Ten steps to sustainable infrastructure

Habitat International

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 389-404

  Choguill, Charles L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT; SERVICE PROVISION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; URBAN MANAGEMENT; URBAN PLANNING;

EID: 0030448237     PISSN: 01973975     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0197-3975(96)00013-6     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. The present paper is based on a research study sponsored by the UK Overseas Development Administration and is reported in C.L. Choguill, M.G.B. Choguill and A.M. Silva-Roberts, Developing Self-sustaining Infrastructure in Third World Urban Areas, a Research Report to the Overseas Development Administration on Research Project No. 6079 by the University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies (1995), 2 volumes.
2. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987), p 8.
3. Exceptions to this generalisation include J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992); G. Haughton and C. Hunter, Sustainable Cities (Jessica Kingsley, London, 1994); D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, 1990); E. Leman and J.E. Cox, "Sustainable Urban Development: Strategic Considerations for Urbanizing Nations", Ekistics 348/349 (1991), pp. 217-224; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Sustainable Human Settlements Development: Implementing Agenda 21 (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1993); and C.L. Choguill, "Sustainable Cities; Urban Policies for the Future", Habitat International 17, 3 (1993), pp. 1-12.
4. Exceptions to this generalisation include J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992); G. Haughton and C. Hunter, Sustainable Cities (Jessica Kingsley, London, 1994); D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, 1990); E. Leman and J.E. Cox, "Sustainable Urban Development: Strategic Considerations for Urbanizing Nations", Ekistics 348/349 (1991), pp. 217-224; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Sustainable Human Settlements Development: Implementing Agenda 21 (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1993); and C.L. Choguill, "Sustainable Cities; Urban Policies for the Future", Habitat International 17, 3 (1993), pp. 1-12.
5. Exceptions to this generalisation include J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992); G. Haughton and C. Hunter, Sustainable Cities (Jessica Kingsley, London, 1994); D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, 1990); E. Leman and J.E. Cox, "Sustainable Urban Development: Strategic Considerations for Urbanizing Nations", Ekistics 348/349 (1991), pp. 217-224; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Sustainable Human Settlements Development: Implementing Agenda 21 (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1993); and C.L. Choguill, "Sustainable Cities; Urban Policies for the Future", Habitat International 17, 3 (1993), pp. 1-12.
6. Exceptions to this generalisation include J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992); G. Haughton and C. Hunter, Sustainable Cities (Jessica Kingsley, London, 1994); D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, 1990); E. Leman and J.E. Cox, "Sustainable Urban Development: Strategic Considerations for Urbanizing Nations", Ekistics 348/349 (1991), pp. 217-224; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Sustainable Human Settlements Development: Implementing Agenda 21 (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1993); and C.L. Choguill, "Sustainable Cities; Urban Policies for the Future", Habitat International 17, 3 (1993), pp. 1-12.
7. Exceptions to this generalisation include J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992); G. Haughton and C. Hunter, Sustainable Cities (Jessica Kingsley, London, 1994); D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, 1990); E. Leman and J.E. Cox, "Sustainable Urban Development: Strategic Considerations for Urbanizing Nations", Ekistics 348/349 (1991), pp. 217-224; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Sustainable Human Settlements Development: Implementing Agenda 21 (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1993); and C.L. Choguill, "Sustainable Cities; Urban Policies for the Future", Habitat International 17, 3 (1993), pp. 1-12.
8. Exceptions to this generalisation include J.E. Hardoy, D. Mitlin and D. Satterthwaite, Environmental Problems in Third World Cities (Earthscan, London, 1992); G. Haughton and C. Hunter, Sustainable Cities (Jessica Kingsley, London, 1994); D. Cadman and G. Payne (eds), The Living City: Towards a Sustainable Future (Routledge, Andover, 1990); E. Leman and J.E. Cox, "Sustainable Urban Development: Strategic Considerations for Urbanizing Nations", Ekistics 348/349 (1991), pp. 217-224; United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Sustainable Human Settlements Development: Implementing Agenda 21 (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1993); and C.L. Choguill, "Sustainable Cities; Urban Policies for the Future", Habitat International 17, 3 (1993), pp. 1-12.
9. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Global Report on Human Settlements 1986 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987), p. 29.
10. See, however, I. Serageldin, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Sustainability: the Financing Challenge (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994); R.W.A. Franceys and A.P. Cotton, "Benefits and Sustainability in Infrastructure Provision: India and Sri Lanka", paper presented at the 6th Inter Schools Conference on Development, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, 1989; C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Progressive Improvement", Habitat International 17, 4 (1993), pp. 1-12; and C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Overcoming Constraints", Habitat International 18, 1 (1994), pp. 3-12.
11. See, however, I. Serageldin, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Sustainability: the Financing Challenge (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994); R.W.A. Franceys and A.P. Cotton, "Benefits and Sustainability in Infrastructure Provision: India and Sri Lanka", paper presented at the 6th Inter Schools Conference on Development, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, 1989; C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Progressive Improvement", Habitat International 17, 4 (1993), pp. 1-12; and C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Overcoming Constraints", Habitat International 18, 1 (1994), pp. 3-12.
12. See, however, I. Serageldin, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Sustainability: the Financing Challenge (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994); R.W.A. Franceys and A.P. Cotton, "Benefits and Sustainability in Infrastructure Provision: India and Sri Lanka", paper presented at the 6th Inter Schools Conference on Development, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, 1989; C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Progressive Improvement", Habitat International 17, 4 (1993), pp. 1-12; and C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Overcoming Constraints", Habitat International 18, 1 (1994), pp. 3-12.
13. See, however, I. Serageldin, Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Sustainability: the Financing Challenge (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994); R.W.A. Franceys and A.P. Cotton, "Benefits and Sustainability in Infrastructure Provision: India and Sri Lanka", paper presented at the 6th Inter Schools Conference on Development, University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies, 1989; C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Progressive Improvement", Habitat International 17, 4 (1993), pp. 1-12; and C.L. Choguill, R. Franceys and A. Cotton, "Building Community Infrastructure in the 1990s: Overcoming Constraints", Habitat International 18, 1 (1994), pp. 3-12.
14. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (1987), see note 4, p. 77
15. The World Bank, World Development Report 1994 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994), p. 13.
16. C. Kessides, "The Contributions of Infrastructure to Economic Development: a Review of Experience and Policy Implications", World Bank Discussion Paper No. 213 (Washington, DC, 1993); A. Anas and K.S. Lee, "Infrastructure Investment and Productivity: the Case of Nigerian Manufacturing", World Bank Urban Development Division Discussion Paper INU 14 (Washington, DC, May 1988); and K.S. Lee, "Infrastructure Constraints on Industrial Growth in Thailand", World Bank Urban Development Division Working Paper 88-2 (Washington, DC, September 1988).
17. C. Kessides, "The Contributions of Infrastructure to Economic Development: a Review of Experience and Policy Implications", World Bank Discussion Paper No. 213 (Washington, DC, 1993); A. Anas and K.S. Lee, "Infrastructure Investment and Productivity: the Case of Nigerian Manufacturing", World Bank Urban Development Division Discussion Paper INU 14 (Washington, DC, May 1988); and K.S. Lee, "Infrastructure Constraints on Industrial Growth in Thailand", World Bank Urban Development Division Working Paper 88-2 (Washington, DC, September 1988).
18. C. Kessides, "The Contributions of Infrastructure to Economic Development: a Review of Experience and Policy Implications", World Bank Discussion Paper No. 213 (Washington, DC, 1993); A. Anas and K.S. Lee, "Infrastructure Investment and Productivity: the Case of Nigerian Manufacturing", World Bank Urban Development Division Discussion Paper INU 14 (Washington, DC, May 1988); and K.S. Lee, "Infrastructure Constraints on Industrial Growth in Thailand", World Bank Urban Development Division Working Paper 88-2 (Washington, DC, September 1988).
19. A. Menendez, Access to Basic Infrastructure by the Urban Poor, World Bank EDI Policy Seminar Report No. 28 (Washington, DC, 1991).
20. D. Coyaud, Private and Public Alternative for Providing Water Supply and Sewerage Services, Management Options for Urban Services, Seminar Report (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1986).
