, Paris
    • [166] Allain, J.P., LAV infection by blood and blood derivatives. In: Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Elsevier, Paris, 1987, pp. 167-171.
    • (1987) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , pp. 167-171
    • Allain, J.P.1
  • 175
    • 0023132030 scopus 로고
    • Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: Expectations and reality
    • [167] Duesberg, P.H., Retroviruses as carcinogens and pathogens: expectations and reality. Cancer Res., 47 (1987) 11990-1220.
    • (1987) Cancer Res. , vol.47 , pp. 11990-21220
    • Duesberg, P.H.1
  • 176
    • 0024291373 scopus 로고
    • [168] Duesberg, P.H. (letter). Science, 242 (1988) 997-998.
    • (1988) Science , vol.242 , pp. 997-998
    • Duesberg, P.H.1
  • 177
    • 0013437245 scopus 로고
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Correlation but not causation
    • [169] Duesberg, P.H. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: correlation but not causation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86 (1989) 755-764.
    • (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 755-764
    • Duesberg, P.H.1
  • 178
    • 0021167676 scopus 로고
    • Koch's postulates and the search for the AIDS agent
    • [170] Krause, R.M. Koch's postulates and the search for the AIDS agent. Pub. Health Rep., 99 (1984) 3, 291-299.
    • (1984) Pub. Health Rep. , vol.99 , Issue.3 , pp. 291-299
    • Krause, R.M.1
  • 180
    • 0022652207 scopus 로고
    • Long-term seropositivity for Human T-lymphotropic Virus type III in homosexual men without the Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Development of immunologic and clinical abnormalities
    • [172] Melbye, M., Biggar, R.J., Ebbesen, P. et al. Long-term seropositivity for Human T-lymphotropic Virus type III in homosexual men without the Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome: development of immunologic and clinical abnormalities. Ann. Int. Med., 104 (1986) 496-500.
    • (1986) Ann. Int. Med. , vol.104 , pp. 496-500
    • Melbye, M.1    Biggar, R.J.2    Ebbesen, P.3
  • 181
    • 0021752592 scopus 로고
    • HTLV-III in symptom-free seronegative persons
    • [173] Salahuddin, S.Z., Groopman, J.E., Markhman, P.D. et al. HTLV-III in symptom-free seronegative persons. Lancet. (1984) 1418-1420.
    • (1984) Lancet , pp. 1418-1420
    • Salahuddin, S.Z.1    Groopman, J.E.2    Markhman, P.D.3
  • 182
    • 0027531918 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection
    • [174] Levy, J.A., Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Microbiol. Rev., 57 (1993) 183-289.
    • (1993) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 183-289
    • Levy, J.A.1
  • 183
    • 0029054950 scopus 로고
    • Herpes-like sequences in HIV-infected and uninfected Kaposi's Sarcoma patients
    • [175] Amroziak, J.A., Blackbourn, D.J., Herndier, B.G. et al. Herpes-like sequences in HIV-infected and uninfected Kaposi's Sarcoma patients. Science, 268, (1995) 582-583.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 582-583
    • Amroziak, J.A.1    Blackbourn, D.J.2    Herndier, B.G.3
  • 184
    • 0029060857 scopus 로고
    • Controversy: Is KS really caused by new Herpesvirus?
    • [176] Cohen, J., Controversy: Is KS really caused by new Herpesvirus? Science, 268 (1995) 1847-1848.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 1847-1848
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 185
    • 0021350576 scopus 로고
    • Lack of neutralizing antibodies to Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Lentivirus in persistently infected goats can be overcome by immunization with inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • [177] Narayan, O., Sheffer, D., Griffin, D.E., Clements, J. and Hess, J. Lack of neutralizing antibodies to Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Lentivirus in persistently infected goats can be overcome by immunization with inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Virol. 49(2) (1984) 349-355.
    • (1984) J. Virol. , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 349-355
    • Narayan, O.1    Sheffer, D.2    Griffin, D.E.3    Clements, J.4    Hess, J.5
  • 186
    • 0027919773 scopus 로고
    • HIV and AIDS
    • [178] Duesberg, P. HIV and AIDS. Science, 260 (1993) 1705, Lifson, JD, HIV and AIDS. Science, 260 (1993) 1705-1706.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 1705
    • Duesberg, P.1
  • 187
    • 0027919773 scopus 로고
    • HIV and AIDS
    • [178] Duesberg, P. HIV and AIDS. Science, 260 (1993) 1705, Lifson, JD, HIV and AIDS. Science, 260 (1993) 1705-1706.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 1705-1706
    • Lifson, J.D.1
  • 189
    • 0027692154 scopus 로고
    • Multifactorial nature of Human Immunodeficieny Virus disease: Implications for theory
    • [180] Fauci, A.S., Multifactorial nature of Human Immunodeficieny Virus disease: Implications for theory. Science, 262 (1993) 1011-1018.
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 1011-1018
    • Fauci, A.S.1
  • 190
    • 0028558863 scopus 로고
    • Duesberg and critics agree: Hemophilia is the best test
    • [181] Cohen, J., Duesberg and critics agree: Hemophilia is the best test. Science, 266, (1994) 1645-1646.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1645-1646
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 191
    • 0018861116 scopus 로고
    • The nature of organization of retroviral genes in animal cells
    • Springer-Verlag, Wien
    • [182] Strayer, D.R. and Gillespie, D.H. The nature of organization of retroviral genes in animal cells. Virology Monographs. No. 17, Springer-Verlag, Wien, 1980.
