A perspective on the risk assessment process for endocrine-disruptive effects on wildlife and human health

Risk Analysis

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 731-739

  Kavlock, Robert J ^a   Ankley, Gerald T ^b  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISEASES; ENDOCRINOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; HEALTH HAZARDS; HEALTH RISKS; TOXICITY;

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION; HEALTH EFFECTS; HUMAN POPULATIONS; TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR; WILDLIFE;

RISK ASSESSMENT;

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL;

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; POLLUTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRESS;

EID: 0030499023     PISSN: 02724332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb00824.x     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. A. Ashby, "Assessing Chemicals for Estrogenic/Hormone-Disrupting Properties: Lessons from Carcinogenicity Assessment," Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 132-133 (1996).
2. R. J. Kavlock, G. P. Daston, C. DeRosa, P. Fenner-Crisp, L. E. Gray, S Kaatari, G. Lucier, M. Luster, M. J. Mac, C. Maczka, R. Miller, J. Moore, R. Rolland, G. Scott, D. M. Sheehan, T. Sinks, and H. A. Tilson, "Research Needs for the Risk Assessment of Health and Environmental Effects of Endocrine Disrupters: A Report of the U.S. EPA-Sponsored Workshop," Environmental Health Perspectives 104 (Supplement 4) 715-740 (1996).
3. G. T Ankley, R. D. Johnson, G. Toth, L. C. Folmar, N. E. Detenbeck, and S. P. Bradbury, "Development of a Research Strategy for Assessing the Ecological Risk of Endocrine Disrupters," Review in Toxicology B. Environmental Toxicology (in press).
4. T. Colborn, D. Dumanoski, and J. P. Meyers, Our Stolen Future. Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story (Dutton Books, New York, 1996), 306 PP.
5. R. Jenkins and N. Nuttall, "Concern Grows, over Suspect Baby Milk," The London Times, Tuesday, May 5, p. 1 (1996).
6. A. Ashby, "Mad Cows, Bats and Baby Milk," Nature 382, 109 (1996).
7. R. M Sharpe, J. S. Fisher, M. M. Millar, S. Jobling, and J. P. Sumpter, "Gestational and Lactational Exposure of Rats to Xenoestrogens Results in Reduced Testicular Size and Sperm Production," Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 136-143 (1995).
8. T. Colborn and C. Clements (eds.), Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection (Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., 1992), 403 pp.
9. E. Carisen, A. Giwercman, N. Kieding and N. E. Skakkebaek, "Evidence of Decreasing Quality of Semen During Past 50 Years," British Medical Journal 305, 609-613 (1992).
10. R. M. Sharpe and N E. Skakkebaek, "Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?" Lancet 341, 1392-1395 (1993).
11. R. Cooper and R. J. Kavlock, "Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Development: A Weight of the Evidence Overview," Journal of Endocrinology (in press).
12. S. A. Bortone, W. B. Davis, and C. M Bundrick, "Morphological and Behavioral Characters in Mosquito Fish as a Potential Bioindication of Exposure to (Craft Mill Effluent," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 43, 370-377 (1989).
13. K. R. Munkittrick, G. J. van der Kraak, M. E. McMaster, and C. B Portt, "Response of Hepatic MFO Activity and Sex Steroids to Secondary Treatment of Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent and Mill Shutdown," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11, 1427-1439 (1992).
14. K. R. Munkittrick, G. J. van der Kraak, M. E. McMaster, C. B. Portt, M. R. van den Heuval, and M. R. Servos, "Survey of Receiving-Water Environmental Impacts Associated with Discharges from Pulp Mills. 2. Gonad Size, liver Size, Hepatic EROD Activity, and Plasma Sex Steroid Levels in White Sucker," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13, 1089-1101 (1994).