21. C.L. Choguill, A. Cotton and R. Franceys. The Preparation of a Planning Manual for the Infrastructural Provision of Water Supply, Drainage and Sewage Disposal based on a Literature Review, A Research Report to the UK Overseas Development Administration on Research Project No. 4647 by the University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies and the Loughborough University of Technology Water, Engineering and Development Centre (1991).
22. J.F.C. Turner, "Barriers and Channels for Housing Development in Modernizing Countries", Journal of the American Institute of Planners 33, 3 (1967), pp. 167-181. See also J.F.C. Turner Housing by People (Marion Boyars, London, 1976). W. Mangin's parallel arguments are most closely and accessibly stated in "Urbanisation Case History in Peru", Architectural Design 33, (1963), pp. 366-370 and "Latin American Squatter Settlements: a Problem and a Solution", Latin American Research Review 2 (1967), pp. 65-98. A broader substantiation of the arguments is found in W. Mangin (ed.), Peasants in Cities: Readings in the Anthropology of Urbanization (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1970).
23. J.F.C. Turner, "Barriers and Channels for Housing Development in Modernizing Countries", Journal of the American Institute of Planners 33, 3 (1967), pp. 167-181. See also J.F.C. Turner Housing by People (Marion Boyars, London, 1976). W. Mangin's parallel arguments are most closely and accessibly stated in "Urbanisation Case History in Peru", Architectural Design 33, (1963), pp. 366-370 and "Latin American Squatter Settlements: a Problem and a Solution", Latin American Research Review 2 (1967), pp. 65-98. A broader substantiation of the arguments is found in W. Mangin (ed.), Peasants in Cities: Readings in the Anthropology of Urbanization (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1970).
24. J.F.C. Turner, "Barriers and Channels for Housing Development in Modernizing Countries", Journal of the American Institute of Planners 33, 3 (1967), pp. 167-181. See also J.F.C. Turner Housing by People (Marion Boyars, London, 1976). W. Mangin's parallel arguments are most closely and accessibly stated in "Urbanisation Case History in Peru", Architectural Design 33, (1963), pp. 366-370 and "Latin American Squatter Settlements: a Problem and a Solution", Latin American Research Review 2 (1967), pp. 65-98. A broader substantiation of the arguments is found in W. Mangin (ed.), Peasants in Cities: Readings in the Anthropology of Urbanization (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1970).
25. J.F.C. Turner, "Barriers and Channels for Housing Development in Modernizing Countries", Journal of the American Institute of Planners 33, 3 (1967), pp. 167-181. See also J.F.C. Turner Housing by People (Marion Boyars, London, 1976). W. Mangin's parallel arguments are most closely and accessibly stated in "Urbanisation Case History in Peru", Architectural Design 33, (1963), pp. 366-370 and "Latin American Squatter Settlements: a Problem and a Solution", Latin American Research Review 2 (1967), pp. 65-98. A broader substantiation of the arguments is found in W. Mangin (ed.), Peasants in Cities: Readings in the Anthropology of Urbanization (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1970).
26. J.F.C. Turner, "Barriers and Channels for Housing Development in Modernizing Countries", Journal of the American Institute of Planners 33, 3 (1967), pp. 167-181. See also J.F.C. Turner Housing by People (Marion Boyars, London, 1976). W. Mangin's parallel arguments are most closely and accessibly stated in "Urbanisation Case History in Peru", Architectural Design 33, (1963), pp. 366-370 and "Latin American Squatter Settlements: a Problem and a Solution", Latin American Research Review 2 (1967), pp. 65-98. A broader substantiation of the arguments is found in W. Mangin (ed.), Peasants in Cities: Readings in the Anthropology of Urbanization (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1970).
27. Turner (1967), see note 12, p. 168.
28. C. Glennie, A Model for the Development of a Self-Help Water Supply Program, World Bank Technical Paper No. 2 (Technology Advisory Group of the World Bank, Washington, DC, 1982).
29. Choguill et al. (1991), see note 11.
30. The actual method used was the "structured literature review", which involves reviewing source material with the aid of a specially constructed questionnaire. For methodological details, see C.L.Choguill, "Self-Help Construction in Low Income Countries: an Examination of Factors which Promote Success", University of Sheffield Centre for Development Planning Studies Occasional Paper No. 18 (1994).