    • (1980) Virology Monographs , vol.17
    • Strayer, D.R.1    Gillespie, D.H.2
  • 192
    • 0027923816 scopus 로고
    • Where has HIV been hiding?
    • [183] Temin, H.M. and Bolognesi, D.P. Where has HIV been hiding? Nature, 362 (1993) 292-293.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 292-293
    • Temin, H.M.1    Bolognesi, D.P.2
  • 193
    • 0020963367 scopus 로고
    • Hypothesis: AIDS: AAIDS (Acquired Autoimmune Immunodeficiency Syndrome)?
    • [184] Paciucc, P.A. and Holland, J.F. Hypothesis: AIDS: AAIDS (Acquired Autoimmune Immunodeficiency Syndrome)? AIDS Res. 3 (1984) 1, 149-155.
    • (1984) AIDS Res. , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 149-155
    • Paciucc, P.A.1    Holland, J.F.2
  • 194
    • 0025253774 scopus 로고
    • Musculoskeletal manifestations of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    • [185] Buskila, D. and Gladman, D. Musculoskeletal manifestations of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Rev. Infect. Dis., 12(2) (1990) 223-235.
    • (1990) Rev. Infect. Dis. , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 223-235
    • Buskila, D.1    Gladman, D.2
  • 195
    • 0027955076 scopus 로고
    • HIV displays its coat of arms
    • [186] Lipton, S.A. 'HIV displays its coat of arms', Nature, 367 (1994) 113-114.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.367 , pp. 113-114
    • Lipton, S.A.1
  • 196
    • 0029877833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong cytotoxic T-cell and weak neutralizing antibody responses in a subset of persons with stable nonprogressing HIV Type 1 infection
    • [187] Harrer, T., Harrer, E., Kalams, S.A. et al. Strong cytotoxic T-cell and weak neutralizing antibody responses in a subset of persons with stable nonprogressing HIV Type 1 infection. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 12(7), (1996) 585-590.
    • (1996) AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses , vol.12 , Issue.7 , pp. 585-590
    • Harrer, T.1    Harrer, E.2    Kalams, S.A.3
  • 197
    • 0023667026 scopus 로고
    • Solo actions of AIDS virus coat
    • [188] Barnes, D.M., Solo actions of AIDS virus coat. Science, 237 (1987) 971-973.
    • (1987) Science , vol.237 , pp. 971-973
    • Barnes, D.M.1
  • 198
    • 0023032240 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and expression of neuroleukin, a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons
    • [189] Gurney, M.E., Heinrich, S.P., Lee, M.R. and Yin, H.S. Molecular cloning and expression of neuroleukin, a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons. Science, 234 (1986) 566-574.
    • (1986) Science , vol.234 , pp. 566-574
    • Gurney, M.E.1    Heinrich, S.P.2    Lee, M.R.3    Yin, H.S.4
  • 199
    • 0023250558 scopus 로고
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus in brain biopsies of patients with AIDS and progressive encephalopathy
    • [190] Gyorkey, F., Melnick, J.L. and Gorkey, P. Human Immunodeficiency Virus in brain biopsies of patients with AIDS and progressive encephalopathy. J. Infect. Dis. 155(5) (1987) 870-876.
    • (1987) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.155 , Issue.5 , pp. 870-876
    • Gyorkey, F.1    Melnick, J.L.2    Gorkey, P.3
  • 200
    • 0011836510 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of HTLV-III from CSF and natural tissues of patients with AIDS-related neurological syndromes
    • Gluckman, J. C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • [191] Ho, D.D., Rota, T.R., Schooley et al. Isolation of HTLV-III from CSF and natural tissues of patients with AIDS-related neurological syndromes. In: Gluckman, J. C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 211-218.
    • (1987) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , pp. 211-218
    • Ho, D.D.1    Rota, T.R.2    Schooley3
  • 201
    • 0026538927 scopus 로고
    • Does the HIV envelope induce a chronic graft-versus-host-like disease?
    • [192] Habeshaw, J., Hounsell, E. and Dalgleish, A. Does the HIV envelope induce a chronic graft-versus-host-like disease? Immunol. Today, 13(6) (1992) 207-210.
    • (1992) Immunol. Today , vol.13 , Issue.6 , pp. 207-210
    • Habeshaw, J.1    Hounsell, E.2    Dalgleish, A.3
  • 202
    • 0023356880 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic factors secreted by cells infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1
    • [193] Ratner, L., Polmar, S.H., Paul, N. and Ruddle, N. Cytotoxic factors secreted by cells infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 3(2) (1987) 147-155.
    • (1987) AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-155
    • Ratner, L.1    Polmar, S.H.2    Paul, N.3    Ruddle, N.4
  • 203
    • 0011867837 scopus 로고
    • Biologic and molecular properties of the AIDS-associated retrovirus that affect antiviral therapy
    • Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • [194] Levy, J.A., Evans, L., Cheng-Meyer, C. et al. Biologic and molecular properties of the AIDS-associated retrovirus that affect antiviral therapy. In: Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 31-41.
