메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 826-832

Escape behavior - Brainstem and spinal cord circuitry and function

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN STEM; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; MAMMAL; MODULATION; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD; SYNAPSE; VERTEBRATE;

EID: 0030455382     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80034-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (50)
  • 2
    • 0026542671 scopus 로고
    • The role of the amygdala in fear-potentiated startle: Implications for animal models of anxiety
    • Davis M: The role of the amygdala in fear-potentiated startle: implications for animal models of anxiety. Trends Pharmacol Sei 1992, 13:35-41.
    • (1992) Trends Pharmacol Sei , vol.13 , pp. 35-41
    • Davis, M.1
  • 3
    • 0028430997 scopus 로고
    • Motion analysis of escape movements evoked by tactile stimulation in the cockroach Periplaneta americana
    • Schaefer PL, Kondagunta GV, Ritzmann RE: Motion analysis of escape movements evoked by tactile stimulation in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. J Exp Biol 1994, 190:287-294.
    • (1994) J Exp Biol , vol.190 , pp. 287-294
    • Schaefer, P.L.1    Kondagunta, G.V.2    Ritzmann, R.E.3
  • 4
    • 0001754437 scopus 로고
    • Activation of Mauthner neurons during prey capture
    • Canfield JG, Rose GJ: Activation of Mauthner neurons during prey capture. J Comp Physiol [A] 1993, 172:611-618.
    • (1993) J Comp Physiol [A] , vol.172 , pp. 611-618
    • Canfield, J.G.1    Rose, G.J.2
  • 5
    • 0025323022 scopus 로고
    • The motor output of the Mauthner cell, a reticulospinal command neuron
    • Nissanov J, Eaton RC, DiDomenico R: The motor output of the Mauthner cell, a reticulospinal command neuron. Brain Res 1990, 517:88-98.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.517 , pp. 88-98
    • Nissanov, J.1    Eaton, R.C.2    DiDomenico, R.3
  • 6
    • 0020034255 scopus 로고
    • Brain neurons which project to the spinal cord in young larvae of the zebrafish
    • Kimmel CB, Powell SL, MetcaHe WK: Brain neurons which project to the spinal cord in young larvae of the zebrafish. J Comp Neural 1982, 205:112-127.
    • (1982) J Comp Neural , vol.205 , pp. 112-127
    • Kimmel, C.B.1    Powell, S.L.2    Metcahe, W.K.3
  • 7
    • 0027513006 scopus 로고
    • Segmental arrangement of reticulospinal neurons in the goldfish hindbrain
    • Lee RKK, Eaton RC, Zottoli SJ: Segmental arrangement of reticulospinal neurons in the goldfish hindbrain. J Comp Neural 1993,329:539-556.
    • (1993) J Comp Neural , vol.329 , pp. 539-556
    • Lee, R.K.K.1    Eaton, R.C.2    Zottoli, S.J.3
  • 8
    • 0027451876 scopus 로고
    • The direction change concept for reticulospinal control of goldfish escape
    • Foreman MB, Eaton RC: The direction change concept for reticulospinal control of goldfish escape. J Neurosci 1993, 13:4101-4113.
    • (1993) J Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 4101-4113
    • Foreman, M.B.1    Eaton, R.C.2
  • 9
    • 0028795229 scopus 로고
    • Visualization of active neural circuitry in the spinal cord of intact zebrafish
    • Fetcho JR, O'Malley DM: Visualization of active neural circuitry in the spinal cord of intact zebrafish. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:399-406. Introduces an innovative and promising technique that allows the activity of populations of neurons contributing to a motor behavior to be measured non-invasively in embryonic zebrafish. Functional differences between primary and secondary motoneurons, described for behaviors such as swimming, are not observed with escape.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.73 , pp. 399-406
    • Fetcho, J.R.1    O'Malley, D.M.2
  • 10
    • 0019957992 scopus 로고
    • A primary acoustic startle circuit: Lesion and stimulation studies
    • Davis M, Gendelman DS, Tischler M, Gendelman PM: A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies. J Neurosci: 1982, 2:791-805.