15. G. J. van der Kraak, K. R Munkittrick, M. E. McMaster, C. B. Portt, and J. Chang, "Exposure to Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent Disrupts the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis of White Sucker at Multiple Sites," Toxicology of Applied Pharmacology 115, 224-233 (1992).
16. D L. Maclatchy and G. I. van der Kraak, "The Phytoestrogen β-Sitosterol Alters the Reproductive Endocrine Function of Goldfish," Toxicology of Applied Pharmacology 134, 305-312 (1995).
17. W. S. Bowers, "Prospects for the Use of Insect Growth Regulators in Agriculture," in M. Hoshi and O. Yamashite (eds.), Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction 5 (Elsevier Science, New York, 1990), pp 365-382.
18. T. Miura and R. M. Takahushi, "Insect Developmental Inhibitors. Effects of Candidate Mosquito Control Agents on Target Aquatic Organisms," Environmental Entomology 3, 631-636 (1974).
19. M. S. Mull, G. Majuro, and A. A. Arata, "Impact of Biological and Chemical Mosquito Control Agents on Nontarget Biota in Aquatic Ecosystems," Residue Reviews 71, 121-173 (1979).
20. K Fent, "Ecotoxicology of Organotin Compounds," Critical Reviews in Toxicology 26, 1-117 (1996).
21. C. E. Purdom, P. A. Hardimon, V. J. Bye, N C. Enu, C. R. Tyler, and J. P. Sumpter, "Estrogenic Effects of Effluents from Sewage Treatment Works," Chemical Ecology 8, 275-285 (1994).
22. S. D. Jobling, J. A. Sheahan, J. A. Osborne, P. Matthiessen, and J. P. Sumpter, "Inhibition of Testicular Growth in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to Estrogenic Alkylphenolic Chemicals," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, 194-202 (1996).
23. V. Garry, D. Schreinemachers, M. E. Harkins, and J. Griffith, "Pesticide Appliers, Biocides and Birth Defects in Rural Minnesota," Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 393-399 (1996).
24. D. O. Norris, Vertebrate Endocrinology (Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1996).
25. T. A. Mabley, D. L. Bjerke, R. W. Moore, A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick, and R. E. Peterson, "In utero and Lactational Exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. III. Effects on Spermatogenesis and Reproductive Capability," Toxicology of Applied Pharmacology 114, 188 (1992).
26. L. E. Gray, Jr., W. R. Kelce, E. Monosson, J. Ostby, and L. S. Bimbaum, "Exposure to TCDD During Development Permanently Alters Reproductive Function in Male Long Evans Rats and Hamsters: Reduced Ejaculated and Epididymal Sperm Numbers and Sex Accessory Gland Weights in Offspring with Normal Androgenic Status," Toxicology of Applied Pharmacology 131, 108-118 (1995).
27. A. L. Herbst, H. Ulfelder, and D. C. Poskanzer, "Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina. Association of Maternal Diethylstilbestrol Therapy with Tumor Appearance in Young Women," New England Journal of Medicine 284, 878-881 (1971).
28. L. E. Gray, J. S. Ostby, and W. R. Kelce, "Developmental Effects of an Environmental Antiandrogen: The Fungicide Vinclozolin Alters Sex Differentiation of the Male Rat," Toxicology of Applied Pharmacology 129, 46-52 (1994).
29. U.S. EPA, "Revision of Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study and Reproduction and Fertility Effects Testing Guidelines Under FIERA and TSCA; Notice of Availability and Request for Comments," Federal Register 61(43), 8282-8283 (March 4, 1996).
30. C. W. West, G. T. Ankley, J. W. Nichols, G E. Elonen, and D. E. Nessa, "Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Long Term Tests with the Freshwater Invertebrates Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus" Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (in press).
31. P. M. Cook, D. D. Endicott, J Robbins, P. Marquis, C. Berini, J. Libal, A. Kizlauskis, M. K. Walker, E. W. Zabel, P. D. Guiney, and R. E. Peterson, "Effects of Chemicals with an Ah Receptor Mediated Mode of Early Life Stage Toxicity on Lake Trout Re-production and Survival in Lake Ontario: Prospective and Retrospective Risk Assessments," Environmental Science and Technology (in review).