    • (1987) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , pp. 31-41
    • Levy, J.A.1    Evans, L.2    Cheng-Meyer, C.3
  • 204
    • 0027538456 scopus 로고
    • HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically lantent stage of disease
    • [195] Pantaieo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J.F. et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically lantent stage of disease. Nature, 362 (1993) 355-358.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 355-358
    • Pantaieo, G.1    Graziosi, C.2    Demarest, J.F.3
  • 205
    • 0027516822 scopus 로고
    • Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS
    • [196] Embretson, J., Zupancic, M., Ribas, J.L. et al. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature, 362 (1993) 359-362.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 359-362
    • Embretson, J.1    Zupancic, M.2    Ribas, J.L.3
  • 206
    • 0029079641 scopus 로고
    • Fusogenic selectivity of the envelope glycoprotein is a major determination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 tropism for CD4+ T-cell lines vs. Primary macrophages
    • [197] Broder, C.C. and Berger, E.A., Fusogenic selectivity of the envelope glycoprotein is a major determination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 tropism for CD4+ T-cell lines vs. primary macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92(19) (1995) 9004-9008.
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , Issue.19 , pp. 9004-9008
    • Broder, C.C.1    Berger, E.A.2
  • 207
    • 0027919795 scopus 로고
    • HIV and AIDS
    • [198] Laman, J.D., HIV and AIDS. Science, 260 (1993) 1707-1708.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 1707-1708
    • Laman, J.D.1
  • 208
    • 0024296413 scopus 로고
    • A rebel without a cause of AIDS
    • [199] Booth, W., A rebel without a cause of AIDS. Science 334 (1988) 239, 1485-1488.
    • (1988) Science , vol.334 , Issue.239 , pp. 1485-1488
    • Booth, W.1
  • 209
    • 0024293871 scopus 로고
    • Is HIV the causative factor in AIDS?
    • [200] Rubin, H., Is HIV the causative factor in AIDS? Nature, 334 (1988) 201.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 201
    • Rubin, H.1
  • 211
    • 0024307252 scopus 로고
    • Does HIV cause AIDS?
    • [202] Duesberg, P., Does HIV cause AIDS? Acq. Immun. Def. Synd., 2(5) (1989) 514-515.
    • (1989) Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 514-515
    • Duesberg, P.1
  • 212
    • 0024972978 scopus 로고
    • Defective viruses and AIDS
    • [203] Duesberg, P., Defective viruses and AIDS. Nature, 340 (1989) 515.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.340 , pp. 515
    • Duesberg, P.1
  • 213
    • 84930559195 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppressive behavior, not HIV may be the cause of AIDS
    • [204] Duesberg, P. Immunosuppressive behavior, not HIV may be the cause of AIDS. Policy Rev., 53 (1990) 40-51.
    • (1990) Policy Rev. , vol.53 , pp. 40-51
    • Duesberg, P.1
  • 214
    • 0026675883 scopus 로고
    • HIV-free AIDS reports
    • [205] Duesberg, P., HIV-free AIDS reports (Letter), Science, 257 (1992) 1848.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1848
    • Duesberg, P.1
  • 215
    • 0011833978 scopus 로고
    • A. AIDS: Words from the front
    • Feb
    • [206] Liversidge, A. AIDS: words from the front. Spin, 1987 (Feb): 56-70.
    • (1987) Spin , pp. 56-70
  • 216
    • 0023493992 scopus 로고
    • Human tumor and immunodeficiency viruses
    • [207] Gallo, R.C. Human tumor and immunodeficiency viruses. AIDS Res. Human Retrovirises. 3 Suppl. 1 (1987) 187-196.
    • (1987) AIDS Res. Human Retrovirises. , vol.3 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 187-196
    • Gallo, R.C.1
  • 217
    • 0026348018 scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of latency in pathogenic human viruses
    • [208] Garcia-Blanco, M.A. Molecular basis of latency in pathogenic human viruses. Science, 254 (1992) 815-820.
    • (1992) Science , vol.254 , pp. 815-820
    • Garcia-Blanco, M.A.1
  • 218
    • 0023951060 scopus 로고
    • HLA haplotype A1 B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease
    • [209] Steel, C.M., Beatson, D., Cuthbert, R.J.G. et al. HLA haplotype A1 B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease. Lancet. (1988) 1185-1188.
    • (1988) Lancet , pp. 1185-1188
    • Steel, C.M.1    Beatson, D.2    Cuthbert, R.J.G.3
  • 220
    • 0026549933 scopus 로고
    • Reversal of integration and DNA splicing mediated by integrase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    • [211] Chow, S.A. Vincent, K.A., Ellison, V. and Brown, P.O. Reversal of integration and DNA splicing mediated by integrase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Science, 255 (1992) 723-726.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 723-726
    • Chow, S.A.1    Vincent, K.A.2    Ellison, V.3    Brown, P.O.4
  • 221
    • 0028074881 scopus 로고
    • Tethering human immunodeficiency virus 1 integrase to a DNA site directs integration to nearby sequences
    • [212] Bushman, F.D., Tethering human immunodeficiency virus 1 integrase to a DNA site directs integration to nearby sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 9233-9237.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 9233-9237
    • Bushman, F.D.1
  • 222
    • 0028067639 scopus 로고
    • DNA bending creates favored sites for retroviral integration: An explanation for preferred insertion sites in nucleosomes
    • [213] Muller, H.-P. and Varmus, DNA bending creates favored sites for retroviral integration: an explanation for preferred insertion sites in nucleosomes, EMBO., 13 (1994) 4704-4714.