    • (1982) J Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 791-805
    • Davis, M.1    Gendelman, D.S.2    Tischler, M.3    Gendelman, P.M.4
  • 11
    • 0028796815 scopus 로고
    • Axons and synapses mediating electrically evoked startle: Collision tests and latency analysis
    • Frankland PW, Scott BW, Yeomans JS: Axons and synapses mediating electrically evoked startle: collision tests and latency analysis. Brain Res 1995, 670:97-111.
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.670 , pp. 97-111
    • Frankland, P.W.1    Scott, B.W.2    Yeomans, J.S.3
  • 12
    • 0028324413 scopus 로고
    • Giant neurons in the rat reticular formation: A sensorimotor interface in the elementary acoustic startle circuit?
    • Lingenhohl K, Friauf E: Giant neurons in the rat reticular formation: a sensorimotor interface in the elementary acoustic startle circuit? J Neurosci 1994, 14:1176-1194.
    • (1994) J Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 1176-1194
    • Lingenhohl, K.1    Friauf, E.2
  • 13
    • 0029983622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A primary acoustic startle pathway: Obligatory role of cochlear root neurons and the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis
    • Lee Y, Lopez DE, Meloni EG, Davis M: A primary acoustic startle pathway: obligatory role of cochlear root neurons and the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis. J Neurosci 1996, 16:3775-3789. Electrolytic and NMDA-induced lesions of structures previously implicated in the rat acoustic startle circuit reduce the apparent complexity of the network. The network may involve only three synapses, onto cochlear root neurons, neurons in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (PnC) and spinal motoneurons, in agreement with a model based on intracellular recordings in the PnC [12].
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 3775-3789
    • Lee, Y.1    Lopez, D.E.2    Meloni, E.G.3    Davis, M.4
  • 14
    • 0026717025 scopus 로고
    • Loss of the acoustic startle response following neurotoxic lesions of the caudal pontine reticular formation: Possible role of giant neurons
    • Koch M, Lingenhohl K, Pilz PKD: Loss of the acoustic startle response following neurotoxic lesions of the caudal pontine reticular formation: possible role of giant neurons. Neuroscience 1992, 49:61 7-625.
    • (1992) Neuroscience , vol.49 , pp. 617-625
    • Koch, M.1    Lingenhohl, K.2    Pilz, P.K.D.3
  • 16
    • 0026253315 scopus 로고
    • How stimulus direction determines the trajectory of the Mauthner-initiated escape response in a teleost fish
    • Eaton RC, Emberley DS: How stimulus direction determines the trajectory of the Mauthner-initiated escape response in a teleost fish. J Exp Biol 1991, 161:469-487.
    • (1991) J Exp Biol , vol.161 , pp. 469-487
    • Eaton, R.C.1    Emberley, D.S.2
  • 17
    • 0029443642 scopus 로고
    • Structural diversity in the inner ear of teleost fishes: Implications for connections to the Mauthner cell
    • 7. Popper AN, Edds-Walton PL: Structural diversity in the inner ear of teleost fishes: implications for connections to the Mauthner cell. Brain Behav Evol 1995, 46:131-140.
    • (1995) Brain Behav Evol , vol.46 , pp. 131-140
    • Popper, A.N.1    Edds-Walton, P.L.2
  • 18
    • 0029448884 scopus 로고
    • Physiology of primary saccular afférents of goldfish: implications for Mauthner cell response
    • Fay RR: Physiology of primary saccular afférents of goldfish: implications for Mauthner cell response. Brain Behav Evol 1995, 46:141-150. A review of studies demonstrating that sound transduced by the swim bladder produces equal stimulation of both sacculi in the goldfish. This suggests that initiation of the M-cell response requires a powerful input from the swim bladder, with directionality derived from smaller, disparate responses to particle motion.