31. For a description of the study, see K. Hart, "Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana", Journal of Modern African Studies, 11 (1973), pp. 61-89 and International Labour Office, Employment, Incomes and Equality: a Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (ILO, Geneva, 1972).
32. For a description of the study, see K. Hart, "Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana", Journal of Modern African Studies, 11 (1973), pp. 61-89 and International Labour Office, Employment, Incomes and Equality: a Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (ILO, Geneva, 1972).
33. M. Santos, The Shared Space: the Two Circuits of the Urban Economy in Underdeveloped Countries (Methuen, London, 1979).
34. For a development of these concepts, see A. Gilbert and J. Gugler, Cities, Poverty and Development, Ch. 5 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982), and G. Payne, Informal Housing and Land Subdivisions in Third World Cities: a Review of the Literature, a report to the Overseas Development Administration by the Centre for Development and Environmental Planning, Oxford Polytechnic (1989).
35. For a development of these concepts, see A. Gilbert and J. Gugler, Cities, Poverty and Development, Ch. 5 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982), and G. Payne, Informal Housing and Land Subdivisions in Third World Cities: a Review of the Literature, a report to the Overseas Development Administration by the Centre for Development and Environmental Planning, Oxford Polytechnic (1989).
36. J.D. Montgomery, "The Informal Service Sector as an Administrative Resource", in D.A. Rondinelli and G.S. Cheema (eds), Urban Services in Developing Countries (Macmillan, Hong Kong, 1988), pp. 89-111.
37. J.W. Murphy, "Financing Physical Infrastructure for Future Urban Settlements", Ekistics 320/321 1986, pp. 353-361.
38. V.V. Ramanadham (ed.), Privatisation in Developing Countries (Routledge, London, 1989); G. Roth, The Private Provision of Public Services in Developing Countries (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Urban Infrastructure: Finance and Management (OECD, Paris, 1991).
39. V.V. Ramanadham (ed.), Privatisation in Developing Countries (Routledge, London, 1989); G. Roth, The Private Provision of Public Services in Developing Countries (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Urban Infrastructure: Finance and Management (OECD, Paris, 1991).
40. V.V. Ramanadham (ed.), Privatisation in Developing Countries (Routledge, London, 1989); G. Roth, The Private Provision of Public Services in Developing Countries (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Urban Infrastructure: Finance and Management (OECD, Paris, 1991).
41. W.F. Fox, Strategic Options for Urban Infrastructure Management, UNDP/UNCHS/World Bank Urban Management Programme Policy Paper 17 (World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994)
42. Choguill et al. (1991), see note 11, Section 2.
43. United Nations, Land Policies in Human Settlements: a Regional Overview on Current Practice Towards More Effective Utilization of Urban Land (UN, New York, 1985).
44. This does not mean that the land problem facing low-income communities will be solved entirely by legalisation, but such a step would at least help many. See S. Lowder, "The Limitations of Planned Land Development for Low-income Housing in Third World Cities", Urban Studies 30, 7 (1993), pp. 1241-1255 and W.A. Doebele, "Land Availability and Urban Future in Developing Countries", Ekistics 320 (1986), pp. 269-271.
45. This does not mean that the land problem facing low-income communities will be solved entirely by legalisation, but such a step would at least help many. See S. Lowder, "The Limitations of Planned Land Development for Low-income Housing in Third World Cities", Urban Studies 30, 7 (1993), pp. 1241-1255 and W.A. Doebele, "Land Availability and Urban Future in Developing Countries", Ekistics 320 (1986), pp. 269-271.
46. A. Cotton and R. Franceys, Services for Shelter (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1991); I.C. Blackett, "Low-cost Urban Sanitation in Lesotho", World Bank Water and Sanitation Discussion Paper No. 10 (Washington, DC, 1994); B. Grover et al., Water and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook, 3 volumes, World Bank Technical Paper No. 13, (Washington, DC, 1983); United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure for Low-income Settlements, Report HS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984); D.A. Okun and W.R. Ernst, "Community Piped Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries: a Planning Manual", World Bank Technical Paper No. 60 (Washington, DC, 1987); and J.M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, Charles G. Gunnerson and D. Duncan Mara., Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: a Planning and Design Manual, World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 2 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1982).