    • (1994) EMBO , vol.13 , pp. 4704-4714
    • Muller, H.-P.1    Varmus2
  • 223
    • 0028264042 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency Virus integrase directs integration sites of severe DNA distortion within the nucleosome core
    • [214] Pruss, D., Bushman, F.D. and Wolffe, A.P., Human immunodeficiency Virus integrase directs integration sites of severe DNA distortion within the nucleosome core. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 5913-5917.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 5913-5917
    • Pruss, D.1    Bushman, F.D.2    Wolffe, A.P.3
  • 224
    • 0023666312 scopus 로고
    • HIV transmission from monkey to man
    • [215] Norieau, F., HIV transmission from monkey to man. Lancet, (1987) 1498-1499.
    • (1987) Lancet , pp. 1498-1499
    • Norieau, F.1
  • 225
    • 0011833639 scopus 로고
    • Interspecies transmission of mammalian retroviruses
    • Stephenson, J.R. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York
    • [216] Todaro, G.J. Interspecies transmission of mammalian retroviruses. In: Stephenson, J.R. (Ed.), Molecular Biology of RNA Tumor Viruses. Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 47-77.
    • (1980) Molecular Biology of RNA Tumor Viruses , pp. 47-77
    • Todaro, G.J.1
  • 227
    • 0027364221 scopus 로고
    • MHC polymorphism and human origins
    • [218] Klein, J., Takahata, N. and Ayala, F.J. MHC polymorphism and human origins. Sci. Am., 269(6) (1993) 78-83.
    • (1993) Sci. Am. , vol.269 , Issue.6 , pp. 78-83
    • Klein, J.1    Takahata, N.2    Ayala, F.J.3
  • 228
    • 0007597735 scopus 로고
    • A phylogenetic investigation of MHC class II DRB genes reveals convergent evolution in the antigen binding site
    • Klein J. and Klein D. (Eds.), Molecular Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. NATO ASI series
    • [219] Gustafsson, K., Brunsberg, U., Sigurdardottir, S. and Anderson, L. A phylogenetic investigation of MHC class II DRB genes reveals convergent evolution in the antigen binding site In: Klein J. and Klein D. (Eds.), Molecular Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. NATO ASI series, Series H: Cell Biology, 59, 1991, pp. 119-130.
    • (1991) Series H: Cell Biology , vol.59 , pp. 119-130
    • Gustafsson, K.1    Brunsberg, U.2    Sigurdardottir, S.3    Anderson, L.4
  • 229
    • 0016030566 scopus 로고
    • Slow, inapparent and recurrent viruses
    • [220] Holland, J.J., Slow, inapparent and recurrent viruses. Sci. Am., 230(2) (1974) 32-40.
    • (1974) Sci. Am. , vol.230 , Issue.2 , pp. 32-40
    • Holland, J.J.1
  • 231
    • 0026637317 scopus 로고
    • Thyroid and other organ-specific autoantibodies in healthy centenarians
    • [222] Mariotti, S., Sansoni, P., Barbesino, G. et al. Thyroid and other organ-specific autoantibodies in healthy centenarians. Lancet. (1992) 1506-1508.
    • (1992) Lancet , pp. 1506-1508
    • Mariotti, S.1    Sansoni, P.2    Barbesino, G.3
  • 234
    • 0028609254 scopus 로고
    • Could drugs, rather than a virus be the cause of AIDS?
    • [225] Cohen, J. Could drugs, rather than a virus be the cause of AIDS? Science, 266, (1994) 1648-1649.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1648-1649
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 235
    • 0025253773 scopus 로고
    • Virus-induced autoimmunity
    • [226] Schattner, A. and Rager-Zisman, A. Virus-induced autoimmunity. Rev. Infect. Dis., 12(2) (1990) 204-222.
    • (1990) Rev. Infect. Dis. , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 204-222
    • Schattner, A.1    Rager-Zisman, A.2
  • 236
    • 0021643864 scopus 로고
    • AIDS and 'slow viruses'
    • Selikoff, I.J., Teirstein, A.S. and Hirschman, S.Z. (Eds.), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
    • [227] Smith, R.W. AIDS and 'slow viruses'. In: Selikoff, I.J., Teirstein, A.S. and Hirschman, S.Z. (Eds.), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 437 (1984) 576-607.
    • (1984) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.437 , pp. 576-607
    • Smith, R.W.1
  • 237
    • 0023941817 scopus 로고
    • Identification of homologous regions in human immunodeficiency virus I gp41 and human MHC class II beta1 domain. I. Monoclonal antibodies against the gp41-derived peptide and patients' sera react with native HLA class II antigens, suggesting a role for autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome
    • [228] Golding, H., Robey, F.A., Gates, F.T. III, et al. Identification of homologous regions in human immunodeficiency virus I gp41 and human MHC class II beta1 domain. I. Monoclonal antibodies against the gp41-derived peptide and patients' sera react with native HLA class II antigens, suggesting a role for autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J. Exp. Med. 167 (1988) 914-923.
    • (1988) J. Exp. Med. , vol.167 , pp. 914-923
    • Golding, H.1    Robey, F.A.2    Gates F.T. III3
  • 238
    • 0023912169 scopus 로고
    • Association of human immunodeficiency virus infection and autoimmune phenomena
    • [229] Kopelman, R.G. and Zola-Pazner, S. Association of human immunodeficiency virus infection and autoimmune phenomena. Am. J. Med., 84 (1988) 82-88.
