Bad neighbors, bad neighborhoods: An inquiry into the causes of refugee flows

International Security

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 5-42

  Weiner, Myron ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030514846     PISSN: 01622889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/isec.21.1.5     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. John Salt, Ann Singleton, Jennifer Hogarth, Europe's International Migrants (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office [HMSO], 1994), p. 209. See chapter 9, "Migration in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union," pp. 195-206, and chapter 10, "Asylum Seekers and Refugees," pp. 207-216.
2. John Salt, Ann Singleton, Jennifer Hogarth, Europe's International Migrants (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office [HMSO], 1994), p. 209. See chapter 9, "Migration in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union," pp. 195-206, and chapter 10, "Asylum Seekers and Refugees," pp. 207-216.
3. John Salt, Ann Singleton, Jennifer Hogarth, Europe's International Migrants (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office [HMSO], 1994), p. 209. See chapter 9, "Migration in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union," pp. 195-206, and chapter 10, "Asylum Seekers and Refugees," pp. 207-216.
4. Jonas Widgren, A Comparative Analysis of Entry and Asylum Policies in Selected Western Countries (Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 1994), p. 59.
5. For a particularly useful analysis of refugee flows in relation to ethnic conflicts see the essays in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chapter 1, "Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict," pp. 1-25; Kathleen Newland,"Ethnic Conflict and Refugees," pp. 143-163; and Barry R. Posen, "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict," pp. 103-124. Also see Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). For an attempt to specify some of the determinants of ethnic conflict, see Stephen Van Evera,"Hypotheses on Nationalism and War," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 5-39.
6. For a particularly useful analysis of refugee flows in relation to ethnic conflicts see the essays in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chapter 1, "Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict," pp. 1-25; Kathleen Newland,"Ethnic Conflict and Refugees," pp. 143-163; and Barry R. Posen, "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict," pp. 103-124. Also see Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). For an attempt to specify some of the determinants of ethnic conflict, see Stephen Van Evera,"Hypotheses on Nationalism and War," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 5-39.
7. For a particularly useful analysis of refugee flows in relation to ethnic conflicts see the essays in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chapter 1, "Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict," pp. 1-25; Kathleen Newland,"Ethnic Conflict and Refugees," pp. 143-163; and Barry R. Posen, "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict," pp. 103-124. Also see Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). For an attempt to specify some of the determinants of ethnic conflict, see Stephen Van Evera,"Hypotheses on Nationalism and War," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 5-39.
8. For a particularly useful analysis of refugee flows in relation to ethnic conflicts see the essays in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chapter 1, "Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict," pp. 1-25; Kathleen Newland,"Ethnic Conflict and Refugees," pp. 143-163; and Barry R. Posen, "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict," pp. 103-124. Also see Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). For an attempt to specify some of the determinants of ethnic conflict, see Stephen Van Evera,"Hypotheses on Nationalism and War," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 5-39.
9. For a particularly useful analysis of refugee flows in relation to ethnic conflicts see the essays in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chapter 1, "Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict," pp. 1-25; Kathleen Newland,"Ethnic Conflict and Refugees," pp. 143-163; and Barry R. Posen, "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict," pp. 103-124. Also see Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). For an attempt to specify some of the determinants of ethnic conflict, see Stephen Van Evera,"Hypotheses on Nationalism and War," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 5-39.
10. For a particularly useful analysis of refugee flows in relation to ethnic conflicts see the essays in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), chapter 1, "Causes and Implications of Ethnic Conflict," pp. 1-25; Kathleen Newland,"Ethnic Conflict and Refugees," pp. 143-163; and Barry R. Posen, "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict," pp. 103-124. Also see Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). For an attempt to specify some of the determinants of ethnic conflict, see Stephen Van Evera,"Hypotheses on Nationalism and War," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 1994), pp. 5-39.
11. Jeffrey Boutwell, Michael T. Klare, Laura W. Reed, eds., Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995).
12. World Refugee Survey, 1994, p. 33.
13. The major countries of origin were Ethiopia, Eritrea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Burundi, Sudan, Rwanda, Zaire, Somalia, Mozambique, Angola, Togo, Sierra Leone, Western Sahara and Chad.
14. World Refugee Survey, 1995, p. 42.
15. See e.g., Thomas F. Homer Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environment Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 5-40; Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, pp. 44-76, Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy, "Must it be the Rest against the West?" Atlantic Monthly, December 1994, pp. 61-91; and Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
16. See e.g., Thomas F. Homer Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environment Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 5-40; Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, pp. 44-76, Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy, "Must it be the Rest against the West?" Atlantic Monthly, December 1994, pp. 61-91; and Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
17. See e.g., Thomas F. Homer Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environment Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 5-40; Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, pp. 44-76, Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy, "Must it be the Rest against the West?" Atlantic Monthly, December 1994, pp. 61-91; and Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
18. See e.g., Thomas F. Homer Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environment Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 5-40; Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, pp. 44-76, Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy, "Must it be the Rest against the West?" Atlantic Monthly, December 1994, pp. 61-91; and Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
19. See e.g., Thomas F. Homer Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environment Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991); Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 5-40; Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, pp. 44-76, Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy, "Must it be the Rest against the West?" Atlantic Monthly, December 1994, pp. 61-91; and Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
20. Jonas Widgren, "International Migration and Regional Stability," International Affairs, October 1990, p. 766.
21. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
22. Refugee-producing countries in the bottom fifth of the UNDP Human Development Index are: Ethiopia, Liberia, Senegal, Bhutan, Mauritania, Burundi, Rwanda, Bangladesh, Chad, Somalia, Mali, Sudan, Mozambique, Angola, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, and Zaire.
23. The countries in the bottom fifth of the Human Development Index that do not produce major refugee flows are: Niger, Burkino Faso, Benin, Gambia, Guinea, Malawi, Central African Republic, Nepal, and Nigeria.
24. Ted Robert Gurr, "Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System," Presidental Address to the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, April 1, 1994, Washington, D.C.; Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); see also Ted Robert Gurr and Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994), p. 11.
25. Ted Robert Gurr, "Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System," Presidental Address to the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, April 1, 1994, Washington, D.C.; Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflict (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); see also Ted Robert Gurr and Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994), p. 11.
26. For an elaboration of this argument, with particular reference to the breakup of the Soviet Union, see Banuazizi and Weiner, New Geopolitics of Central Asia, chapter 1.
27. See Barry R. Posen, "Military Responses to Refugee Disasters," International Security, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Summer 1996), pp. 72-111.