47. A. Cotton and R. Franceys, Services for Shelter (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1991); I.C. Blackett, "Low-cost Urban Sanitation in Lesotho", World Bank Water and Sanitation Discussion Paper No. 10 (Washington, DC, 1994); B. Grover et al., Water and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook, 3 volumes, World Bank Technical Paper No. 13, (Washington, DC, 1983); United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure for Low-income Settlements, Report HS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984); D.A. Okun and W.R. Ernst, "Community Piped Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries: a Planning Manual", World Bank Technical Paper No. 60 (Washington, DC, 1987); and J.M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, Charles G. Gunnerson and D. Duncan Mara., Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: a Planning and Design Manual, World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 2 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1982).
48. A. Cotton and R. Franceys, Services for Shelter (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1991); I.C. Blackett, "Low-cost Urban Sanitation in Lesotho", World Bank Water and Sanitation Discussion Paper No. 10 (Washington, DC, 1994); B. Grover et al., Water and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook, 3 volumes, World Bank Technical Paper No. 13, (Washington, DC, 1983); United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure for Low-income Settlements, Report HS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984); D.A. Okun and W.R. Ernst, "Community Piped Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries: a Planning Manual", World Bank Technical Paper No. 60 (Washington, DC, 1987); and J.M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, Charles G. Gunnerson and D. Duncan Mara., Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: a Planning and Design Manual, World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 2 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1982).
49. A. Cotton and R. Franceys, Services for Shelter (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1991); I.C. Blackett, "Low-cost Urban Sanitation in Lesotho", World Bank Water and Sanitation Discussion Paper No. 10 (Washington, DC, 1994); B. Grover et al., Water and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook, 3 volumes, World Bank Technical Paper No. 13, (Washington, DC, 1983); United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure for Low-income Settlements, Report HS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984); D.A. Okun and W.R. Ernst, "Community Piped Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries: a Planning Manual", World Bank Technical Paper No. 60 (Washington, DC, 1987); and J.M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, Charles G. Gunnerson and D. Duncan Mara., Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: a Planning and Design Manual, World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 2 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1982).
50. A. Cotton and R. Franceys, Services for Shelter (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1991); I.C. Blackett, "Low-cost Urban Sanitation in Lesotho", World Bank Water and Sanitation Discussion Paper No. 10 (Washington, DC, 1994); B. Grover et al., Water and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook, 3 volumes, World Bank Technical Paper No. 13, (Washington, DC, 1983); United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure for Low-income Settlements, Report HS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984); D.A. Okun and W.R. Ernst, "Community Piped Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries: a Planning Manual", World Bank Technical Paper No. 60 (Washington, DC, 1987); and J.M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, Charles G. Gunnerson and D. Duncan Mara., Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: a Planning and Design Manual, World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 2 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1982).
51. A. Cotton and R. Franceys, Services for Shelter (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1991); I.C. Blackett, "Low-cost Urban Sanitation in Lesotho", World Bank Water and Sanitation Discussion Paper No. 10 (Washington, DC, 1994); B. Grover et al., Water and Sanitation Project Preparation Handbook, 3 volumes, World Bank Technical Paper No. 13, (Washington, DC, 1983); United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure for Low-income Settlements, Report HS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984); D.A. Okun and W.R. Ernst, "Community Piped Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries: a Planning Manual", World Bank Technical Paper No. 60 (Washington, DC, 1987); and J.M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, Charles G. Gunnerson and D. Duncan Mara., Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: a Planning and Design Manual, World Bank Studies in Water Supply and Sanitation No. 2 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1982).
52. The issue of self-help in the provision of infrastructure within the terms of the present model is considered in M.B.G. Choguill, "A Ladder of Community Participation for Underdeveloped Countries", Habitat International 20, 3 (1996), pp. 431-444.
53. Hardoy et al., (1992), see note 3; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in Cadman and Payne (eds), (1990), see note 3; and B. Turner (ed.), Building Community: a Third World Case Book (Building Community Books, London, 1988), pp. 81-88.