    • (1988) Am. J. Med. , vol.84 , pp. 82-88
    • Kopelman, R.G.1    Zola-Pazner, S.2
  • 239
    • 0026457061 scopus 로고
    • A gp120 HIV peptide with high similarity of HLA class II beta chains enhances PPD-specific and autoreactive T-cell activation
    • [230] Pulgliese, O., Viora, M., Camponeschi, B. et al. A gp120 HIV peptide with high similarity of HLA class II beta chains enhances PPD-specific and autoreactive T-cell activation, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 90(2) (1992) 170-174.
    • (1992) Clin. Exp. Immunol. , vol.90 , Issue.2 , pp. 170-174
    • Pulgliese, O.1    Viora, M.2    Camponeschi, B.3
  • 240
    • 0028783841 scopus 로고
    • Detection of antibodies to HIV-1 gp41 and HLA class II antigen-derived peptides in SLE patients
    • [231] Koshino, K., Tokano, Y., Sekigawa, I., Takashaki, Y. and Hashimoto, H., Detection of antibodies to HIV-1 gp41 and HLA class II antigen-derived peptides in SLE patients. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 24(5) (1995) 288-292.
    • (1995) Scand. J. Rheumatol. , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 288-292
    • Koshino, K.1    Tokano, Y.2    Sekigawa, I.3    Takashaki, Y.4    Hashimoto, H.5
  • 241
    • 0028178855 scopus 로고
    • Indentification of an HIV-1 nef. Peptide that binds to HLA class II antigens
    • [232] Torres, B.A. and Johnson, H.M., Indentification of an HIV-1 Nef. peptide that binds to HLA class II antigens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com., 200(2) (1994) 1059-1065.
    • (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. , vol.200 , Issue.2 , pp. 1059-1065
    • Torres, B.A.1    Johnson, H.M.2
  • 242
    • 0025913521 scopus 로고
    • Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria
    • [233] Hill, A.V.S., Allsopp, C.E.M., Kwiatkowski, D. et al. Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature, 352 (1991) 595-600.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.352 , pp. 595-600
    • Hill, A.V.S.1    Allsopp, C.E.M.2    Kwiatkowski, D.3
  • 244
    • 0028117751 scopus 로고
    • Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system
    • [235] Bartl, S., Baltimore, D. and Weissman, I.L., Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 10769-10770.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 10769-10770
    • Bartl, S.1    Baltimore, D.2    Weissman, I.L.3
  • 245
    • 0025333762 scopus 로고
    • Fast-acting slow viruses
    • [236] Martin, M.A., Fast-acting slow viruses. Nature, 345 (1990) 572-573.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 572-573
    • Martin, M.A.1
  • 246
    • 0025334599 scopus 로고
    • Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
    • [237] Kestler, H., Kodama, T., Ringler, D. et al. Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. Science, 248 (1990) 1109-1112.
    • (1990) Science , vol.248 , pp. 1109-1112
    • Kestler, H.1    Kodama, T.2    Ringler, D.3
  • 247
    • 0027549691 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes shared between HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV
    • [238] Gotch, F., Nixon, D., Gallimore, A. et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes shared between HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV. J. Med. Primatol. 22 (1993) 119-123.
    • (1993) J. Med. Primatol. , vol.22 , pp. 119-123
    • Gotch, F.1    Nixon, D.2    Gallimore, A.3
  • 248
    • 0025608388 scopus 로고
    • Extensive antigenic mimicry by retrovirus capsid proteins
    • [239] Garry, R.F. Extensive antigenic mimicry by retrovirus capsid proteins. (Letter) AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 6(12) (1990) 1361-1362.
    • (1990) AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses , vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp. 1361-1362
    • Garry, R.F.1
  • 249
    • 0023491395 scopus 로고
    • HIV infection of primate lymphocytes and conservation of the CD4 receptor
    • [240] McClure, M.O., Sattentau, Q.J., Beverley, P.C.L. et al. HIV infection of primate lymphocytes and conservation of the CD4 receptor. Nature, 330 (1987) 487-489.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.330 , pp. 487-489
    • McClure, M.O.1    Sattentau, Q.J.2    Beverley, P.C.L.3
  • 250
    • 85010626778 scopus 로고
    • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in urban Brazil
    • [241] Parker, R., Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in urban Brazil. Med. Anthropol Qrt. New Ser. 1(2) (1987) 155-175.
    • (1987) Med. Anthropol Qrt. New Ser. , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 155-175
    • Parker, R.1
  • 251
    • 0029947574 scopus 로고
    • Environmental pathogenesis of human retroviruses
    • [242] Montagnier, L., Environmental pathogenesis of Human retroviruses. AIDS Res. Human Retrovviruses, 12(5) (1995) 357-359.
    • (1995) AIDS Res. Human Retrovviruses , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 357-359
    • Montagnier, L.1
  • 252
    • 0028148793 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenesis and genetic complexity of the nonhuman primate retroviridae
    • [243] Franchini, G. and Reitz, M.S., Phylogenesis and genetic complexity of the nonhuman Primate Retroviridae. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 10 (1994) 1047-1060.
    • (1994) AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses , vol.10 , pp. 1047-1060
    • Franchini, G.1    Reitz, M.S.2
  • 254
    • 0027299809 scopus 로고
    • Detection of HIV DNA in cervical and vaginal secretions. Prevalence and correlates among women in Nairobi, Kenya
    • [245] Clemetson, D.B., Moss, G.B., Willerford, D.M. et al. Detection of HIV DNA in cervical and vaginal secretions. Prevalence and correlates among women in Nairobi, Kenya. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 269 (1993) 2860-2864.