    • (1995) Brain Behav Evol , vol.46 , pp. 141-150
    • Fay, R.R.1
  • 19
    • 0001163981 scopus 로고
    • Convergence of morphological, physiological, and immunocytochemical techniques for the study of single Mauthner cells
    • Edited by Bjorklund A, Hokfelt T, Wouterlood FG, Van den Pol AN. Amsterdam: Elsevier
    • Korn H, Faber DS, Triller A: Convergence of morphological, physiological, and immunocytochemical techniques for the study of single Mauthner cells. In Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol 8. Edited by Bjorklund A, Hokfelt T, Wouterlood FG, Van den Pol AN. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990:403-480.
    • (1990) Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy , vol.8 , pp. 403-480
    • Korn, H.1    Faber, D.S.2    Triller, A.3
  • 20
    • 0029440914 scopus 로고
    • Left-right discrimination of sound onset by the Mauthner system
    • Eaton RC, Canfield JG, Guzik AL: Left-right discrimination of sound onset by the Mauthner system. Brain Behav Evol 1995, 46:165-179. Proposes the phase model for the goldfish escape, in which directionality is achieved by central processing of signals conveying information about the phase of the particle motion of a stimulus, as detected by hair cells of opposing orientations. In this model, inhibitory interneurons involved in feedforward control of M-cell excitability have a critical role, as they decipher the phase difference and preferentially inhibit the 'wrong' M-cell.
    • (1995) Brain Behav Evol , vol.46 , pp. 165-179
    • Eaton, R.C.1    Canfield, J.G.2    Guzik, A.L.3
  • 21
    • 0028024335 scopus 로고
    • Glycinergic inhibitory synaptic currents and related receptor channels in the zebrafish brain
    • Legendre P, Korn H: Glycinergic inhibitory synaptic currents and related receptor channels in the zebrafish brain. Eur J Neurosci 1994, 6:1544-1557.
    • (1994) Eur J Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 1544-1557
    • Legendre, P.1    Korn, H.2
  • 22
    • 0029051418 scopus 로고
    • Voltage dependence of conductance changes evoked by glycine release in the zebrafish brain
    • Legendre P, Korn H: Voltage dependence of conductance changes evoked by glycine release in the zebrafish brain. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:2404-2412.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.73 , pp. 2404-2412
    • Legendre, P.1    Korn, H.2
  • 23
    • 0023152455 scopus 로고
    • Voltage dependence of glycine-activated Ch channels: A potentiometer for inhibition?
    • Faber DS, Kom H: Voltage dependence of glycine-activated Ch channels: a potentiometer for inhibition? J Neurosci 1987, 7:807-811.
    • (1987) J Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 807-811
    • Faber, D.S.1    Kom, H.2
  • 24
    • 0028936325 scopus 로고
    • Glycine receptors in the caudal pontine reticular formation: Are they important for the inhibition of the acoustic startle response?
    • Koch M, Friauf E: Glycine receptors in the caudal pontine reticular formation: are they important for the inhibition of the acoustic startle response? Brain Res 1994, 671:63-72.
    • (1994) Brain Res , vol.671 , pp. 63-72
    • Koch, M.1    Friauf, E.2
  • 25
    • 0027330927 scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor cause the dominant neurologic disorder, hyperekplexia
    • Shiang R, Ryan SG, Zhu Y-Z, Hahn AF, O'Connell P, Wasmuth JJ: Mutations in the 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor cause the dominant neurologic disorder, hyperekplexia. Nat Genet 1993, 5:351-358.
    • (1993) Nat Genet , vol.5 , pp. 351-358
    • Shiang, R.1    Ryan, S.G.2    Zhu, Y.-Z.3    Hahn, A.F.4    O'Connell, P.5    Wasmuth, J.J.6
  • 26
    • 0028855747 scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of inherited startle syndromes
    • Rajendra S, Schofield PR: Molecular mechanisms of inherited startle syndromes. Trends Neurosci 1995, 18:80-82. A comprehensive review that focuses on the molecular pathologies of the glycine receptor and their common motor consequences in various species.