54. Hardoy et al., (1992), see note 3; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in Cadman and Payne (eds), (1990), see note 3; and B. Turner (ed.), Building Community: a Third World Case Book (Building Community Books, London, 1988), pp. 81-88.
55. Hardoy et al., (1992), see note 3; A. Hassan, "Development through Partnership: the Orangi Project in Karachi", in Cadman and Payne (eds), (1990), see note 3; and B. Turner (ed.), Building Community: a Third World Case Book (Building Community Books, London, 1988), pp. 81-88.
56. S.F. Postma, "Piped Water Supply to Low Income Housing", Water Supply 1, 4 (1983), pp. 222 ff.
57. J. Briscoe and D. de Ferranti, Water for Rural Communities - Helping People to Help Themselves (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1988).
58. Yap Kioe Sheng, The Urban Poor as Agents of Development: Community Action Planning in Sri Lanka (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 1993) and V. Pathirana and Yap Kioe Sheng, "The Community Contract System in Sri Lanka", Habitat International 16, 4 (1992), pp. 3-14.
59. Yap Kioe Sheng, The Urban Poor as Agents of Development: Community Action Planning in Sri Lanka (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 1993) and V. Pathirana and Yap Kioe Sheng, "The Community Contract System in Sri Lanka", Habitat International 16, 4 (1992), pp. 3-14.
60. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, "The Grameen Bank: Replicating a Success Story", UNCHS Shelter Bulletin 5, 1 (1992), pp. 18-20.
61. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, The Maintenance of Infrastructure and its Financing and Cost Recovery, Report HS/285/93E (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1993); B. Grover, "Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems", in E.J. Schiller and R.L. Droste (eds), Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1982), pp. 327-341; E. Hofkes, "Organising Maintenance in Water Supply Project Implementation, 2nd African Water Technology Conference, April 1984, Nairobi", African Water and Sewerage Journal 3 (1984), pp. 1-21 and Institute of Water Engineers and Scientists, Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Water Practice Manual No. 3 (Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists, London, 1983).
62. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, The Maintenance of Infrastructure and its Financing and Cost Recovery, Report HS/285/93E (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1993); B. Grover, "Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems", in E.J. Schiller and R.L. Droste (eds), Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1982), pp. 327-341; E. Hofkes, "Organising Maintenance in Water Supply Project Implementation, 2nd African Water Technology Conference, April 1984, Nairobi", African Water and Sewerage Journal 3 (1984), pp. 1-21 and Institute of Water Engineers and Scientists, Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Water Practice Manual No. 3 (Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists, London, 1983).
63. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, The Maintenance of Infrastructure and its Financing and Cost Recovery, Report HS/285/93E (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1993); B. Grover, "Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems", in E.J. Schiller and R.L. Droste (eds), Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1982), pp. 327-341; E. Hofkes, "Organising Maintenance in Water Supply Project Implementation, 2nd African Water Technology Conference, April 1984, Nairobi", African Water and Sewerage Journal 3 (1984), pp. 1-21 and Institute of Water Engineers and Scientists, Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Water Practice Manual No. 3 (Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists, London, 1983).
64. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, The Maintenance of Infrastructure and its Financing and Cost Recovery, Report HS/285/93E (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1993); B. Grover, "Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply and Sanitation Systems", in E.J. Schiller and R.L. Droste (eds), Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1982), pp. 327-341; E. Hofkes, "Organising Maintenance in Water Supply Project Implementation, 2nd African Water Technology Conference, April 1984, Nairobi", African Water and Sewerage Journal 3 (1984), pp. 1-21 and Institute of Water Engineers and Scientists, Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Water Practice Manual No. 3 (Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists, London, 1983).
65. C.L.Choguill, "Crisis, Chaos, Crunch? Planning for Urban Growth in the Developing World", Urban Studies 31, 6 (1994), pp. 935-945.
66. D.H. Kearne and E. Jimenez, "Progressive Development and Affordability in the Design of Urban Shelter Projects", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 560 (1983); M. Bamberger, B. Sanyal and N. Valverde, "Evaluation of Sites and Services Projects: the Experience from Lusaka, Zambia", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 548 (1982) and D.H. Kearne and S. Parris, "Evaluation of Shelter Programs for the Urban Poor: Principal Findings", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 547 (1982).