    • (1993) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.269 , pp. 2860-2864
    • Clemetson, D.B.1    Moss, G.B.2    Willerford, D.M.3
  • 255
    • 0029145071 scopus 로고
    • Selective inhibitory effects of stress hormones on natural killer (NK) cell activity of lymphocytes from AIDS patients
    • [246] Nair, M.P., Saravolatz, L.D. and Schwartz, S.A., Selective inhibitory effects of stress hormones on natural killer (NK) cell activity of lymphocytes from AIDS patients. Immunol. Invest., 24(5) (1995) 599-689.
    • (1995) Immunol. Invest. , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 599-689
    • Nair, M.P.1    Saravolatz, L.D.2    Schwartz, S.A.3
  • 256
    • 0029331086 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E and selenium: Contrasting and interacting nutritional determinants of host resistence to parasitic and viral infections
    • [247] Levander, O.A., Ager, A.L. Jr. and Beck, M.A., Vitamin E and selenium: contrasting and interacting nutritional determinants of host resistence to parasitic and viral infections. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 54(2) (1995) 475-487.
    • (1995) Proc. Nutr. Soc. , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 475-487
    • Levander, O.A.1    Ager A.L., Jr.2    Beck, M.A.3
  • 257
    • 0011873527 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of transmitted HIV-1 genotypes: Studies of commerical sex workers and infants in Kenya
    • [248] Poss, M., Kreiss, J., Jackson, S. et al. Analysis of transmitted HIV-1 genotypes: studies of commerical sex workers and infants in Kenya. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses, 1995, p. 11.
    • (1995) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses , pp. 11
    • Poss, M.1    Kreiss, J.2    Jackson, S.3
  • 258
    • 0028946283 scopus 로고
    • New York researchers question claims of 'first' AIDS case
    • [249] Butler, D., New York researchers question claims of 'first' AIDS case. Nature, 374 (1995) 397; Zhu, T. and Ho, D.D., Was HIV present in 1959?, Nature, 374 (1995) 503-504.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 397
    • Butler, D.1
  • 259
    • 0028963960 scopus 로고
    • Was HIV present in 1959?
    • [249] Butler, D., New York researchers question claims of 'first' AIDS case. Nature, 374 (1995) 397; Zhu, T. and Ho, D.D., Was HIV present in 1959?, Nature, 374 (1995) 503-504.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.374 , pp. 503-504
    • Zhu, T.1    Ho, D.D.2
  • 260
    • 0023857840 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus over a 10 year period in rural Zaire
    • [250] Nzilambi, N., De Cock, K.M., Forthal, D.N. et al. The prevalence of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus over a 10 year period in rural Zaire. N. Engl. J. Med. 316(5) (1988) 276-279.
    • (1988) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.316 , Issue.5 , pp. 276-279
    • Nzilambi, N.1    De Cock, K.M.2    Forthal, D.N.3
  • 262
    • 0011829008 scopus 로고
    • Personal Communication
    • [252] Lightfoot-Klein, H., Personal Communication, 1994.
    • (1994)
    • Lightfoot-Klein, H.1
  • 263
    • 0023860387 scopus 로고
    • AIDS: An international perspective
    • [253] Piot, P., Plummer, F.A., Mhalu, F.S. et al. AIDS: an international perspective. Science, 239 (1988) 573-579.
    • (1988) Science , vol.239 , pp. 573-579
    • Piot, P.1    Plummer, F.A.2    Mhalu, F.S.3
  • 264
    • 0022466508 scopus 로고
    • Malnutrition and HIV infection in children in the Central African Republic
    • [254] Lesbordes, J.L., Chassignol, S., Manaud, F. et al. Malnutrition and HIV infection in children in the Central African Republic. Lancet, (1986) 337-338.
    • (1986) Lancet , pp. 337-338
    • Lesbordes, J.L.1    Chassignol, S.2    Manaud, F.3
  • 267
    • 0025373873 scopus 로고
    • Virus-induced autoantibody response to a transgenic viral antigene
    • [257] Zinkernagel, R.M., Cooper, S., Chambers, J. et al. Virus-induced autoantibody response to a transgenic viral antigene. Nature, 345, (1990) 68-71.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 68-71
    • Zinkernagel, R.M.1    Cooper, S.2    Chambers, J.3
  • 268
    • 0021358489 scopus 로고
    • Major pol gene progenitors in the evolution of Oncoviruses
    • [258] Chiu, I.M., Callahan, R., Tronick, S.R., Schlom, J. and Aaronson, S.A. Major pol gene progenitors in the evolution of Oncoviruses. Science, 223 (1984) 364-370.
    • (1984) Science , vol.223 , pp. 364-370
    • Chiu, I.M.1    Callahan, R.2    Tronick, S.R.3    Schlom, J.4    Aaronson, S.A.5
  • 269
    • 0011833641 scopus 로고
    • ERV3, a full-length human endogenous provirus: Sequence analysis and evolutionary relationships
    • Furmanski, P., Hager, J.C. and Rich, M.A. (Eds.), Boston, Martinus Nijhoff
    • [259] O'Donnell, C.D. and Cohen, M. ERV3, a full-length human endogenous provirus: sequence analysis and evolutionary relationships. In: Furmanski, P., Hager, J.C. and Rich, M.A. (Eds.), RNA Tumor Viruses, Oncogenes, Human Cancer and AIDS. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff, 1984, pp. 108-115.