    • (1995) Trends Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 80-82
    • Rajendra, S.1    Schofield, P.R.2
  • 27
    • 0029018726 scopus 로고
    • Mutations affecting the glycine receptor agonist transduction mechanism convert the competitive antagonist, picrotoxin, into an allosteric potentiator
    • Lynch JW, Rajendra S, Barry PH, Schofield PR: Mutations affecting the glycine receptor agonist transduction mechanism convert the competitive antagonist, picrotoxin, into an allosteric potentiator. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:13799-13806.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 13799-13806
    • Lynch, J.W.1    Rajendra, S.2    Barry, P.H.3    Schofield, P.R.4
  • 28
    • 0028831226 scopus 로고
    • Mutation of an arginine residue in the human glycine receptor transforms β-alanine and taurine from agonists into competitive antagonists
    • Rajendra S, Lynch JW, Pierce KD, French CR, Barry PH, Schofield PR: Mutation of an arginine residue in the human glycine receptor transforms β-alanine and taurine from agonists into competitive antagonists. Neuron 1995, 14:169-175.
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.14 , pp. 169-175
    • Rajendra, S.1    Lynch, J.W.2    Pierce, K.D.3    French, C.R.4    Barry, P.H.5    Schofield, P.R.6
  • 29
    • 0028874147 scopus 로고
    • Does a mutation of the glycine receptor modify GABA metabolism in startle disease?
    • Berthier M, Oriot D, Bonneau D, Jaeken J: Does a mutation of the glycine receptor modify GABA metabolism in startle disease? Acta Paediatr 1995, 84:5.
    • (1995) Acta Paediatr , vol.84 , pp. 5
    • Berthier, M.1    Oriot, D.2    Bonneau, D.3    Jaeken, J.4
  • 30
    • 0028871383 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal elements that mediate escape swimming and suppress feeding behavior in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea
    • Jing J, Gillette R: Neuronal elements that mediate escape swimming and suppress feeding behavior in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea. J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:1900-1910.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.74 , pp. 1900-1910
    • Jing, J.1    Gillette, R.2
  • 31
    • 0029257226 scopus 로고
    • Motor patterns during kicking movements in the locust
    • Burrows M: Motor patterns during kicking movements in the locust J Comp Physiol [A] 1995, 176:289-305. Simultaneous in vivo recordings of movements from motoneurons controlling the hindlimb muscles producing the escape jump and kicks in locust. Variability of movements is related to the range of timing and the magnitude of de- and hyperpolarization of antagonistic motoneurons.
    • (1995) J Comp Physiol [A] , vol.176 , pp. 289-305
    • Burrows, M.1
  • 32
    • 0000808670 scopus 로고
    • Red and white muscle activity and kinematics of the escape response of the bluegill sunfish during swimming
    • Jayne BC, Lauder GV: Red and white muscle activity and kinematics of the escape response of the bluegill sunfish during swimming. J Comp Physiol [Al 1993, 173:495-508.
    • (1993) J Comp Physiol Al , vol.173 , pp. 495-508
    • Jayne, B.C.1    Lauder, G.V.2
  • 33
    • 0030050761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between the neural networks for escape and swimming in goldfish
    • Svoboda KR, Fetcho JR: Interactions between the neural networks for escape and swimming in goldfish. J Neurosci 1996, 16:843-852. Provides the first direct evidence that a M-cell-initiated escape reaction can override ongoing spinal cord activity, such as fictive swimming. The M-cell also resets the swimming rhythm. Analogies are drawn with similar functional interactions in diverse vertebrates, including cats.
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 843-852
    • Svoboda, K.R.1    Fetcho, J.R.2
  • 34
    • 0029176809 scopus 로고
    • Beating the competition: The reliability hypothesis for Mauthner axon size
    • Eaton RC, Hofve JC, Fetcho JR: Beating the competition: the reliability hypothesis for Mauthner axon size. Brain Behav Evol 1995, 45:183-194.