67. D.H. Kearne and E. Jimenez, "Progressive Development and Affordability in the Design of Urban Shelter Projects", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 560 (1983); M. Bamberger, B. Sanyal and N. Valverde, "Evaluation of Sites and Services Projects: the Experience from Lusaka, Zambia", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 548 (1982) and D.H. Kearne and S. Parris, "Evaluation of Shelter Programs for the Urban Poor: Principal Findings", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 547 (1982).
68. D.H. Kearne and E. Jimenez, "Progressive Development and Affordability in the Design of Urban Shelter Projects", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 560 (1983); M. Bamberger, B. Sanyal and N. Valverde, "Evaluation of Sites and Services Projects: the Experience from Lusaka, Zambia", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 548 (1982) and D.H. Kearne and S. Parris, "Evaluation of Shelter Programs for the Urban Poor: Principal Findings", World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 547 (1982).
69. P. Friedlander, "Water for the Urban Poor", Waterlines 9, 1 (1990), pp. 6-8 and C.L. Choguill, "Infrastructure for Low-income Communities: a Study from Honduras", in S. Meikle and B. Mumtaz (eds), Successful Shelter Strategies (University College London Development Planning Unit, for the UK Overseas Development Administration, London, 1991), pp. 63-67.
70. P. Friedlander, "Water for the Urban Poor", Waterlines 9, 1 (1990), pp. 6-8 and C.L. Choguill, "Infrastructure for Low-income Communities: a Study from Honduras", in S. Meikle and B. Mumtaz (eds), Successful Shelter Strategies (University College London Development Planning Unit, for the UK Overseas Development Administration, London, 1991), pp. 63-67.
71. "Baldia", in Turner (ed.), (1988), see note 29.
72. Cotton and Franceys (1991), see note 27.
73. Issues of social acceptability are discussed in R.L. Droste, "Wet Methods of Excreta Disposal", in Schiller and Droste (eds), (1982), see note 34, pp. 157-176; Botswana Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Low Cost Sanitation Research Project, Final Report (Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Gaborone, 1978) and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure in Low-income Settlements, Report CHS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984).
74. Issues of social acceptability are discussed in R.L. Droste, "Wet Methods of Excreta Disposal", in Schiller and Droste (eds), (1982), see note 34, pp. 157-176; Botswana Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Low Cost Sanitation Research Project, Final Report (Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Gaborone, 1978) and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure in Low-income Settlements, Report CHS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984).
75. Issues of social acceptability are discussed in R.L. Droste, "Wet Methods of Excreta Disposal", in Schiller and Droste (eds), (1982), see note 34, pp. 157-176; Botswana Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Low Cost Sanitation Research Project, Final Report (Ministry of Local Government and Lands, Gaborone, 1978) and United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, A Review of Technologies for the Provision of Basic Infrastructure in Low-income Settlements, Report CHS/40/84/E (UNCHS, Nairobi, 1984).
76. The World Bank, Management Options for Urban Services, Report of a Seminar Held at Cesme, Turkey, 11-20 November 1985 (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1986) and C. Kessides, Institutional Options for the Provision of Infrastructure, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 22 (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1993).
77. The World Bank, Management Options for Urban Services, Report of a Seminar Held at Cesme, Turkey, 11-20 November 1985 (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1986) and C. Kessides, Institutional Options for the Provision of Infrastructure, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 22 (The World Bank, Washington, DC, 1993).
78. Philippines National Housing Authority, Evaluative Study: the Community Mortgage Program in NHA (National Housing Authority, Manila 1990); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, Project Documentation Report Bgy. Bagumbayan, Libis, Quezon City, Philippines - Self Help Project (National Housing Authority, Manila 1985); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, A Study on NHA Technical Assistance in Barangay Bagumbayan Self-Help Area, (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1985); C. Abanil and A. Toledano, Report on Bagong Barrio Workshops on Self-Help Conceptualization and Functional Delineations (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1986) and C. Abanil and N. Nagar, Water Facilities of Barangay Bonifacio, Tanza, Iloilo: a Case Study of Community Self-Help Efforts (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1984).