    • (1984) RNA Tumor Viruses, Oncogenes, Human Cancer and AIDS , pp. 108-115
    • O'Donnell, C.D.1    Cohen, M.2
  • 270
    • 8544222121 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of human endogenous type C retroviral DNAs
    • Furmanski, P., Hager, J.C. and Rich, M.A. (Eds.), Martinus Nijhoff, Boston
    • [260] Rabson, A.B., Steele, P.E., Repaske, R. and Martin, M.A. Structure and function of human endogenous type C retroviral DNAs. In: Furmanski, P., Hager, J.C. and Rich, M.A. (Eds.), RNA Tumor Viruses, Oncogenes, Human Cancer and AIDS. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, 1984, pp. 93-107.
    • (1984) RNA Tumor Viruses, Oncogenes, Human Cancer and AIDS , pp. 93-107
    • Rabson, A.B.1    Steele, P.E.2    Repaske, R.3    Martin, M.A.4
  • 271
    • 0011867839 scopus 로고
    • Prospects for the etiologic involvement of RNA tumor viruses in human cancer
    • Stephenson, J.R. (Ed.), Academic Press, New York
    • [261] Kaplan, H.S., Prospects for the etiologic involvement of RNA Tumor viruses in human cancer. In: Stephenson, J.R. (Ed.), Molecular Biology of RNA tumor Viruses. Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 485-514.
    • (1980) Molecular Biology of RNA Tumor Viruses , pp. 485-514
    • Kaplan, H.S.1
  • 272
    • 0023778652 scopus 로고
    • Extensive variation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in vivo
    • [262] Saag, M.S., Hahn, B.H., Gibbons, J. et al. Extensive variation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in vivo. Nature, 334 (1988) 440-444.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 440-444
    • Saag, M.S.1    Hahn, B.H.2    Gibbons, J.3
  • 273
    • 0023706946 scopus 로고
    • Biologically diverse molecular variants within a single HIV-1 isolate
    • [263] Fisher, A.G., Ensoli, B., Looney, D. et al. Biologically diverse molecular variants within a single HIV-1 isolate. Nature, 334 (1988) 444-447.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 444-447
    • Fisher, A.G.1    Ensoli, B.2    Looney, D.3
  • 274
    • 0026777849 scopus 로고
    • Expression and biological significance of human endogenous retroviral sequences
    • [264] Leib-Mosch, C., Bachmann, R., Brack-Werner, R., Werner, T., Wrifle, V. and Helmann, R., Expression and biological significance of human endogenous retroviral sequences. Leukemia, 6 (1992) s3, s72-s75.
    • (1992) Leukemia , vol.6 , Issue.S3
    • Leib-Mosch, C.1    Bachmann, R.2    Brack-Werner, R.3    Werner, T.4    Wrifle, V.5    Helmann, R.6
  • 275
    • 0024267549 scopus 로고
    • Genomic organization of the Human Spumaretrovirus and its relatedness to AIDS and other retroviruses
    • [265] Maruer, B. and Flugel, R.M. Genomic organization of the Human Spumaretrovirus and its relatedness to AIDS and other Retroviruses. AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses, 4 (1988) 6, 467-472.
    • (1988) AIDS Res. Human Retroviruses , vol.4 , Issue.6 , pp. 467-472
    • Maruer, B.1    Flugel, R.M.2
  • 276
    • 0011914238 scopus 로고
    • Detection of the lymphadenopathy-associated virus p18 in cells of patients with lymphoid diseases using a monoclonal anitbody
    • Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Elsevier, Paris
    • [266] Chassagne, J., Verelle, P., Fonck, Y. et al. Detection of the lymphadenopathy-associated virus p18 in cells of patients with lymphoid diseases using a monoclonal anitbody. In: Gluckman, J.C. and Vilmer, E. (Eds.), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Elsevier, Paris, 1987, pp. 115-120.
    • (1987) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , pp. 115-120
    • Chassagne, J.1    Verelle, P.2    Fonck, Y.3
  • 277
    • 0011834884 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of S71-related Human Endogenous Retroviral elements with full-length pol genes
    • [267] Haltmeier, M., Seifarth, W., Blush, J. et al. Isolation and characterization of S71-related Human Endogenous Retroviral elements with full-length pol genes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses, 1995, p. 212.
    • (1995) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses , pp. 212
    • Haltmeier, M.1    Seifarth, W.2    Blush, J.3
  • 278
    • 0011829458 scopus 로고
    • Conversion of an endogenous retroviral sequence isolated from C57BL/6 mice to a Murine AIDS-inducing sequence by frame-shift mutations
    • [268] Kubo, Y., Kakimi, K., Higo, K. et al. Conversion of an endogenous retroviral sequence isolated from C57BL/6 mice to a Murine AIDS-inducing sequence by frame-shift mutations, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses, 1995, p. 32.
    • (1995) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses , pp. 32
    • Kubo, Y.1    Kakimi, K.2    Higo, K.3
  • 279
    • 0011901707 scopus 로고
    • Putative integrase encoded by Human Endogenous Retrovirus K10 has integration activity with various donor sequences
    • [269] Kitamura, Y., Ayukawa, T., Ishikawa, T. et al. Putative integrase encoded by Human Endogenous Retrovirus K10 has integration activity with various donor sequences. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses, 1995, p. 112.