    • (1995) Brain Behav Evol , vol.45 , pp. 183-194
    • Eaton, R.C.1    Hofve, J.C.2    Fetcho, J.R.3
  • 35
    • 0026696168 scopus 로고
    • Biogenic amines modulate synaptic transmission between identified giant interneurons and thoracic interneurons in the escape system of the cockroach
    • Casagrand JL, Ritzmann RE: Biogenic amines modulate synaptic transmission between identified giant interneurons and thoracic interneurons in the escape system of the cockroach. J Neurobiol 1992, 23:644-655.
    • (1992) J Neurobiol , vol.23 , pp. 644-655
    • Casagrand, J.L.1    Ritzmann, R.E.2
  • 36
    • 0030041344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromodulation of the escape behavior of the cockroach Periplaneta americana by the venom of the parasitic wasp Ampulex compressa
    • Fouad K, Libersat F, Rathmayer W: Neuromodulation of the escape behavior of the cockroach Periplaneta americana by the venom of the parasitic wasp Ampulex compressa. J Comp Physio/ [A] 1996, 178:91 -100.
    • (1996) J Comp Physio/ [A] , vol.178 , pp. 91-100
    • Fouad, K.1    Libersat, F.2    Rathmayer, W.3
  • 37
    • 0028917980 scopus 로고
    • Habituation of an invertebrate escape reflex due to modulation by higher centers rather than local events
    • Krasne FB, Teshiba TM: Habituation of an invertebrate escape reflex due to modulation by higher centers rather than local events. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1995, 92:3362-3366. Evidence that removing, through use of picrotoxin, a descending inhibitory control of the giant interneurons that mediate crayfish escape strongly reduces habituation of the reflex.
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA , vol.92 , pp. 3362-3366
    • Krasne, F.B.1    Teshiba, T.M.2
  • 38
    • 0030593037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of social experience on serotonergic modulation of the escape circuit of crayfish
    • Yeh S-R, Fricke RA, Edwards DH: The effect of social experience on serotonergic modulation of the escape circuit of crayfish. Science 1996, 271:366-369. Serotonin enhances responses at an identified synapse in dominant crayfish and reduces them in subordinate ones. First evidence that a neuromodulator not only adjusts the gain of synapses in escape circuits but can have opposing effects depending on the animal's social experience.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 366-369
    • Yeh, S.-R.1    Fricke, R.A.2    Edwards, D.H.3
  • 39
    • 0027102747 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine enhances both electrotonic coupling and chemical excitatory postsynaptic potentials at mixed synapses
    • Pereda A, Triller A, Korn H, Faber DS: Dopamine enhances both electrotonic coupling and chemical excitatory postsynaptic potentials at mixed synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1992, 89:12088-12092.
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA , vol.89 , pp. 12088-12092
    • Pereda, A.1    Triller, A.2    Korn, H.3    Faber, D.S.4
  • 40
    • 0025224974 scopus 로고
    • Long-term potentiation of electrotonic coupling at mixed synapses
    • Yang X-D, Korn H, Faber DS: Long-term potentiation of electrotonic coupling at mixed synapses. Nature 1990, 348:542-545.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 542-545
    • Yang, X.-D.1    Korn, H.2    Faber, D.S.3
  • 41
    • 0030010441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity-dependent short-term enhancement of intercellular coupling
    • Pereda AE, Faber DS: Activity-dependent short-term enhancement of intercellular coupling. J Neurose! 1996, 16:983-992. Extends the analysis of LTP made by primary afferents at mixed excitatory synapses to demonstrate that both gap junctions and chemical transmission undergo short-lasting enhancements in synaptic strength triggered by localized postsynaptic increases in calcium.
    • (1996) J Neurose! , vol.16 , pp. 983-992
    • Pereda, A.E.1    Faber, D.S.2
  • 42
    • 0025828540 scopus 로고
    • Initial synaptic efficacy influences induction and expression of long-term changes in transmission
    • Yang X-D, Faber DS: Initial synaptic efficacy influences induction and expression of long-term changes in transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1991, 88:4299-4303.