32. A. B. Hill, "The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 58, 295 (1965).
33. G. A. Fox, "Practical Causal Inference for Ecoepidemiologists," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33, 359-373 (1991).
34. R. M. Sharpe, "Declining Sperm Counts in Men: Is There an Endocrine Cause?" Journal of Endocrinology 136, 357-360 (1993).
35. H. Fisch and E. T. Goluboff, "Geographic Variations in Sperm Counts: A Potential Cause of Bias in Studies of Semen Quality," Fertility and Sterility 65, 1044-1046 (1996).
36. L. J. Guillette, D. B. Pickford, D. A. Crain, A. A. Rooney, and H. F. Percival, "Reduction in Penis Size and Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators Living in a Contaminated Environment," General and Comparative Endocrinology 101 (in press).
37. L. J. Guillette, T. S. Gross, G. R. Mosson, J. M. Matter, H. F. Percival, and H. R. Woodward, "Developmental Abnormalities of the Gonad and Abnormal Sex Hormone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators from Contaminated and Control Lakes in Florida," Environmental Health Perspectives 102, 680-688 (1994).
38. M. Gilbertson, T. Kubiak, J. Ludwig, and G. Fox, "Great Lakes Embryo Mortality, Edema and Deformities Syndrome (GLEMEDS) in Colonial Fish-Eating Birds: Similarity to Chick Edema Disease," Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33, 455-520 (1991).
39. D. M. Fry and C. K. Toone, "DDT-Induced Feminization of Gull Embryos," Science 213, 922-924 (1981).
40. J. F. Leatherland, "Field Observations on Reproductive and Developmental Dysfunction in Introduced and Native Salminoids from the Great Lakes," Journal of Great Lakes Research 19, 737-751 (1993).
41. P. Beland, S DeGuisc, C. Girard, A. Lagace, D. Martincau, R. Michaud, E. C. G. Muir, R. J. Norstrom, E. Pelletier, S. Ray, and L. R. Shugart, "Toxic Compounds and Health and Reproductive Effects in St. Lawrence Beluga Whales," Journal of Great Lakes Research 19, 766-775 (1993).
42. S DeGuise, D Martineau, P. Beland, and M. Fournier, "Possible mechanisms of action of environmental contaminants on St. Lawrence Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas)," Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 73-77 (1995).
43. W. H. Gill, F. B. Schumacher, M. Bibbo, F. H. Straus, and H. W. Schoenberg, "Association of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in Utero with Cryptochidism, Testicular Hypoplasia and Semen Abnormalities," Journal of Urology 122, 36-39 (1979).
44. T. Colton, E. R. Greenberg, K. Noller, L. Resseguie, C. van Bennekom, T. Heeren, and Y. Zhang, "Breast Cancer in Mothers Prescribed Diethylstilbestrol in Pregnancy. Further Follow up," Journal of the American Medical Association 269, 2096-2100 (1993).
45. F. J. Leary, L J. Resseguie, L. T. Kurland, P. C. O'Brien, R. F. Emslander, and K. L. Noller, "Males Exposed in Utero to Diethylstilbestrol," Journal of the American Medical Association 252, 2984-2989 (1984).
46. A. J. Wilcox, D. D. Baird, C. R. Weinberg, P P Hornsby, and A. L. Herbst, "Fertility in Men Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol," New England Journal of Medicine 332, 1411-1415 (1995).
47. Y. L. Guo, T. J. Lai, S. H. Ju, Y. C. Chen, and C. C. Hsu, "Sexual Development and Biological Findings in Yucheng Children," DIOXIN '93: 13th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds 14, 235-238 (1993).
48. J. L. Jacobson and S. W. Jacobson, " A 4-Year Follow-up Study of Children Born to Consumers of Lake Michigan Fish," Journal of Great Lakes Research 19, 776-783 (1993).
49. W. J. Rogan, B. C. Gladden, and J. D. McKinney, "Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethane (DDE) in Human Milk: Effects on Growth, Morbidity and Duration of Lactation," American Journal of Public Health 77, 1294-1297 (1987).