    • (1995) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Retroviruses , pp. 112
    • Kitamura, Y.1    Ayukawa, T.2    Ishikawa, T.3
  • 280
    • 0027367189 scopus 로고
    • Resistence of mice deficient in IL-4 to retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS)
    • [270] Kanagawa, O., Vaupel, B.A., Gayama, S., Koehler, G. and Kopf, M., Resistence of mice deficient in IL-4 to retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). Science, 262 (1993) 240-242.
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 240-242
    • Kanagawa, O.1    Vaupel, B.A.2    Gayama, S.3    Koehler, G.4    Kopf, M.5
  • 281
    • 0027339344 scopus 로고
    • Rate and mechanism of nonhomologous recombination during a single cycle of retroviral replication
    • [271] Zhang, J. and Tamin, H.M., Rate and mechanism of nonhomologous recombination during a single cycle of retroviral replication. Science, 255 (1993) 234-238.
    • (1993) Science , vol.255 , pp. 234-238
    • Zhang, J.1    Tamin, H.M.2
  • 282
    • 0026523573 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of transduction by retroviruses
    • [272] Swain, A. and Coffin, J.M., Mechanism of transduction by retroviruses. Science, 255 (1992) 841-845.
    • (1992) Science , vol.255 , pp. 841-845
    • Swain, A.1    Coffin, J.M.2
  • 283
    • 0025902355 scopus 로고
    • Prion dimers: A deadly duo?
    • [273] Anon. Prion dimers: a deadly duo? Trends Neurosci., 14(10) (1991) 423-424.
    • (1991) Trends Neurosci. , vol.14 , Issue.10 , pp. 423-424
  • 284
    • 0027121645 scopus 로고
    • PrP and the Scrapie agent
    • [274] Chesebro, B., PrP and the Scrapie agent. Nature, 356 (1992) 560.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 560
    • Chesebro, B.1
  • 285
    • 0026492173 scopus 로고
    • Immunopathogenesis of autoimmunity following Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection
    • Cruse, J.M. and Lewis, R.E. (Eds.), Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Autoimmune Disease
    • [275] Via, C.S., Immunopathogenesis of autoimmunity following Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. In: Cruse, J.M. and Lewis, R.E. (Eds.), Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Autoimmune Disease. Concepts Immunopathol. Series. Basel, 8 (1992) 238-249.
    • (1992) Concepts Immunopathol. Series. Basel , vol.8 , pp. 238-249
    • Via, C.S.1
  • 286
    • 0021879645 scopus 로고
    • Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and antioncogenes
    • [276] Knudson, Jr. A.G. Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and antioncogenes. Can. Res. 45 (1985) 1427-1443.
    • (1985) Can. Res. , vol.45 , pp. 1427-1443
    • Knudson A.G., Jr.1
  • 287
    • 0026441916 scopus 로고
    • Autoimmunity in the age of molecular biology
    • Cruse, J.M. and Lewis, R.E. (Eds.), Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Autoimmune Disease
    • [277] Cruse, J.M., Lewis, R.E. Autoimmunity in the age of molecular biology. In: Cruse, J.M. and Lewis, R.E. (Eds.), Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Autoimmune Disease. Concepts in Immunopathol. Series, Basel, 8 (1992) 1-17.
    • (1992) Concepts in Immunopathol. Series, Basel , vol.8 , pp. 1-17
    • Cruse, J.M.1    Lewis, R.E.2
  • 289
    • 84965945562 scopus 로고
    • The severe measles of West Africa
    • [279] Morley, D.C., The severe measles of West Africa. Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 57 (1969) 846.
    • (1969) Proc. Royal Soc. Med. , vol.57 , pp. 846
    • Morley, D.C.1
  • 295
    • 0014662652 scopus 로고
    • The use of primates in biomedical studies: A review of suitable species
    • E.I. Goldsmith and J. Moor-Jankowski (Eds.), Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates
    • [285] Osman Hill, W.C., The use of Primates in biomedical studies: a review of suitable species. In: E.I. Goldsmith and J. Moor-Jankowski (Eds.), Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci., 162 (1969) 7-14.
    • (1969) Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. , vol.162 , pp. 7-14
    • Osman Hill, W.C.1
  • 296
    • 0025713662 scopus 로고
    • A finger on the missing link
    • [286] Desrosiers, R.C., A finger on the missing link. Nature, 345 (1990) 288-289.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.345 , pp. 288-289
    • Desrosiers, R.C.1
  • 297
    • 0026051159 scopus 로고
    • The Lake Casitas wild mouse: Evolving genetic resistence to retroviral disease
    • [287] Gardner, M.B., Kozak, C.A. and O'Brien. The Lake Casitas wild mouse: evolving genetic resistence to retroviral disease. Trends. Genet., 7 (1991) 22-27.
    • (1991) Trends. Genet. , vol.7 , pp. 22-27
    • Gardner, M.B.1    Kozak, C.A.2    O'Brien3
  • 298
    • 0029002579 scopus 로고
    • Can one type of HIV protect against another type?
    • [288] Cohen, J., Can one type of HIV protect against another type?, Science, 268 (1995) 1566.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 1566
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 299
    • 15844388931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homozygous-defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistence of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection
    • Aug. 9
    • [289] Liu, Rong, Paxton, W.A., Choe, S., Ceradini, D., Martin, S.R. et al., Homozygous-defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistence of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection, Cell, 86, Aug. 9 (1996) 367-377.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.86 , pp. 367-377
    • Liu, R.1    Paxton, W.A.2    Choe, S.3    Ceradini, D.4    Martin, S.R.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.