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA , vol.88 , pp. 4299-4303
    • Yang, X.-D.1    Faber, D.S.2
  • 43
    • 0029048440 scopus 로고
    • Long-term potentiation of glycinergic inhibitory synaptic transmission
    • Oda Y, Charpier S, Murayama Y, Suma C, Korn H: Long-term potentiation of glycinergic inhibitory synaptic transmission. J Neurophysiol 1995, 74:1056-1074. The most complete description of LTP at inhibitory synapses in the vertebrate brain, with a discussion of the consequences for neural network function and for behavior. Suggests LTP may be involved in the adaptive tuning of reflexive behaviors.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.74 , pp. 1056-1074
    • Oda, Y.1    Charpier, S.2    Murayama, Y.3    Suma, C.4    Korn, H.5
  • 44
    • 0028985362 scopus 로고
    • 'Latent' inhibitory connections become functional during activitydependent plasticity
    • Charpier S, Behrends JC, Triller A, Faber DS, Korn H: 'Latent' inhibitory connections become functional during activitydependent plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1995, 92:11 7-120. Direct demonstration, through use of paired recordings from identified dyeinjected interneurons and their targets, of silent synaptic connections that are switched on by a tetanizing paradigm used to study LTP at M-cell connections [40,43"].
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA , vol.92 , pp. 117-120
    • Charpier, S.1    Behrends, J.C.2    Triller, A.3    Faber, D.S.4    Korn, H.5
  • 45
    • 0029093419 scopus 로고
    • LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit
    • Rogan MT, Le Doux JE: LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit Neuron 1995, 15:127-136.
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.15 , pp. 127-136
    • Rogan, M.T.1    Le Doux, J.E.2
  • 46
    • 0028846007 scopus 로고
    • Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: Parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat
    • Quirk GJ, Repa JC, LeDoux JE: Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat Neuron 1995, 15:1029-1039.
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.15 , pp. 1029-1039
    • Quirk, G.J.1    Repa, J.C.2    LeDoux, J.E.3
  • 47
    • 0028258049 scopus 로고
    • Chemical and visual control of feeding and escape behaviors in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus
    • Valentincic IB, Caprio J: Chemical and visual control of feeding and escape behaviors in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Physiol Behav 1994, 55:845-855.
    • (1994) Physiol Behav , vol.55 , pp. 845-855
    • Valentincic, I.B.1    Caprio, J.2
  • 48
    • 0028788998 scopus 로고
    • Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: Basis of the fight-or-flight response
    • Jansen ASP, Nguyen XV, Karpitskiy V, Mettenleiter TC, Loewy AD: Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: basis of the fight-or-flight response. Science 1995, 270:644-646. Describes a newly developed double-virus transneuronal labeling method to identify neuronal populations involved in multiple behaviors: in this case, potential central command cells in the sympathetic nervous system.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 644-646
    • Jansen, A.S.P.1    Karpitskiy, V.2    Mettenleiter, T.C.3    Loewy, A.D.4
  • 49
    • 84916867943 scopus 로고
    • Production of transgenic poultry and fish
    • Edited by Pinkert CA. New York: Academic Press
    • Cioffi LC, Kopchick JJ, Chen HY: Production of transgenic poultry and fish. In Transgenic Animal Technology. Edited by Pinkert CA. New York: Academic Press; 1994:279-313.
    • (1994) Transgenic Animal Technology , pp. 279-313
    • Cioffi, L.C.1    Kopchick, J.J.2    Chen, H.Y.3
  • 50
    • 0026621831 scopus 로고
    • The spinal motor system in early vertebrates and some of its evolutionary changes
    • Fetcho JR: The spinal motor system in early vertebrates and some of its evolutionary changes. Brain Behav Evol 1992, 40:82-97.
    • (1992) Brain Behav Evol , vol.40 , pp. 82-97
    • Fetcho, J.R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.