79. Philippines National Housing Authority, Evaluative Study: the Community Mortgage Program in NHA (National Housing Authority, Manila 1990); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, Project Documentation Report Bgy. Bagumbayan, Libis, Quezon City, Philippines - Self Help Project (National Housing Authority, Manila 1985); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, A Study on NHA Technical Assistance in Barangay Bagumbayan Self-Help Area, (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1985); C. Abanil and A. Toledano, Report on Bagong Barrio Workshops on Self-Help Conceptualization and Functional Delineations (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1986) and C. Abanil and N. Nagar, Water Facilities of Barangay Bonifacio, Tanza, Iloilo: a Case Study of Community Self-Help Efforts (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1984).
80. Philippines National Housing Authority, Evaluative Study: the Community Mortgage Program in NHA (National Housing Authority, Manila 1990); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, Project Documentation Report Bgy. Bagumbayan, Libis, Quezon City, Philippines - Self Help Project (National Housing Authority, Manila 1985); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, A Study on NHA Technical Assistance in Barangay Bagumbayan Self-Help Area, (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1985); C. Abanil and A. Toledano, Report on Bagong Barrio Workshops on Self-Help Conceptualization and Functional Delineations (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1986) and C. Abanil and N. Nagar, Water Facilities of Barangay Bonifacio, Tanza, Iloilo: a Case Study of Community Self-Help Efforts (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1984).
81. Philippines National Housing Authority, Evaluative Study: the Community Mortgage Program in NHA (National Housing Authority, Manila 1990); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, Project Documentation Report Bgy. Bagumbayan, Libis, Quezon City, Philippines - Self Help Project (National Housing Authority, Manila 1985); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, A Study on NHA Technical Assistance in Barangay Bagumbayan Self-Help Area, (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1985); C. Abanil and A. Toledano, Report on Bagong Barrio Workshops on Self-Help Conceptualization and Functional Delineations (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1986) and C. Abanil and N. Nagar, Water Facilities of Barangay Bonifacio, Tanza, Iloilo: a Case Study of Community Self-Help Efforts (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1984).
82. Philippines National Housing Authority, Evaluative Study: the Community Mortgage Program in NHA (National Housing Authority, Manila 1990); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, Project Documentation Report Bgy. Bagumbayan, Libis, Quezon City, Philippines - Self Help Project (National Housing Authority, Manila 1985); M.K. Sadain and A.M. Toledano, A Study on NHA Technical Assistance in Barangay Bagumbayan Self-Help Area, (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1985); C. Abanil and A. Toledano, Report on Bagong Barrio Workshops on Self-Help Conceptualization and Functional Delineations (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1986) and C. Abanil and N. Nagar, Water Facilities of Barangay Bonifacio, Tanza, Iloilo: a Case Study of Community Self-Help Efforts (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1984).
83. A.V. Whyte, "Community Participation: Neither Panacea nor Myth", in P.G. Bourne (ed.), Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives (Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1984), pp. 221-241.
84. M. Lee, "The Community Mortgage Program: an Almost Successful Alternative for some Urban Poor", Habitat International 19, 4 (1995), pp. 529-546 and Philippines National Housing Authority, Evaluative Study: the Community Mortgage Program in NHA (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1990)
85. M. Lee, "The Community Mortgage Program: an Almost Successful Alternative for some Urban Poor", Habitat International 19, 4 (1995), pp. 529-546 and Philippines National Housing Authority, Evaluative Study: the Community Mortgage Program in NHA (National Housing Authority, Manila, 1990)
86. See note 36.
87. K.C. Korten, "Third Generation NGO Strategies: a Key to People-centred Development", World Development 15 (Supplement) (1987), pp. 145-159 and A.G. Drabek, "Development Alternatives: the Challenge for NGOs - An Overview of the Issues", World Development 15 (Supplement) (1987), pp. ix-xv.
88. K.C. Korten, "Third Generation NGO Strategies: a Key to People-centred Development", World Development 15 (Supplement) (1987), pp. 145-159 and A.G. Drabek, "Development Alternatives: the Challenge for NGOs - An Overview of the Issues", World Development 15 (Supplement) (1987), pp. ix-xv.