50. A. Brouwer, U. G. Ahlborg, U. M. van den Berg, L. S. Birnbaum, E. R. Boersma, B., Bosveld, M. S. Denison, L. E. Gray, L. Hagmar, E. Holene, M. Huisman, S. W. Jacobson, J. L. Jacobson, C. Koopman-Esseboom, J. G. Koppe, B. M. Kulig, D. C. Morse, G Muckle, R. E. Peterson, R J. J Sauer, R. F. Seegal, A. E. Smits-Prooije, B. C. L. Touwn, N Weiglas-Kuperis, and G. Winneke, "Functional Aspects of Developmental Toxicity of Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Experimental Animals and Human Infants," European Journal of Pharmacology, Environmental Toxicology Pharmacology Section 293, 1-40 (1995).
51. P. S. Guzelian, "Comparative Toxicology of Chlordecone (Kepone) in Humans and Experimental Animals," Annual Review of Pharm. Toxicol. 22, 89-113 (1982).
52. U. G. Ahborg, L. Lipworth, L. Tituts-Ernstoff, C. C. Hsieh, A. Hanberg, J. Baron, D. Trichopoulos, and H. O. Adami, "Organochlorine Compounds in Relation to Breast Cancer, Endometrial Cancer, and Endometriosis. An Assessment of the Biological and Epidemiological Evidence," Critical Reviews in Toxicology 25, 463-531 (1995).
53. L. L. Lipshultz, "'The Debate Continues' - the Continuing Debate over the Possible Decline in Semen Quality," Fertility and Sterility 65, 909-911 (1996).
54. Umweltbundesamt, Expert Round Endocrinically, Active Chemicals in the Environment, Berlin 9 and 10, March (Umweltbundesamt. Berlin, 1995), 151 pp.
55. B. S Katzenellenbogen, M. M. Monaton, P. LeGoff, D. J. Schodin, W. L. Kraus, B. Bhardwaj, and N. Fujimoto, "Antiestrogens: Mechanisms and Actions in Target Cells," Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 53, 1-6 (1995).
56. S. F. Arnold, M. K. Robinson, A. C. Notides, L. J. Guillete, Jr., and J. A. McLachlan, "A Yeast Estrogen Screen for Examining the Relative Exposure of Cells to Natural and Xenoestrogens," Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 544-548 (1996).
57. W R Kelce, C. R. Stone, S. C Laws, L. E. Gray, J. A. Kemppainen, and E. M Wilson, "Persistent DDT Metabolite p,p'-DDE is a Potent Androgen Receptor Antagonist," Nature 375, 581-585 (1995).
58. M. Pons, D. Gagne, J. C. Nicholas, and M. Mehtali, "A New Cellular Model of Response to Estrogens: A Bioluminescent Test to Characterize (Anti)Estrogen Molecules," Bio Techniques 9, 450-459 (1990).
59. A. M. Soto, C. Sonnenshein, K. L. Chung, M. F. Fernandez, N. Olea, and F. O. Serrano, "The E-SCREEN Assay as a Tool to Indentify Estrogens: An Update on Estrogenic Environmental Pollutants," Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (Suppl. 3), 113-122.
60. M. Villalobos, N. Olea, J. B. Brotons, M. F. Olea-Serrano, J M. Ruiz de Almodovar, and V Pedraza, "The E-Screen Assay: A Comparison of Different MCF7 Cell Stocks," Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 844-850 (1995).
61. C. Pelissero, G. Flouriot, J. L. Foucher, B. Bennetau, J. Dunogues, F. LeGac, and J P. Sumpter, "Vitellogenin Synthesis in Cultured Hepatocytes: An in Vitro Test for Estrogenic Potency of Chemicals," Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 44, 263-272 (1993).
62. S. Safe. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Related Compounds: Environmental and Mechanistic Based Considerations Which Support the Development of Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs)," Critical Reviews in Toxicology 21, 51-88 (1990).
63. S Safe, "Environmental and Dietary Estrogens and Human Health: Is There a Problem?" Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 346-351 (1995).
64. S. F. Arnold, D. M. Klotz, M Collins, P. M. Vonier,L. J. Guillette, Jr., and J. A. McLachlan, "Synergistic Activation of Estrogen Receptor with Combinations of Environmental Chemicals," Science 272, 1489-1492 (1996).
65. D. M. Sheehan, C. A. Thayer, and F. vom Saal, "A Paradigm Inversion for Low Dose Toxicity Studies," Teratology 53, 96 (abstract) (1996).